白灵侧耳纤溶酶的纯化及酶学性质分析

白灵侧耳子实体浸提液经过硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析和羟基磷灰石色谱柱层析后,纯化得到一种纤溶酶。该酶在SDS-PAGE中显单条带,其分子量约为30kDa。该酶在45℃以下,pH6.5-10.0的范围内稳定,最适pH为8.0,最适温度为25℃。金属离子K+对该酶有明显的激活作用,Zn2+、Mg2+、Cu2+对酶有部分抑制作用。金属离子鳌合剂EDTA和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF不抑制该酶活性,初步说明此酶既不是金属酶,也不是丝氨酸类蛋白酶。该酶既具有纤溶酶作用,又具有激活纤溶酶原的作用。     

鲫鱼酸性磷酸酶酶学特性及不同效应物对酶活力的影响

经NaAc-HAc缓冲液(pH5.0)抽提,正丁醇处理,硫酸铵分级沉淀,DEAE-32离子交换层析,SephadexG-150凝胶过滤纯化,从鲫鱼内脏中分离纯化出电泳纯的酸性磷酸酶。该酶提纯倍数为30.82,比活力195.06U/mg。研究表明,该酶催化对硝基苯磷酸二钠水解反应,最适pH4.8,pH小于4和大于7时不稳定;最适温度45℃,温度高于50℃不稳定;米氏常数为0.23mmol/L,利用SDS-PAGE测定酶亚基分子量为33.3kD。化学修饰剂SUAN、PMSF、DTT、NBS对该酶活力影响不大,BrAc和IAc有明显抑制作用。金属离子对该酶催化活力有不同影响,Na+、K+、Ni2+、Co2+影响不显著,Mg2+、Ca2+、Ba2+、Mn2+有激活作用,Ag+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+有抑制作用,其中Mg2+、Ca2+、Pb2+、Cd2+对鲫鱼酸性磷酸酶荧光光谱的影响表明金属离子对酶活力的影响与酶构象改变有关。       

天然巴曲酶的酶学性质研究

目的 研究巴西矛头蝮蛇蛇毒中纯化的天然巴曲酶的酶学性质.方法 测定不同的温度、pH值和金属离子等条件对重组定点突变巴曲酶活性的影响.结果 实验表明,该酶在温度30～40℃,pH 6.5～9.0活性较为稳定;其最适反应温度为37℃,pH为7.5;Mg2+、K+和Ca2+离子对酶活有激活作用,而Cu2+、Fe2+和Zn2+离子对该酶有抑制作用.结论 从蛇毒提取的天然巴曲酶酶学性质比较稳定.     

链霉菌壳聚糖酶的纯化及其酶学性质

分离纯化从烟台近海土壤筛选的链霉菌来源壳聚糖酶,并对其酶学性质进行研究。通过(NH4)2SO4分级沉淀分离得粗酶,透析后经Sephadex G-100柱纯化,得到2种壳聚糖酶(ChA和ChB)。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤确定ChA的相对分子质量,研究ChA的最适底物水解条件、热稳定性、水解动力学及金属离子对酶活性影响。结果表明:ChA为单亚基蛋白,相对分子质量为4.16×104,在220和280 nm处呈现两个紫外吸收峰,催化水解壳聚糖的最适pH为5.0～5.5,最适温度为55℃。热稳定性实验表明:30℃温育1 h后酶活为初始酶活的33.3%,40℃温育1 h后酶活为初始酶活的22.2%。ChA的酶促反应初速率为6.2×10-3μmol/(mL.min),Vmax为0.318μmol/(mL.min),Km为1×10-2mg/mL,且对底物表现相对专一性。K+、Na+、Li+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Ba2+Zn2+、Cu2+和Co2+对ChA活力均表现为抑制作用,过渡金属离子Mn2+对酶有激活作用,重金属离子Hg2+、Ag+、Cd2+和Pb2+对酶均有较强的抑制作用。Mn2+和Zn2+的动力学研究表明,Mn2+对酶为混合型激活作用,Zn2+对酶为竞争性抑制作用。     

黑木耳漆酶纯化及部分漆酶特性的研究

黑木耳漆酶研究可为漆酶的进一步分离纯化、基因克隆表达和大规模生产应用奠定基础。对黑木耳"黑29"菌株漆酶粗酶液进行硫酸铵分级沉淀后,通过Native SDS-PAGE电泳检测,存在3种漆酶LacA、LacB、LacC,分子量分别为60,34,19 kD。经硫酸铵分级沉淀和DEAE-Sephacel柱层析技术分离得一纯化成分LacC,纯化倍数7.60,酶活性回收4.28%。对LacC的pH、温度、金属离子和Km值等部分酶学性质进行研究发现,该酶氧化ABTS的Km值为1.18×10-6mol/L,催化氧化底物ABTS的最适pH为3.8,在pH 3.0~4.6表现出较强的稳定性;最适反应温度为55℃,低于50℃时有较好的热稳定性;金属离子Ag+对漆酶有激活作用,而Fe3+、Mn2+、Co2+则有抑制作用。     

棒曲霉Asp-195v产蛋白酶的酶学性质研究

对液体发酵的棒曲霉Asp-195v菌株所产蛋白酶的活力进行了研究,并通过分离纯化获得了电泳纯的酶蛋白。研究结果表明,该蛋白酶的最适反应温度为40℃,在30-50℃温度范围内相对活力可保持在70%以上;最适pH为7,pH稳定范围在4-8;Mn2+对该蛋白酶活力有明显的激活作用,K+、Ag+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Ca2+、Al3+和Fe3+离子则有明显的抑制作用,尤其是Hg2+和Pb2+对酶活的抑制作用更加强烈;其他试剂如葡萄糖、EDTA对酶活的抑制作用不明显,而蔗糖、SDS和Tween-20对酶活的抑制明显;以酪氨酸为底物采用双倒数作图法测得Vmax为30.40mmol/min,Km为97.53mmol/L。该酶的表观分子量为30.1kDa。     

重组磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

利对重组枯草芽孢杆菌(pBES-pss)表达的磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶进行分离纯化及酶学性质研究.pBES-pss发酵后的粗酶液经硫酸铵盐析、中空纤维膜除盐浓缩、SP-Sepharose HP离子交换层析和Sephadex G-75凝胶层析,基本获得电泳纯的重组磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶,比活力可达13.62 U/mg,分子量约为53 kD.酶学性质研究表明,该酶催化卵磷脂水解反应的最适pH8.0,最适温度为35℃.稳定性研究表明:该酶在pH 6.5～9.5 区间和低于45℃温度下稳定.表面活性剂及金属离子对该酶水解活性的影响结果表明,SDS、Tween20、Tween80对该酶有抑制作用,Triton X-100对该酶有增强作用;Mg2+、Zn2+、K+对该酶有抑制作用,Ca2+、Mn2+和EDTA对该酶有增强作用.     

产碱性蛋白酶芽孢杆菌的鉴定

通过测量比较在碱性蛋白平板上产生的蛋白水解圈直径,从土壤中筛选到一株高产蛋白酶菌株Bacillus sp.HFBL0079,根据生理生化特性、16S rDNA序列,鉴定为B.amyloliquefaciens。其最适培养温度为35°C-37°C,最适生长pH 8.0,在特定培养条件下16 h达到稳定期,菌体生长和蛋白酶合成同步进行。以大豆分离蛋白为氮源时发酵液具有最高酶活。发酵液在pH 10时具有最高酶活,表明为碱性蛋白酶。该菌株产生的碱性蛋白酶可水解多种天然蛋白质,对胶原蛋白水解度高于其他蛋白质,对羽毛角蛋白也有一定水解能力,提示该酶具有一定新颖性。     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶的纯化及酶学性质

本文利用实验室保存的枯草杆菌发酵产生枯草杆菌蛋白酶,并经(NH4)2SO4盐析和CM-sepharose Fast Flow对枯草杆菌蛋白酶进行纯化,用SDSPAGE检测纯化效果,显示该酶分子量低于14kDa,并对蛋白酶的酶学性质、体外溶栓特性及溶栓机理进行初步探讨,其最适反应温度为60-70℃,但50℃以下稳定性良好,最适反应pH为7,pH6-8稳定。     

产低温脂肪酶菌株Psychrobacter sp.7342的筛选及粗酶性质研究

从南北极环境土样中筛选到1株产脂肪酶细菌7342,16SrDNA序列分析表明该菌株属于Psychrobacter sp..p-NPP法研究显示,菌株7342所产粗酶液的最适温度为30℃、最适pH值为8.0,对热较稳定;Co2+和Cs+对粗酶液有激活作用,而Na+、Sr2+等7种金属离子对其均有不同程度的抑制作用;粗酶液能在高浓度的SDS、Tween20等变性剂中表现出较好的稳定性.     

The nature of the collagenolytic cathepsin of rat liver and its distribution in other rat tissues

1. An enzyme present in rat liver extracts degraded insoluble collagen maximally at pH3.5. Collagenolytic activity was more abundant in kidney, spleen and bone marrow and was also present in decreasing concentrations in ileum, lung, heart, skin and muscle. 2. The crude collagenolytic cathepsin was activated by cysteine and dithiothreitol, but not by 2-mercaptoethanol. Iodoacetamide, p-chloromercuribenzoate and 7-amino-1-chloro-3-l-tosylamidoheptan-2-one hydrochloride inhibited the enzyme. Zn(2+), Fe(3+) and Hg(2+) ions were strongly inhibitory, but Ca(2+), Co(2+), Mg(2+) and Fe(2+) ions had little or no effect. EDTA was an activator of the enzyme. Inhibitors of cathepsin B were found to enhance collagenolysis, but phenylpyruvic acid, a cathepsin D inhibitor, inhibited the enzyme. Di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate had no effect. 3. Collagenolysis at pH3.5 and 28 degrees C was restricted to cleavage of the telopeptide region in insoluble collagen, and the material that was solubilized consisted mostly of alpha-chains. 4. The collagenolytic cathepsin was separated from cathepsins B2 and D by fractionation on Sephadex G-100 and a partial separation from cathepsin B1 was obtained by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. 5. The function of the collagenolytic cathepsin in the catabolism of collagen is discussed in relation to the action of the other lysosomal proteinases and the neutral collagenase.     

Production and properties of two collagenases from bacteria and their application for collagen extraction

Two collagenolytic protease (collagenase) producing bacteria, a Gram positive Bacillus cereus CNA1 and a Gram negative Klebsiella pneumoniae CNL3, were isolated under alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively. The production of collagenase by these two bacteria was optimized. Glycerol was the suitable carbon source for collagenase production by both strains. The optimal initial pH values for collagenase production by CNA1 and CNL3 were 7.5 and 6.0, respectively, and the optimal temperature was 37°C for both strains. The maximum activity of the partially purified collagenase from CNA1 was at pH 7.0 and 45°C. Its pH and thermal stability were in the range of 6-8 and below 40°C, respectively. The maximum activity of the partially purified collagenase from CNL3 was at pH 6.0 and 40°C. Its pH and thermal stability were in the range of 5-7 and below 37°C, respectively. The collagenase from CNL3 was more stable at a low pH compared with that from CNA1. Collagenases from both strains were used to extract collagen from salmon fish skin. The use of collagenases from CNA1 and CNL3 combined with acid treatment yielded a high collagen extraction of 54.6% and 53.0%, of the fish skin dry weight, respectively.     

A thermostable collagenolytic protease with a very large molecular mass produced by thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain MO-1

A collagenolytic protease was purified to homogeneity from thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain MO-1. The protease from strain MO-1 showed high activity toward type I and IV collagens and gelatin. However, peptide substrates (4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Arg and 2-furylacryloyl-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala) for collagenases were inert as substrates. The collagenolytic protease cleaved oxidized insulin B-chain at 11 sites and degraded type I and IV collagens into anonymous small pieces, suggesting that the protease digests collagens at multiple sites. The collagenolytic protease was far more thermostable than a mesophilic Clostridium histolyticum collagenase. The collagenolytic protease possesses two salient features: (1) it has a very large molecular mass, 210 kDa, and consists of two, identical 105-kDa subunits; (2) it belongs to a serine protease group. The high molecular mass is unique among serine proteases but common for collagenases. The features of the enzyme from strain MO-1 suggest that it is a new collagenolytic protease which is distinct from previously reported collagenases and serine proteases.     

酸性α-淀粉酶的分离纯化与酶学性质研究

纯化了枯草芽胞杆菌xm-1菌株酸性α-淀粉酶,并对其酶学性质进行了研究。通过硫酸铵沉淀和Sephadex G-75凝胶层析将酸性α-淀粉酶粗酶液纯化了32.5倍,活力回收率为10.0%。酶性质测定结果表明,该酸性α-淀粉酶分子量约为60kD,最适反应温度为45℃、最适作用pH5.0,该酶在pH3.4-6.0下稳定,高温耐受性差。Cu2+、Zn2+、EDTA对酶有不同程度的抑制作用,Ca2+和Mn2+对酶具有较强的激活作用。     

Degradation of raw feather by a novel high molecular weight extracellular protease from newly isolated Bacillus cereus DCUW

Biotreatment of feather wastes and utilization of the degraded products in feed and foodstuffs has been a challenge. In the present study, we have demonstrated the degradation of feather waste by Bacillus cereus DCUW strain isolated during a functional screening based microbial diversity study on East Calcutta Wetland Area. A high molecular weight keratinolytic protease from feather degrading DCUW strain was purified and characterized. Moreover, utilization of degraded products during feather hydrolysis was developed and demonstrated. The purified keratinolytic protease was found to show pH and temperature optima of 8.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively. PMSF was found to inhibit the enzyme completely. The purified enzyme showed molecular weight of 80 kDa (from SDS-PAGE). The protease was found to have broad range substrate specificities that include keratin, casein, collagen, fibrin, BAPNA and gelatin. The protease was identified as minor extracellular protease (Vpr) by RT-PCR and northern blotting techniques. This is the first report describing the characterization of minor extracellular protease (Vpr) and its involvement in feather degradation in B. cereus group of organisms.     

Substrate specificity of the collagenolytic serine protease from Uca pugilator: studies with collagenous substrates

The collagenolytic protease from Uca pugilator was studied with respect to its catalytic properties on collagen types I-V. The crab protease degraded all five collagen types, producing multiple cleavages in the triple helix of each native collagen at 25 degrees C. The major early cleavage in the alpha 1 polypeptide chain of collagen types I-III occurred at a 3/4:1/4 locus, resulting in fragments electrophoretically similar to the TCA and TCB products of mammalian collagenase action. Interestingly, a propensity toward this same cleavage was observed even following thermal denaturation of the substrates. The ability of the crab protease to degrade all native collagen types and to catalyze cleavages at multiple loci in the triple helix distinguishes its action from that of mammalian collagenases. The collagenolytic activity of the crab protease was also examined on fibrillar collagen and compared to that of human skin fibroblast collagenase. Enzyme concentrations of fibroblast collagenase which resulted in the saturation of available substrate sites failed to show such an effect in the case of the crab protease. Binding studies of the crab protease to fibrillar collagen likewise indicated substantially reduced levels of enzyme binding in comparison to fibroblast collagenase. These data suggest that the affinity of the crab protease for native collagen is considerably less than the affinity of mammalian collagenase for this substrate.     

Glu-53 of Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase acts as an indispensable ligand of Mg2+ essential for catalytic activity

Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (SMase) is an extracellular hemolysin classified into a group of Mg(2+)-dependent neutral SMases (nSMase). Sequence comparison of bacterial and eukaryotic Mg(2+)-dependent nSMases has shown that several amino acid residues, including Glu-53 of B. cereus SMase, are conserved, suggesting a catalytic mechanism common to these enzymes. Mutational analysis has revealed that hemolytic and SM-hydrolyzing activities are abolished by E53A and E53Q mutations. Only the E53D mutant enzyme partially retains these activities, however, a significant decrease in the apparent k(cat)/K(m) for SM hydrolysis is observed by this mutation. Mg(2+) activates the wild-type enzyme in a two-step manner, i.e., at least two binding sites for Mg(2+), high- and low-affinity, are present on the enzyme. The binding affinity of essential Mg(2+) for the high-affinity site is decreased by the mutation. In addition, the binding affinities of Mn(2+) and Co(2+) (substitutes for Mg(2+)) are also decreased. On the contrary, the inhibitory effects of Ca(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+) on SM-hydrolyzing activity are not influenced by the mutation. The results indicate that Glu-53 of B. cereus SMase acts as a ligand for Mg(2+) and is involved in the high-affinity Mg(2+)-binding site, which is independent of the binding site for inhibitory metals.     

Degradation of collagen substrates by a trypsin-like serine protease from the fiddler crab Uca pugilator

The collagenolytic properties of a trypsin-like protease from the hepatopancreas of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator have been examined. All collagen types, I-V, were attacked by this enzyme. Types III and IV were degraded much more rapidly than types I, II, and V. Crab protease produced multiple cleavages in the triple helix of each collagen at 25 degrees C; only in the case of type III collagen, however, was a major cleavage observed at a 3/4:1/4 locus that corresponded to the region of collagen susceptibility to mammalian collagenase action. Additionally, both the affinity and the specific activity of the crab protease for native collagen were lower than those which characterize mammalian collagenase. The results of this study, in conjunction with a previous report on the collagenolytic activity of another serine protease from the fiddler crab [Welgus, H. G., Grant, G. A., Jeffrey, J. J., & Eisen, A. Z. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 5183], suggest that the following properties distinguish the action of these invertebrate collagenolytic enzymes from the metalloenzyme collagenases of mammals: (1) broad substrate specificity, including both noncollagenous proteins and collagen types I-V; (2) ability to cleave the native triple helix of collagen at multiple loci; (3) reduced affinity or higher Km for collagen; and (4) lower specific activity on collagen fibrils.     

Purification and properties of an extracellular collagenolytic protease produced by the human oral bacterium Bacillus cereus (strain Soc 67)

The major collagenolytic proteinase present in the culture filtrate of Bacillus cereus (strain Soc 67, isolated from the human oral cavity) has been purified to homogeneity by a procedure that comprised concentration of ultrafiltered growth medium on a Millipore PTTK00005 membrane, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, gel permeation chromatography, chromatofocusing, fast protein liquid chromatography on an anion-exchange column, and finally fast protein liquid chromatography on a gel column. The enzyme hydrolyzed, with decreasing rates, phenylazobenzyloxy-carbonyl-L-Pro-L-Leu Gly-L-Pro-D-Arg (PZ-PLGPA), furylacrylolyl-L-Leu-Gly-L-Pro-L-Ala, and furylacryloyl-L-Phe-Gly-Gly, while furylacryloyl-Gly-L-Leu-NH2 was not hydrolyzed. The enzyme degraded soluble and insoluble collagens, Azocoll and gelatin. Bradykinin was hydrolyzed at a high rate at the Phe-Ser bond. The enzyme was sensitive to pyrophosphate, L-cysteine, and L-histidine and could be totally inactivated in the presence of metal chelators. The enzyme contains 1 mol of Zn/mol and the hydrolysis of PZ-PLGPA is slightly increased by Ca2+. The enzyme is readily inhibited by heavy metal cations, but Cu2+ and Ni2+ affected the catalysis in opposite ways: increasing levels of Cu2+ decreased the affinity of the enzyme for PZ-PLGPA, whereas Ni2+ had no effect. The effect of Cu2+ also depended on the pH and type of buffer used. Detailed chemical modification experiments suggested that the active site of the enzyme contains at least 1 tyrosyl and 1 lysyl residue, and 1 carboxyl group. The enzyme was not sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and thiols did not activate the enzyme. The modification studies were unable to reveal active histidyl residues. The ability of the enzyme to hydrolyze PZ-PLGPA, furylacryloyl-L-Leu-Gly-L-Pro-L-Ala, furylacryloyl-L-Phe-Gly-Gly, and various collagenous materials, its inactivity toward furylacryloyl-Gly-L-Leu-NH2, and the results from the chemical modification studies suggest that the B. cereus (Soc 67) collagenolytic enzyme can be regarded as a true collagenase which resembles the Clostridium histolyticum collagenase(s).     

Cloning of the SAP6 gene of Metschnikowia reukaufii and its heterologous expression and characterization in Escherichia coli

The SAP6 gene (without signal sequence) encoding Metschnikowia reukaufii acid protease was amplified by PCR and fused to the expression vector pET-24a(+). The carboxy-terminal 6x His-tagged recombinant acid protease (rSAP6) was expressed from pET-24a(+)SAP6-6His in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified with affinity chromatography using a Ni-NTA column. SDS-PAGE analysis and Western blotting revealed that the molecular mass of the purified rSAP6 was 54kDa. The optimal temperature and pH of the purified rSAP6 were 40 degrees C and 3.4, respectively. The enzyme was stable below 45 degrees C and between pH 2.6 and 5.0. The results show that Mn(2+) had an activating effect on the enzyme, while Cu(2+), Mg(2+), Zn(2+) and Ag(+) acted as inhibitors of the enzyme. However, Ca(2+) had no effect on the enzyme activity. The purified rSAP6 was characterized as an aspartic protease as it was inhibited by aspartic protease-specific inhibitors, such as pepstatin. It was also found that the purified rSAP6 had milk-clotting activity.