温度升高对长江口芦苇湿地细根形态和生长的影响

全球变暖对滨海湿地植物细根的影响目前尚不十分清楚。以长江口崇明东滩芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地为对象,利用开顶式生长箱法进行模拟升温。于2019年5-10月,结合微根管法和根钻法,对0-40 cm土层细根(直径≤2 mm芦苇须根)的总根长、总表面积、比根长、比表面积、平均直径和生物量等指标开展连续观测,并计算其净生长速率和周转速率,分析气温升高对芦苇湿地细根形态特征和生长动态的影响。结果表明:在整个生长季,升温显著提高了0-40 cm土层细根的总根长、总表面积和总生物量,且主要表现在0-20 cm土层,而对比根长、比表面积无显著影响。升温显著增强了0-40 cm土层细根的净生长速率,且使其季节变异性加大。升温显著提高了10-40 cm土层细根的周转速率,但在0-10 cm土层影响不显著。总之,升温显著提高了芦苇湿地细根的总量和生长速率,改变其在土壤中的垂直分布格局,但对其水分和养分吸收效率无显著影响。升温使细根周转速率加快,同时使参与周转的细根总量增加,导致各土层特别是0-20 cm土层根源有机碳输入显著增加,这可能会深刻影响芦苇湿地的土壤碳平衡。     

水位调控对崇明东滩围垦区滩涂湿地芦苇和白茅光合、形态及生长的影响

于2011年植物生长季,研究了长江口崇明东滩围垦区滩涂湿地3个地下水位梯度(低水位、中水位和高水位)下芦苇和白茅的光合、形态和生长特征,以及土壤温度、湿度、盐度和无机氮含量等土壤因子.结果表明： 在生长旺期,芦苇叶片光合能力在高水位显著低于低水位和中水位,白茅叶片光合能力在3个水位梯度间无显著差异.整个生长季内,在单株水平,芦苇形态和生长指标总体上在中水位最优,白茅大多数形态和生长指标在3个水位梯度间差异不显著;在种群水平,芦苇植株密度、叶面积指数和单位面积地上生物量在高水位最大,白茅植株密度、叶面积指数和单位面积地上生物量在低水位最大.生长季初期,3个水位梯度间0～20 cm土层芦苇根状茎生物量差异不显著,而0～20 cm土层白茅根状茎生物量在高水位显著低于低水位和中水位.作为围垦前的原生湿生植物,芦苇在3个水位梯度下表现的差异性可能是由于不同水位梯度下土壤因子和白茅竞争强度不同.合理调控围垦区滩涂湿地水位可以抑制中生草本植物白茅的生长和繁殖,有助于以芦苇为单优势种的原有湿地植物群落的恢复.     

河滨湿地不同植物群落根系分布特征与土壤理化性状的关系——以黄河中游荥阳段为例

在黄河中游郑州荥阳段,选择了5种河滨湿地植物群落进行根系和土壤性状特征研究,以期阐明不同植物群落的根系分布规律与土壤性状的关系,为河滨湿地植物群落组成以及土壤质量恢复提供科学参考。结果表明(1)在0—40 cm土层,根生物量密度与根长密度的平均值均表现为：芦苇群落(Phragmites australis)和芦苇-狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落均大于芦苇-拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)群落。拂子茅-狗牙根、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根、拂子茅-水莎草-狗牙根三种植物群落类型下根生物量密度、根长密度在0—20 cm表层土壤较大,芦苇群落和芦苇-狗牙根群落的根生物量密度、根长密度在10—40 cm的土层较大。(2)黄河河滨湿地芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤以粉粒为主,拂子茅-狗牙根群落、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草群落的土壤主要以砂粒为主。在0—40 cm土层,芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤含水率、土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量均显著高于...     

基质及水位对入侵种互花米草生长的影响

为了揭示基质和水位对互花米草种群扩张过程的影响,通过室内模拟试验分析了不同基质和地下水位对互花米草幼苗存活率、高生长和生物量及分配等表型参数的影响。结果表明:基质、水位及其交互作用对互花米草幼苗生长影响显著;基质类型和地下水位的交互作用显著影响幼苗的存活率;同种基质中地下水位的降低显著促进了幼苗根长的增加;由于不同基质持水力和营养的差异,沙中生长的幼苗随地下水位的降低地上部分表现出显著的生长抑制,而沙土和壤土中的幼苗在中等水位生长最好;沙中幼苗根状茎的长度显著低于沙土和壤土,而随水位的降低,沙土和壤土根茎长度显著下降。由此可以推论,互花米草种群扩张强度因生境而异,在沙土和壤土基质中互花米草可能表现出更强的入侵性和扩散能力。     

干旱区膜下滴灌条件下土壤深层水对棉花根系生长、分布及产量的影响

在土柱栽培条件下研究膜下滴灌土壤深层水对棉花根系生长的影响及与植株地上部生长的关系,设置土壤(60～120 cm)有深层水和无深层水2个处理,每处理设2个生育期间灌溉处理,分别为田间持水量70%和55%.结果表明：棉花总根质量密度、40～120 cm土层根长密度、根系活力等与地上部干质量间均具有显著的相关关系.生育期间耕层70%田间持水量条件下,土壤有深层水处理的总根质量密度与无深层水处理无明显差异,但40～120 cm土层的根长密度增加,根系活力增强,提高了土壤贮备水消耗量,增加了地上部干质量,最终获得较高的经济产量及水分利用效率.土壤有深层水条件下,生育期间耕层55%田间持水量处理的根冠比较大,40～120 cm土层根长密度和80～120 cm土层根系活力相对较高,土壤贮备水消耗量大幅提高,但仍无法弥补生育期间水分亏缺对根系及地上部生物量造成的负面影响,导致经济产量显著低于70%田间持水量处理.综上,充足的土壤深层水配合生育期间耕层65%～75%田间持水量,可促进棉花根系向下生长,有利于实现膜下滴灌棉花节水高产高效生产.     

1973-2009年中国玉米品种演替过程中根系性状及其对氮的响应的变化

根系在氮素高效吸收过程中起重要作用,但人们对玉米育种过程中不同年代杂交种的根系生长特性及其对氮素供应的响应了解较少．选用中国1973．2009年育成的11个代表性玉米品种,在水培体系下研究了正常供氮（4retool／L）和低氮（0．04mmol／L）下根系与地上部生长差异．结果表明,与低氮处理相比,正常供氮降低根干重、根冠比和根系相对生长速率,但增加总根长和侧根长．对于20世纪90年代之前育成品种,供氮还降低总轴根长．氮处理不影响种子根数．随育种年代演进,地上部相对生长速率表现明显增加,不同氮水平下表现一致．但是,根系相对生长速率仅在正常供氮条件下表现出与育成年代线性相关．相应地,只在正常供氮条件下玉米总根长、侧根长、轴根长表现为随育成年代增加而明显增加．因此,在过去36年的玉米育种进程中,玉米地上部生长势在不同氮供应水平下均得到提高,而根系生长则只在正常供氮条件下得到提高．进一步改良根系在低氮环境下的生长能力可能提高现代玉米品种的氨吸收效率．     

内陆盐沼芦苇根系形态及生物量分配对土壤盐分因子的响应

根系形态和生物量分配是决定根系吸收能力发挥的重要特征,其对环境限制因子的响应与适应策略一直是研究的热点。然而,有关土壤盐分对植物根系性状的影响还存在许多不确定性。选择兰州秦王川国家湿地公园芦苇群落为研究对象,垂直于沙河河岸从湿地边缘至湿地中心,依次设置3个不同土壤盐分梯度样地(样地I、样地II和样地III),采用全根挖掘法和WinRHIZO根系分析仪相结合的方法,研究了芦苇(Phragmites australis)根冠比、根总长度、比根长、根分叉数、根平均直径等形态参数的变化特征。结果表明:随着样地土壤盐分含量的增加,湿地群落的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量逐渐下降,芦苇的根冠比、根分叉数呈逐渐减小的趋势,比根长、根总长度呈先下降后上升的趋势,而根平均直径呈相反的变化趋势;研究区土壤含盐量总体以中度盐渍化为主,表层土壤盐分呈现强变异性,随土层深度的增加含盐量呈下降趋势,而变异程度有所差异;芦苇根系性状与土壤含盐量的相关性分析可知,土壤含盐量与根总长度和比根长呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),与根冠比、根分叉数呈显著相关(P0.05),而与根平均直径相关性不显著。内陆盐沼的芦苇表现出敏感植物的特性,通过根系形态的调整和生物量分配策略的改变来适应盐分强变异的土壤环境,体现了逆境胁迫下湿地植物应对多重环境选择压力的生态适应机制。     

鄱阳湖洲滩湿地地下水位对灰化薹草种群的影响

在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,近年来鄱阳湖流域极端水文事件频发,洲滩湿地生态过程也相应发生变化,开展鄱阳湖水文过程变化与植被演替过程的交互作用研究十分必要。选择鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)为研究对象,通过地下水位控制模拟试验,设置地下水位埋深10、20、40、80、120cm等5个处理,系统探讨了地下水位埋深对鄱阳湖典型湿地植物灰化薹草生长与种群演变的影响。研究结果表明:春季,不同地下水位对灰化薹草种群的密度和群落多样性影响不显著;夏季,不同地下水位对灰化薹草的密度、种群多样性以及藜蒿和灰化薹草的高度比影响显著。地下水位埋深10cm更适宜灰化薹草植株的生长与群落结构的稳定,而地下水位埋深低于80cm,尤其是低于120cm可能会导致灰化薹草种群的退化与演替。研究结果对于揭示地下水位波动作用下鄱阳湖湿地植被种群发生的短期变化和长期演变趋势具有重要的指示意义。     

青藏高原高寒草甸生物量动态变化及与环境因子的关系——基于模拟增温实验

以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究区,设置模拟增温实验样地,于2010年开始持续增温,2012和2013年调查植被地上-地下生物量,探讨气候变暖背景下高寒草甸生物量的动态变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)增温处理下地上-地下生物量与根冠比的中值和平均值大于对照,其中地下生物量(变异系数为0.30)的增加幅度大于地上生物量(变异系数为0.27),根冠比的变异系数(0.33)大于地上-地下生物量,这表明增温可导致高寒草甸植被生物量分配出现差异。(2)地上-地下生物量呈极显著的幂指数函数关系(R~2=0.147,P0.001),表现为异速生长,但在增温处理下异速生长出现减缓(R~2=0.102,P0.05)。(3)地上生物量受深层土壤水分和浅层土壤温度影响较大,地下生物量受深层土壤水分和深层土壤温度影响较大;土壤温度对地上-地下生物量的影响强于土壤水分,表现为20 cm深度土壤温度对地上生物量(R=0.582,P0.01)和根冠比(R=-0.238,P0.05)影响较大,60 cm深度土壤温度对地下生物量影响较大(R=0.388,P0.01),100 cm深度土壤水分对地上生物量(R=0.423,P0.01)和地下生物量(R=0.245,P0.05)影响较大,这说明增温导致浅层土壤温度对生物量分配产生影响,使生物量更多分配到地上部分,而冻土融化致使深层土壤水分对生物量产生影响。     

古尔班通古特沙漠西部地下水位和水质变化对植被的影响

通过对比分析古尔班通古特沙漠西部3a地下水位和水质的变化特点,研究了地下水位和水质变化对地表土壤理化性质、植物多样性、及建群种梭梭种群生长与更新的影响。发现地下水位和土壤理化性质空间变异较大,最浅地下水位为3.3 m,最深可达24.2 m,主要集中在6-8 m;土壤电导率、pH值、Cl^-和SO₄^2-均在表层0-40 cm含量较高,变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小。在时间上地下水位受准噶尔盆地上游农田用水的影响,水位呈季节性波动。一年中最高水位出现在4月,最低水位在7月。玛纳斯河向下游输水对提高盆地地下水位具有明显作用,地下水位平均可升高4.3 cm,地下水矿化度平均增幅1 g/L。地下水位对退化区物种多样性影响不大,但对梭梭生长产生显著影响。梭梭生长的适宜地下水位为5-8 m,且地下水矿化度小于4 g/L。地下水位大于8 m导致梭梭种群衰退,而地下水位小于4 m时,地下水矿化度影响土壤表层积盐,进而显著地降低物种多样性,阻碍梭梭幼苗更新,导致梭梭种群衰败。总结认为准噶尔盆地上游的玛纳斯河断流和农业灌溉对古尔班通古特沙漠西部平原地区的地下水位和水质产生显著影响,梭梭退化与地下水位变化显著相关,必须引起高度重视。     

测定潜流人工湿地根系生物量的新方法

设计了一种新方法研究潜流人工湿地植物根系的分布和生物量。采用自制的圆柱形的不锈钢网柱,安放在潜流湿地的碎石基质中,定期分层取出网柱内的碎石,可观察根系的分布特点;收获网柱内的根,可测定根系的生物量和生长量。网柱的直径20cm,高50cm,网孔直径1．80cm,不锈钢丝粗1．38mm。安装时,使网柱垂直,上端达碎石表面,下端靠近湿地床底。安装好后,装入碎石基质,观察测定时,把基质取出,观察完后,再把基质放回。用该方法,对碎石基质的潜流人工湿地中植物根系的分布和生物量进行了1a的实验测定,认为该方法是测定潜流人工湿地根系生长和分布的有效方法,它易于安装、测定方便、准确。7月和12月份两次测定的湿地根系生物量之和为331．8gm^-2,其中分布于0—5cm的根生物量为174．4gm^-2,5～15cm为142．1gm^-2,15cm以下为15．3gm^-2。种问根系生物量的差异很大,根系生物量最大的是美人蕉,为182．4gm^-2,最小的是水鬼蕉,为1．38gm^-2。根生物量似乎呈不同的季节格局,象草7月份根系生物量较大,而其他种12月份的较大。不同种根系生物量的垂直分布也有显著的差异,具根状茎的芦苇和较粗根的水鬼蕉以直径大于1mm的根为主,它们的根分布较深,而浅层根较少;象草、美人蕉和风车草,直径1mm以内的根占根生物量的80％以上甚至100％,它们的根分布较浅。     

Responses of rhizomatous grass Phragmites communis to wind erosion: effects on biomass allocation

Background and aims

The ability of modifying biomass allocation to deal with different environmental stress is an important mechanism for plant population expansion and maintenance in the unstable dune environment where wind erosion persists. However, how biomass is partitioned between horizontal rhizome extension and vertical ramet growth in response to wind erosion has not been fully understood. The objective of this study was to explore how wind erosion affected the relationship between horizontal rhizome extension and vertical ramet growth using a common rhizomatous perennial grass, Phragmites communis.

Methods

We dug 300 cm?×?200 cm, 80 cm deep pits in a garden experiment plot. Clonal fragments of P. communis were planted individually at a depth of 40 cm in these pits for 4 weeks before treatments. Surface sand was gradually removed to the final depth of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm (maximum sand removal). Ramet emergence time, rhizome-based and tiller-based ramet number, rhizome number and length, biomass of vertically and horizontally oriented structures were monitored at the end of the experiment.

Results

With increasing erosion depth, the proportion of tiller-based ramets (in total number of ramets) increased, whereas that of rhizome-based ramets decreased. With increasing erosion depth, the percentage of vertically oriented structures biomass in total biomass increased significantly, whereas that of horizontally oriented structures biomass decreased.

Conclusions

The changes in biomass allocation (i.e., more allocation in vertical than horizontal biomass) together with a trade-off in tiller-based and rhizome-based ramets may enable P. communis to make better use of the resources in erosion conditions and maximize plant population expansion and maintenance.     

古尔班通古特沙漠西部梭梭种群退化原因的对比分析

古尔班通古特沙漠植被的建群种梭梭在沙漠的低平地和小沙丘(高度<5 m)区域发生大面积退化死亡,而在大沙丘(高度>10 m)生境中梭梭却长势良好。对此分析了梭梭林枯死植株的空间分布、活株和死株的年龄结构,研究了地下水埋深以及对比低平地、小沙丘和大沙丘3种生境土壤理化性质对梭梭生存的影响。发现梭梭死亡植株在观测的19个样点中的15个呈显著的集群分布,表明梭梭植株死亡并非是种内自疏。梭梭各年龄级植株均在死亡,说明死亡与植株年龄关系不大。退化区地下水埋深过浅或过深均对梭梭生长不利,表明地下水埋深对梭梭生长产生显著影响。低平地和小沙丘区土壤电导率高,土壤水分入渗速率慢,且0-90 cm深度范围梭梭侧根数和成活的梭梭幼苗幼株数较少,与梭梭正常生长的大沙丘区明显不同。综合分析认为梭梭退化主要是由自身的根系分布特性,以及地下水位、土壤盐分、土壤水分入渗变化等综合作用,实质是梭梭水分利用受限和种群更新不良引起的。     

Boundary Layer Resistance and Temperature Distribution on Still and Flapping Leaves: II. Field Experiments

The forced convection of heat from reed (Phragmites communis) leaves was observed in their natural environment. The leaves were painted with liquid crystals, which displayed or indicated their temperature without any interference with natural air flow. Temperature differences as large as 15 C were observed between the leading and trailing edges of the nontranspiring, painted leaves. The turbulence of the natural wind decreased the boundary layer resistance around the leaf to about 40% of the resistance in a laminar steady wind.     

Growth and Physiological Responses to Water Depths in Carex schmidtii Meinsh

A greenhouse experiment was performed to investigate growth and physiological responses to water depth in completely submerged condition of a wetland plant Carex schmidtii Meinsh., one of the dominant species in the Longwan Crater Lake wetlands (China). Growth and physiological responses of C. schmidtii were investigated by growing under control (non-submerged) and three submerged conditions (5 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm water level). Total biomass was highest in control, intermediate in 5 cm treatment and lowest in the other two submerged treatments. Water depth prominently affected the first-order lateral root to main root mass ratio. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity decreased but malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased as water depth increased. The starch contents showed no differences among the various treatments at the end of the experiment. However, soluble sugar contents were highest in control, intermediate in 5 cm and 15 cm treatments and lowest in 25 cm treatment. Our data suggest that submergence depth affected some aspects of growth and physiology of C. schmidtii, which can reduce anoxia damage not only through maintaining the non-elongation strategy in shoot part but also by adjusting biomass allocation to different root orders rather than adjusting root-shoot biomass allocation.     

Water regime of upland oak forests of the south Russian forest steppe

In the southern forest steppe, the upland oak forests on loamy dark grey soils, which have the automorphic mode of water supply, usually endure droughts during the second half of the vegetative season due to the creation and use by biogeocenoses of some moisture reserves into soil and groundwater (GW), which are accessible to deep layers of root systems of trees. Two shallow sandy horizons interlaying moraine loams of the Dnieper glaciation at altitudes of 120 and 143 m above sea level serve as collectors and transporters of GW, the table of which is 10-15 m lower than the surface of the watershed plateaus and terraces. By autumn, trees desiccate subsoil horizons to the capillary fringe of GW. In early spring, the moisture of dried horizons is restored. The reserves of GW permit the upland oak forests to preserve rather high values of predawn leaf water potential such as Ψ _PD ≥ ?0.8 MPa despite the decrease in water potential of soil at a depth of 0-2 m of the soil layer to a value of Ψ _S ≈ ?2.4 MPa.     

The Performance of Phragmites communis Trin. in Relation to Water-supply

Water table is one of the factors controlling the distributionand performance of Phragmites communis Trin. Dense stands normallylose more water through evapotranspiration than is suppliedby rain. However, Phragmites grows in a wide range of regimes,and is limited, in Britain, more by nutrient status than bywater depth at its wetter limit, and more by competition thanby water shortage at its drier limit. Rhizome level and the level of bud initiation are affected bywater table, but performance of aerial shoots need not be affectedby this, in the ordinary water regimes. Soil aeration, in therange found in East Anglia, does not affect performance, butif cut (or broken) reed is flooded, thus impeding aeration,performance decreases. Once a seasonal pattern of water-levelfluctuations is established, departure from this (causing dryingin a season the stand is normally flooded) disturbs the growthcycle and lowers the yield.     

Phenotypic plasticity in Phragmites australis as a functional response to water depth

We have performed investigations to see if the emergent macrophyte Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. exhibits phenotypic plasticity as a response to water depth and if such responses in biomass allocation pattern and morphology are functional responses, improving the performance of the plant. In greenhouse experiments plants were grown in deep or shallow water to evaluate plastic responses. Allometric methods were used to handle effects caused by size differences between treatments. To evaluate if phenotypic responses to water depth are functional, the relative growth rate (RGR) of plants acclimatised to shallow or deep water, respectively, were compared in deep water, and the growth of plants in fluctuating and constant water level were compared.When grown in deep (70 or 75 cm), compared to shallow (20 or 5 cm) water, plants allocated proportionally less to below-ground weight, made proportionally fewer but taller stems, and had rhizomes that were situated more superficially in the substrate. Plants acclimatised to shallow water had lower RGR than plants acclimatised to deep water, when they were grown in deep water, and plants in constant water depth (40 cm) grew faster than plants in fluctuating water depth (15/65 cm). In an additional field study, the rhizomes were situated superficially in the sediment in deep, compared to shallow water.We have shown that P. australis acclimatises to deep water with phenotypic plasticity through allocating more resources to stem weight, and also by producing fewer but taller stems, which will act to maintain a positive carbon balance and an effective gas exchange between aerial and below-ground parts. Furthermore, the decreased proportional allocation to below-ground parts probably results in decreased nutrient absorption, decreased anchorage in the sediment and decreased carbohydrate reserves. Thus, in deep water, plants have an increased risk of becoming uprooted and experience decreased growth and dispersal rates.