粗糙集理论对湖泊生态系统健康评定指数法的评价

选用浮游植物生物量(BA)等5个生态系统健康评价指标,通过计算各指标指数和加权综合指数法对意大利西西里岛30个湖泊的健康做出分级.然后用粗糙集理论对5个指标进行筛选处理,又重新计算加权综合指数和分级.结果表明:浮游动物生物量(BZ)指标在湖泊健康分级中没有作用,是多余指标;粗糙集理论与健康指数相结合有重要意义.     

适应白洋淀湿地健康评价的IBI方法

IBI指数法是美国湿地生态系统健康评价的常用方法之一,在国内应用较少,目前为止只有少数学者尝试了底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)和鱼类完整性指数进行河流生态系统健康评价。试图建立适合白洋淀地区的生物完整性指数湿地健康状况评价的方法。在白洋淀的23个淀区进行土壤、水体、植物的实地调查与采样分析。根据已有研究所选择的植物属性,选择了30个植物属性作为备选参数。通过考察备选参数与人类干扰的相关性,最后确定了9个对人类干扰敏感的IBI参数。通过分析,建立了适合白洋淀湿地健康评价的标准:IBI,35-45,好;27-34,一般;19-26,差;＜18,极差。评价结果表明,白洋淀23个淀区中,6个健康状况好,5个一般,7个差,5个很差。     

应用原生动物群落评价枯水期白洋淀的水质现状

应用PFU微型生物群落监测方法,对长期处于低水位状态下的白洋淀水质进行了综合评价。结果表明,白洋淀水域受府河污水的影响,淀内的内源性污染,对原生动物群落造成了极大的影响。与20世纪90年代的资料相比,淀内中心区4个采样点原生动物的群集种类数(1d)急剧下降,而丰度上升了1．28倍,表明内源性污染对白洋淀水质的影响加剧。     

鲥鯸淀浮游动物群落特征及水质评价

为掌握白洋淀典型湖泊鲥鯸淀浮游动物群落结构及水体营养状况, 于2018年秋季、2019年春季和夏季对该淀的浮游动物群落组成、密度、生物量和多样性进行调查研究, 分析了主要水质理化指标, 运用多变量统计方法分析浮游动群落结构与主要环境因子关系。共鉴定浮游动物3类52种, 其中轮虫类种类数最多, 为33种, 占64.46%。共鉴定优势种23种, 其中15个优势种为轮虫; 浮游动物密度秋季最高, 生物量夏季最高。冗余分析表明, 氨氮、COD和总磷是轮虫群落分布的主要影响因子。综合多样性指数与水质指标评估鲥鯸淀水域处于中度污染状态。研究可为白洋淀生境保护和渔业资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

鲥鯸淀鱼类群落特征与生物完整性评价

鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI,fish-index of biotic integrity)被广泛应用于河湖健康评价,可为水域生态修复和保护提供重要科学依据。于2018年10月—2019年7月在白洋淀区的典型湖泊鲥鯸淀开展鱼类群落采样,结合鱼类生物完整性指数评价体系和ABC曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves),综合评价鱼类群落组成特征和水域健康状况。共发现鱼类30种,隶属4目10科,其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多,共21种,占鱼类总物种数目的70%。F-IBI评价结果表明,在鲥鯸淀的采样站点中,鱼类生物完整性评为"好～优"等级共有3个点;评价为"好"等级共有3个点;评价为"一般～好"等级共有4个点;评价为"一般"等级共有5个点;评价为"差～一般"等级共有8个点;评价为"差"等级共有3个点;没有点位评价为"优"和"极差"等级。总体上,春季和秋季呈现"一般～好",夏季呈现"差～一般"。ABC曲线结果显示,季度性汇总、春季和夏季所得的ABC曲线展现出明显的交叉趋势,表明总体状态、春季和夏季均呈现中度干扰状态;秋季的数量优势度曲线位于生物量优势度曲线之上,表明该季节呈现严重干扰状态。与20世纪50—70年代相比,白洋淀区域鱼类生物完整性整体呈下降趋势。过度捕捞、水质污染和极端气候等是白洋淀鱼类群落变化的重要因素,建议在湖泊生态修复的同时,通过划定禁渔区和延长禁渔期等方式,加强对鱼类资源保护和可持续利用。     

基于PSR的黄河河口区生态系统健康评价

根据压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型,从广义上定义河口区生态系统,将河口及毗邻的陆域、海域生态系统作为一个整体,从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标3个方面构建了黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的指标体系,以研究区1991年数据和相关国家标准为基准,2013年代表现况,利用综合指数法(CEI)评价了黄河河口区的生态系统健康状况。结果显示:黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的响应指数最高(0.9055),压力指数居中(0.8288),状态指数最低(0.6458),综合指数为0.7427。总体来看,与1991年相比,目前黄河河口区生态系统仍处于"健康"状态,但健康状况明显下降,其中状态指数下降最为严重。从区域轻度开发到人类活动强烈干扰阶段,黄河河口区存在过度捕捞、湿地不合理开发、浅海养殖过度及污染物排放等一系列影响生态系统健康的问题,应进行区域的生态恢复和科学管理。     

基于能值分析的城市生态系统健康评价——以包头市为例

城市生态系统健康是城市生态学界近年来的研究热点和前沿.采用能值评价方法,结合城市生态系统作为复合系统所具有的生态服务功能,明确提出基于能值进行城市生态系统健康评价的理论框架和技术路线,得出表征城市健康程度随时间的变化走向和比较意义.针对城市生态系统健康表征特性,采用4个要素,即活力(V)、组织结构(O)、恢复力(R)和服务功能维持(F), 构建了评价城市生态系统健康的新的能值指标--城市健康能值指标(EUEHI),并将EUEHI应用于包头城市生态系统健康评价中,并比较了其他5个城市的EUEHI.结果显示2000～2004年包头健康程度总体呈现上升状态,健康等级不断提高,但同中国其他城市之间尚有距离,健康程度仍处于较低水平.这说明近几年包头重视改变资源结构和利用效率,使得城市生态系统在生态系统服务功能维持方面得到不断改善.同时,包头作为老工业城市组织结构尚不完善,环境负荷大,生态系统承载力逐年降低,因此仍需从降低环境胁迫入手,逐步降低城市生态系统干扰,使其恢复力得以提高,增加系统反弹恢复的容量,使之恢复维持结构与格局的能力,实现城市健康和谐发展.     

海湾生态系统健康评价方法构建及在大亚湾的应用

根据海洋生态系统的压力-结构-响应框架模型,从压力指标、结构指标、响应指标等几个方面构建了海湾生态系统健康评价的指标体系,提出了基于GIS的海湾生态系统健康综合指数法.以春季大亚湾海洋生态系统为例进行实证研究.结果表明:大亚湾海湾生态系统春季的健康综合指数平均值为0.57±0.08,从总体看来,生态系统健康状态处于“较好”水平,浮游植物丰度、浮游植物多样性和生态缓冲容量是其主要健康负面因子,健康状况可能面临着向“临界”状态转化的危险.实证研究表明该方法适用性强、结果客观准确、形象生动,是一种值得推广的定量评价方法.     

综合构成指数在森林生态系统健康评估中的应用

首次提出综合构成指数(IntegratedComposeIndex,ICI)模型ICI=ln∑B×∑IV×CAV。通过选取目前长白山阔叶红松林生态系统区主要林分类型(原始阔叶红松林,不同干扰模式造成的择伐林、次生白桦林和人工落叶松林等)共29块样地进行群落结构和生物量调查,以原始阔叶红松林作为健康基准,定量评估了各受损生态系统的健康现状及恢复趋势。结果表明综合构成指数是一种易操作的能定量描述受干扰系统健康差距的度量方法。利用分层[主林层(H≥18m)、亚主林层(18m>H≥10m)、演替层(10m>H≥2.5m)和更新层(H<2.5m)]的综合构成指数值可定量不同干扰模式造成的受损系统与健康基准之间的健康差距。健康基准是12.77,与之差距越大,表明受干扰破坏越大,系统健康程度越低。29块样地分为8个类型,6个受干扰类型依距离原始健康基准的远近排序为:结构转换型0.64<结构破坏型0.75<结构保留型0.85<严重干扰类型1.95<白桦林系列2.07<人工落叶松系列2.89。综合构成指数的上层(主林层和亚主林层)指数能表示群落结构现状和目前处于演替阶段的位置;下层(演替层和更新层)指数能表示群落向健康基准类型恢复的潜力,值越大,潜力越大。上下两层综合能说明群落受到干扰的强度和后果。上下两层差值D对于阔叶红松林生态系统来说,健康基准类型D位于0.28～0.35之间,如00.35说明群落主林层和亚主林层的阔叶树种受到干扰破坏,且红松更新困难或还没大量更新。D≤0说明群落遭受很大强度的干扰,如70%以上的生物存量被破坏取走,或直接导致裸地重新发育演替的白桦林、营造人工落叶松林等情况,差值D越大,红松的侵入程度越高,红松更新状况良好,该群落向顶级恢复的趋势良好。     

宁夏沙湖水生生态系统健康评估

以宁夏沙湖为例,选取pH值、悬浮物、溶解氧、化学耗氧量、生物耗氧量、总磷及铵氮等7项指标进行实测,并计算沙湖水体的综合污染指数,确定了水生环境的外部压力状态。计算并测量了沙湖水生生态系统在宏观尺度上的自由能、结构自由能,群落尺度上的浮游生物生物量、生产量及二者的比例关系,以判定其内部特征的变化情况。综合外部压力状态和内部特征指标体系的计算,结果表明,沙湖水生生态系统活力下降,生物周转速度慢,系统利用外界资源能力下降,种群增长受人为干扰,物种多样性下降,湖泊富营养化严重,并有进一步恶化趋势,目前处于不(或亚)健康状态。     

基层医疗卫生服务体系建设现状分析

梳理及归纳了我国在转变基层医疗卫生机构运行机制和服务模式,改善社区卫生、农村卫生的结构与功能,完善投入机制,加强基层卫生人才队伍建设,努力构建城乡一体化的基层医疗卫生服务体系等方面的探讨与实践,为建立健全基层医疗卫生服务体系,使城乡居民享受到安全、有效、方便、价廉的基本医疗服务提供参考。     

An Integrated Framework for Risk Management and Population Health

The traditional medical model of health and health policy development has focused on individuals and the role of medical care in preventing and treating disease and injury. Recent attention to health inequities and social determinants of health has raised the profile of population heath and evidence-based strategies for improving the health of whole populations. At the same time, risk science has emerged as an important new discipline for the assessment and management of risks to health. This article reviews historical developments in the fields of risk management and population health and proposes a joint population health risk management framework that integrates the key elements of both fields. Applying this integrated approach to managing population health risks will facilitate the development of evidence-based health policy. It will encourage a more systematic and comprehensive evaluation of population health issues and promote the use of a broader suite of interventions to reduce health risks and enhance population health status.     

同一个世界 同一个健康

随着工业化和城镇化水平的持续提高,人类的生活方式发生了翻天覆地的变化,在传统因素依然制约人类健康的同时,食源性疾病与营养结构不合理、畜禽养殖方式转变与宠物快速发展带来人与动物关系深刻变化、生态环境与居住环境变化等非传统因素,对人类健康的制约凸显。面对这些人类健康的新挑战,我们必须因应时代变化,在大力发展医疗卫生事业的同时,树立营养健康、动物健康、环境健康三位一体的现代健康新理念。努力提高营养健康水平,以宠物健康为新的关注点高度重视动物健康,以人居、社区环境为重点营造健康生态环境,建立起现代健康新模式。     

Is Europe prepared to meet the oral health needs of older people?

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the preparedness of the social and health care systems and the health workforce in Europe to manage the increasing general and oral health care needs of older adults. BACKGROUND AND DISCUSSION: There are large inequalities across European countries and regions in the demographic, socioeconomic and health status of the elderly. The ageing of the population and the economic crisis put at risk the existing social and health care systems and are expected to further widen the existing inequalities. Despite the increase in funding for the general health care, public funding for dental care has reduced, limiting the access for the disadvantaged elderly. Dental care is isolated from health care policies and funding. At the same time there is a significant shortage of adequately trained personnel in the care of the elderly and a shortage of training opportunities particularly at a postgraduate and continuing education level. CONCLUSION: Immediate action is needed and appropriate strategies need to be implemented. Oral health prevention, delivery policies and funding should be integrated within the general health care system. Clinical protocols and guidelines need to be developed on the oral care of the elderly. Interdisciplinary training in the care of the elderly needs to be implemented for all health care workers (dentists, physicians, nurses, health care aids, social workers) at all education levels to enhance comprehensive care.     

Introducing Indonesian Medical Students to Rainforest Conservation and Community Health in the Field: A Practicum Experience in East Kalimantan

This article describes a practicum experience developed between a conservation organization (The Nature Conservancy) and a medical school (The Faculty of Medicine at Mulawarman University in East Kalimantan). Through this practicum, groups of medical students from Mulawarman have assisted with baseline and follow-up community evaluations in remote villages along the Kelay River, Berau District. These evaluations were done in conjunction with the Kelay Conservation Health Program, a program designed to improve health and healthcare for local people, mostly former hunter–gatherers, in an area of rainforest that the conservation organization seeks to protect. Besides gaining experience in community health assessment, through this practicum medical students also gained field experience and knowledge in rural and remote area health and healthcare in Indonesia and had an opportunity to explore linkages between conservation and health. At the conclusion of their time with the program, participating students also presented individual problem-based reports on relevant topics to students and faculty at the Medical School and to the District Health Department. This partnership between a conservation agency and a medical school in a developing country is unusual, but has been very well received by all stakeholders involved. Because of this, Mulawarman is now planning to make Kelay into a formal training site for its students. This experience may serve as a model for other groups interested in promoting ecosystem health education to future health professionals in the developing world.     

Including Ethnic Minorities in Mental Health Intervention Research: A Practical Approach to a Long-Standing Problem

This paper examines a controversy that arose while developing a supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General that was focused on ethnic minority mental health. The controversy involved whether and how to make recommendations about ethnic minorities seeking mental health care. We found that few studies provided information on outcomes of mental health care for ethnic minorities. In this paper, we discuss outcomes of mental health care for ethnic minorities and how to proceed in developing an evidence base for understanding mental health care and minorities. We conclude that entering representative (based on population) numbers of ethnic minorities in efficacy trials is unlikely to produce useful information on outcomes of care because the numbers will be too small to produce reliable findings. We also conclude that while conducting randomized efficacy trials for all mental health interventions for each ethnic group would be impractical, innovative and theoretically informed studies that focus on specific cultural groups are needed to advance the knowledge base. We call for theory-driven research focused on mental health disparities that has the potential for understanding disparities and improving outcomes for ethnic minority populations.     

Health-related quality of life and weight loss among overweight and obese U.S. adults, 2001 to 2002

Objective: To examine the prevalence and association of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) with trying to lose weight and with weight loss practices (eating fewer calories, physical activity, and both) among overweight and obese U.S. adults ≥ 20 years of age. Research Methods and Procedures: This study used data from the 2001 to 2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a continuous annual survey of the civilian non‐institutionalized U.S. population. This analysis included those ≥ 20 years of age with BMI ≥ 25 (n = 2578) who responded to four standard HRQOL measures that assessed general health status and recent physical health, mental health, and activity limitation. Results: Among obese men, but not women, there were significant increasing linear trends in the adjusted prevalence of trying to lose weight as physically unhealthy and activity limitation days increased. Regardless of BMI or HRQOL, reducing calories was a common weight loss practice (66% to 86%). Except for recent activity limitation, respondents with BMI ≥ 35 did not generally differ by HRQOL level in the attainment of recommended physical activity either alone or in combination with reduced calories, whereas those in the BMI 25 to 34.9 groups often differed significantly by HRQOL level. Specifically, increased unhealthy or activity limitation days were associated with reduced prevalence of attained physical activity. Discussion: Our findings indicate an association between trying to lose weight and a greater number of unhealthy days reported by obese men, suggesting that these men may be influenced by traditional clinical weight‐loss counseling that is prompted by weight and comorbidity, whereas women had a high prevalence of trying to lose weight irrespective of weight and HRQOL. Assessment of HRQOL, especially measures that evaluate physical domains, could provide subjective information to assist with weight counseling.