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1.
Juliet S. Erazo 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2011,39(4):421-439
In recent years, states have ceded governance over large territories to indigenous organizations. This article examines the
history of an early case of territorial governance (dating from the 1970s) to probe the social, political, and environmental
processes that occur when an indigenous social movement becomes a governing body. It argues that indigenous organizations
can quickly learn to “see like states” (Scott 1998) without adopting the particular visions promoted by the state that facilitated their new role. In the case explored here,
indigenous leaders created landscape improvement schemes that went beyond those promoted by the state and others in terms
of changing the legibility of land use and tenure categories. Furthermore, their schemes had significant impacts on forest
cover as evidenced by remotely sensed images. These processes challenge theories that position the state as the primary arbitrator
of human-environmental relations as well as theories that dichotomize between states and indigenous organizations. 相似文献
2.
Michael H. Logan 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2011,39(6):727-742
Interethnic marriage represents a major trend in the demographic history of American Indians. While the majority of these
unions involved Indian women and Caucasian men, a sizeable number occurred between Indians and African Americans. The children
of these bicultural marriages were “mixed bloods” who in turn typically married non-Indians or other mixed bloods. Using data
from the 1910 Census on American Indians in the United States and Alaska, this article explores why American Indians with
African ancestry enjoyed high fertility. Differential rates of fertility among American Indians in the past were due to a
number of underlying genetic, cultural, and environmental factors. By identifying these factors, the paradox of why Indian
women with African heritage did so well in terms of fertility largely disappears. African admixture, however, greatly complicates
Indian social identity. 相似文献
3.
A. V. Bondarenko 《Entomological Review》2009,89(7):770-783
Long-term route surveys of butterflies revealed the species composition and distribution within the area of the planned construction
of the “Altai” gas pipeline. The distribution of multispecific communities among the altitudinal belts was characterized.
The definite finding localities of 99 species and quantitative assessment of their abundance were reported for the first time.
The obtained estimates of butterfly abundance in the territory studied can serve as the basis for the “Biodiversity Damage
Cost Estimation.” The cadastral data on the butterflies, obtained for the first time, may be used for further eco- and zoogeographic
analysis. 相似文献
4.
Eric J. Berry David L. Gorchov Bryan A. Endress Martin Henry H. Stevens 《Population Ecology》2008,50(1):63-77
Site factors have frequently been shown to affect survival, growth, and reproduction in plant populations. The source-sink
concept proposed by Pulliam is one way of integrating this spatial demographic variation into population models. Source-sink
models describe a population where propagules from “source” habitats sustain less productive “sink” areas. We adapted this
concept to model the population dynamics of the understory palm Chamaedorea radicalis on two substrates, rock outcrops and forest floor. In our model, sources and sinks correspond to fine-scale demographic structure
within the population, rather than spatially discrete subpopulations as described in the Pulliam model. We constructed a stage-structured
population matrix model that integrates the site-specific demography of individuals across two habitats types that are linked
by migration. We then parameterized this model with field data from C. radicalis. To address whether observed differences in palm demography between rock outcrops and the forest floor were due to natural
variation between microsites or due to differences in browsing intensity from free range livestock, we parameterized separate
models based on the substrate-specific demography of protected, non-browsed palms and of palms exposed to burro browse. Results
showed that herbivory reduced survival and fecundity on the forest floor, which in the absence of seed migration resulted
in a projected decline of forest floor palms (sinks). However with seed dispersal, palms persisted and total population growth
(both substrates) was projected to be positive, indicating that seed dispersal from non-browsed palms on rock outcrops (sources)
was sufficient to sustain C. radicalis on the forest floor. 相似文献
5.
Both temporal and spatial scales are important in the evaluation of population dynamics, but the latter often receives less
attention in demographic analyses. We used a 5-year demographic data set for a long-lived geophyte, Calochortus lyallii, to investigate the pattern and components of spatial variation at two scales (population and microsite). We found that neither
the projected population structure nor asymptotic population growth rate (λ) varied greatly across either scale, although
the underlying contributors to the variation in λ, V(λ), did differ between scales. Life table response experiment analyses showed that V(λ) among populations came primarily from variation in seedling survival and progression of non-reproductive plants, whereas
V(λ) among microsites was primarily due to the variable fertility of large adults. Prolonged dormancy was important in reducing
V(λ) among quadrats at both the scales, partly countering fluctuations in other transitions such as recruitment. This result
represents some of the first evidence that underground “bulb banks” could function to offset the effects of a spatially heterogeneous
environment in a manner analogous to seed banks. Future work is needed to isolate the specific, sometimes idiosyncratic, life
history phenomena acting to modulate plant population dynamics in a spatial context. 相似文献
6.
Snodgrass JG Lacy MG Francois Dengah HJ Fagan J Most DE 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(1):26-62
Videogame players commonly report reaching deeply “immersive” states of consciousness, in some cases growing to feel like
they actually are their characters and really in the game, with such fantastic characters and places potentially only loosely connected to offline selves and realities. In
the current investigation, we use interview and survey data to examine the effects of such “dissociative” experiences on players
of the popular online videogame, World of Warcraft (WoW). Of particular interest are ways in which WoW players’ emotional identification with in-game second selves can lead either to better mental well-being, through relaxation
and satisfying positive stress, or, alternatively, to risky addiction-like experiences. Combining universalizing and context-dependent
perspectives, we suggest that WoW and similar games can be thought of as new “technologies of absorption”—contemporary practices that can induce dissociative
states in which players attribute dimensions of self and experience to in-game characters, with potential psychological benefit
or harm. We present our research as an empirically grounded exploration of the mental health benefits and risks associated
with dissociation in common everyday contexts. We believe that studies such as ours may enrich existing theories of the health
dynamics of dissociation, relying, as they often do, on data drawn either from Western clinical contexts involving pathological
disintegrated personality disorders or from non-Western ethnographic contexts involving spiritual trance. 相似文献
7.
This article briefly reviews environmental history in the “Sister Cities” of Wuhan, China and Pittsburgh, USA. Specifically,
it analyzes key changes in air, water, land, and sustainability in each of the two cities in terms of both “driving forces”
and of the actions of key stakeholders (policymakers, educators, industry/business, nongovernmental organizations [NGOs],
and the public). It concludes by discussing prospects for synergies between the two cities in continuing to improve environmental
health, and the implications of these ideas for other cities in both the “developing” and the “developed” world. 相似文献
8.
The intentional introduction of exotic species can increase the level of local biodiversity, enrich people’s material lives,
and bring significant social and economic benefits that are also the symbols of human progress. However, along with the frequent
intercourse among countries and regions, the frequency of uncontrolled crossregional migration of species is increased and
there is a lack of scientific management strategy for the intentional introduction of exotic species. Exotic species invasion,
which is behind habitat fragmentation, has become the second largest threatening factor to the maintenance of the global-scale
level of biological diversity. Exotic species invasion can destroy the structure of an ecosystem, disturb the economic life
of a society, and do harm to human health. In this paper, the authors review some of the ecological explanations for issues
such as “what causes or mechanisms have led to the successful invasion of exotic species”, including the “ideal weeds characteristics”,
“biodiversity resistance hypothesis”, “enemies release hypothesis”, “evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis”,
“niche opportunity hypothesis”, and “novel weapon hypothesis”. The authors also analyze and evaluate the background and theoretical
basis of the hypotheses, providing explanations for some phenomena, as well as the deficiencies of these explanations. 相似文献
9.
Lot of work has been done in recent years on the genetics of isolated and small population groups. But J. Sutter (1963) notes
that these studies have not yielded satisfactory results, because these investigators have applied the formulae and models
constructed by the mathematicians which are based on the assumption of panmixia, whereas panmixia cannot occur in human populations
especially if the population is very small. Sometimes we speak of genetic drift and selection without taking into account
the fact that the population at the same time is controlled by two most important demographic parameters of fertility and
mortality which can alter genetic drift and selection. The geneticists are primarily interested in fertility. They want to
determine, for any given couple, the number of offspring reaching the age of reproduction. One might therefore assume that
the measurement of fertility should play a major role in population genetics. Thus, there is an urgent need for the establishment
of meaningful relationship between demography and population genetics. In view of the above facts, an attempt is made in the
present study to analyse the “Demographic and Genetic Interrelationships among the Gavlis of Dharwad” so as to throw light
on some of the complex genetic issues like endogamy, inbreeding and selection potential. 相似文献
10.
Maree Porter Ian H. Kerridge Christopher F. C. Jordens 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2012,9(1):41-47
Umbilical cord blood banking is one of many biomedical innovations that confront pregnant women with new choices about what
they should do to secure their own and their child’s best interests. Many mothers can now choose to donate their baby’s umbilical
cord blood (UCB) to a public cord blood bank or pay to store it in a private cord blood bank. Donation to a public bank is
widely regarded as an altruistic act of civic responsibility. Paying to store UCB may be regarded as a “unique opportunity”
to provide “insurance” for the child’s future. This paper reports findings from a survey of Australian women that investigated
the decision to either donate or store UCB. We conclude that mothers are faced with competing discourses that force them to
choose between being a “good mother” and fulfilling their role as a “good citizen.” We discuss this finding with reference
to the concept of value pluralism. 相似文献
11.
Brada B 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):285-312
This essay argues that what makes “global health” “global” has more to do with configurations of space and time, and the claims
to expertise and moral stances these configurations make possible, than with the geographical distribution of medical experts
or the universal, if also uneven, distribution of threats to health. Drawing on a study of public–private partnerships supporting
Botswana’s HIV/AIDS treatment program, this essay demonstrates ethnographically the processes by which “global health” and
its quintessential spaces, namely “resource-limited” or “resource-poor settings,” are constituted, reinforced, and contested
in the context of medical education and medical practice in Botswana’s largest hospital. Using Silverstein’s work on orders
of indexicality, I argue that the terms of “global health” are best understood as chronotopic, and demonstrate how actors
orient themselves and others spatio-temporally, morally, and professionally by using or refuting those terms. I conclude by
arguing that taking “global health” on its own terms obscures the powerful forces by which it becomes intelligible. At stake
are the frames within which medical anthropologists understand their objects of study, as well as the potential for the spaces
of “global health” intervention to expand ever outward as American medical personnel attempt to calibrate their experiences
to their expectations. 相似文献
12.
Men in the demographic transition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bobbi S. Low 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1994,5(3):223-253
Women’s fertility is the focus of most demographic analyses, for in most mammals, and in many preindustrial societies, variance
in male fertility, while an interesting biological phenomenon, is irrelevant. Yet in monogamous societies, the reproductive
ecology of men, as well as that of women, is important is creating reproductive patterns. In nineteenth-century Sweden, the
focus of this study, male reproductive ecology responded to resource conditions: richer men had more children than poorer
men. Men’s fertility also interacted with local and historical factors in complex ways to have significant impact on population
growth. As a result, “the” demographic transition was local, and locally reversible, in Sweden. Results cannot be simply translated
from nineteenth-century studies to current attempts to promote fertility decline, because today, male and female resource-fertility
curves differ in shape, not only in magnitude. When we translate studies of fertility decline, it is important to study individual
fertility and to discern whether, in any particular case, male and female patterns are similar.
Bobbi S. Low is Professor of Resource Ecology at the School of Natural Resources and Environment. Her background is in behavioral
and evolutionary ecology and her current research interests are human sex differences in risk-taking and resource use. 相似文献
13.
Jenks AC 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):209-235
The incorporation of “culture” into U.S. biomedicine has been increasing at a rapid pace over the last several decades. Advocates
for “cultural competence” point to changing patient demographics and growing health disparities as they call for improved
educational efforts that train health providers to care for patients from a variety of backgrounds. Medical anthropologists
have long been critical of the approach to “culture” that emerges in cultural competence efforts, identifying an essentialized,
static notion of culture that is conflated with racial and ethnic categories and seen to exist primarily among exotic “Others.”
With this approach, culture can become a “list of traits” associated with various racial and ethnic groups that must be mastered
by health providers and applied to patients as necessary. This article uses an ethnographic examination of cultural competence
training to highlight recent efforts to develop more nuanced approaches to teaching culture. I argue that much of contemporary
cultural competence education has rejected the “list of traits” approach and instead aims to produce a new kind of health
provider who is “open-minded,” willing to learn about difference, and treats each patient as an individual. This shift, however,
can ultimately reinforce behavioral understandings of culture and draw attention away from the social conditions and power
differentials that underlie health inequalities. 相似文献
14.
Steven R. Jakobi 《Evolution》2010,3(3):416-419
In an informal survey, only five percent of 306 college freshmen students in an introductory biology course provided a correct
scientific definition for the theory of evolution. The other respondents provided answers that ranged from “organisms improving
themselves” (42 percent) to “monkeys becoming humans” (seven percent). Some of the potential reasons for the lack of understanding
of the concept of evolution are explored. 相似文献
15.
Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity 总被引:68,自引:0,他引:68
Michael A. Huston 《Oecologia》1997,110(4):449-460
Interactions between biotic and abiotic processes complicate the design and interpretation of ecological experiments. Separating
causality from simple correlation requires distinguishing among experimental treatments, experimental responses, and the many
processes and properties that are correlated with either the treatments or the responses, or both. When an experimental manipulation
has multiple components, but only one of them is identified as the experimental treatment, erroneous conclusions about cause
and effect relationships are likely because the actual cause of any observed response may be ignored in the interpretation
of the experimental results. This unrecognized cause of an observed response can be considered a “hidden treatment.” Three
types of hidden treatments are potential problems in biodiversity experiments: (1) abiotic conditions, such as resource levels,
or biotic conditions, such as predation, which are intentionally or unintentionally altered in order to create differences
in species numbers for “diversity” treatments; (2) non-random selection of species with particular attributes that produce
treatment differences that exceed those due to “diversity” alone; and (3) the increased statistical probability of including
a species with a dominant negative or positive effect (e.g., dense shade, or nitrogen fixation) in randomly selected groups
of species of increasing number or “diversity.” In each of these cases, treatment responses that are actually the result of
the “hidden treatment” may be inadvertently attributed to variation in species diversity. Case studies re-evaluating three
different types of biodiversity experiments demonstrate that the increases found in such ecosystem properties as productivity,
nutrient use efficiency, and stability (all of which were attributed to higher levels of species diversity) were actually
caused by “hidden treatments” that altered plant biomass and productivity.
Received: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 2 March 1997 相似文献
16.
Kenichi Ohara Momoko Hotta Daisuke Takahashi Takashi Asahida Hitoshi Ida Tetsuya Umino 《Ichthyological Research》2009,56(4):373-379
The genetic diversity and relationship among four morphotypes of Rhinogobius sp. OR, Gobiidae (“Tōshoku,” “Shinjiko,” “Gi-tōshoku,” and “Shimahire”) were investigated with seven microsatellite DNA loci,
and amphidromy of these morphotypes was verified by strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) deposition in the otolith. Samples of
“Tōshoku,” “Shinjiko,” “Gi-tōshoku,” and “Shimahire” were collected from, respectively, three, three, two, and four locations
in Japan. Microsatellite analysis detected high genetic diversity (based on the number of alleles, allelic richness, and average
observed heterozygosity) in the “Tōshoku” and “Shinjiko” morphotypes relative to the “Shimahire” morphotype; the “Gi-tōshoku”
morphotype had an intermediate level of variation. Almost all pairwise F
ST values were significantly different from zero (P < 0.001), except between two populations of “Tōshoku.” Clear genetic independence was observed between the “Shinjiko” and
“Shimahire” morphotypes in the Maruyama River. A principle component analysis based on microsatellite data indicated that
the “Tōshoku,” “Shinjiko,” and “Gi-tōshoku” morphotypes were genetically similar. Furthermore, the three populations of “Tōshoku”
were closely related each other, and two of those collected from the Lake Biwa system were a single population. There was,
however, a high degree of genetic differentiation between “Shimahire” and the other morphotypes; moreover, there was high
genetic divergence among four populations of the “Shimahire” morphotype. Amphidromous migratory histories were indicated by
Sr:Ca ratios in two of three populations of the “Shinjiko” morphotype and in one of two “Gi-tōshoku” morphotypes, whereas
all populations of the “Shimahire” morphotype were freshwater residents. The large genetic divergence and low genetic diversity
in “Shimahire” are likely related to migration history. 相似文献
17.
Biodegradation of anthropogenic pollutants in shallow aquifers is an important microbial ecosystem service which is mainly
brought about by indigenous anaerobic microorganisms. For the management of contaminated sites, risk assessment and control
of natural attenuation, the assessment of in situ biodegradation and the underlying microbial processes is essential. The
development of novel molecular methods, “omics” approaches, and high-throughput techniques has revealed new insight into complex
microbial communities and their functions in anoxic environmental systems. This review summarizes recent advances in the application
of molecular methods to study anaerobic microbial communities in contaminated terrestrial subsurface ecosystems. We focus
on current approaches to analyze composition, dynamics, and functional diversity of subsurface communities, to link identity
to activity and metabolic function, and to identify the ecophysiological role of not yet cultured microbes and syntrophic
consortia. We discuss recent molecular surveys of contaminated sites from an ecological viewpoint regarding degrader ecotypes,
abiotic factors shaping anaerobic communities, and biotic interactions underpinning the importance of microbial cooperation
for microbial ecosystem services such as contaminant degradation. 相似文献
18.
Kenji Konishi Tsutomu Tamura Ryoko Zenitani Takeharu Bando Hidehiro Kato Lars Walløe 《Polar Biology》2008,31(12):1509-1520
The annual trend in energy storage in the Antarctic minke whale was examined using catch data from all 18 survey years in
the Japanese Whale Research Program (JARPA). Regression analyses clearly showed that blubber thickness, girth and fat weight
have been decreasing for nearly 2 decades. The decrease per year is estimated at approximately 0.02 cm for mid-lateral blubber
thickness and 17 kg for fat weight, corresponding to 9% for both measurements over the 18-year period. Furthermore, “date”,
“extent of diatom adhesion”, “sex”, “body length”, “fetus length”, “latitude”, “age” and “longitude” were all identified as
partially independent predictors of blubber thickness. The direct interpretation of this substantial decline in energy storage
in terms of food availability is difficult, since no long-term krill abundance series is available. However, an increase in
the abundance of krill feeders other than minke whales and a resulting decrease in the krill population must be considered
as a likely explanation. 相似文献
19.
Shiow-Ing Wang Long-Teng Lee Ming-Lun Zou Chen-Wei Fan Chin-Liang Yaung 《Radiation and environmental biophysics》2010,49(1):57-65
The purpose of the study was to investigate whether proximity to nuclear power plants may increase the risk of abnormal pregnant
outcomes among the resident women. In this ecological study, data were used from the Health Services Birth Reports Database
established by the Bureau of Health Promotion, National Department of Health, Taiwan, in 2001–2004. Chi-square-tests were
carried out to investigate the “Plant-vicinity” and “Non plant-vicinity” group in terms of pregnancy outcome. Additionally,
logistic regression was performed to investigate whether residence in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant was related to
any abnormal pregnancy results. Based on data from 5,679 included subjects, no difference was observed between pregnancy outcomes
of the “Plant-vicinity” and “Non plant-vicinity” groups. After accounting for possible confounders, the adjusted odds ratios
were 1.20 (95% CI = 0.56–2.56) for stillbirth, 1.21 (95% CI = 0.95–1.53) for premature birth, 1.04 (95% CI = 0.79–1.37) for
low birth weight, and 1.58 (95% CI = 0.85–2.93) for congenital deficiencies, respectively, when comparing the “Plant-vicinity”
with the “Non plant-vicinity” group. The results of the study indicate that residence in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant
is not a significant factor which will cause abnormal health situations during pregnancy. 相似文献
20.
Linking human health risk to environmental factors can be a challenge for clinicians, public health departments, and environmental
health researchers. While it is possible that nonhuman animal species could help identify and mitigate such linkages, the
fields of animal and human health remain far apart, and the prevailing human health attitude toward disease events in animals
is an “us vs. them” paradigm that considers the degree of threat that animals themselves pose to humans. An alternative would
be the development of the concepts of animals as models for environmentally induced disease, as well as potential “sentinels”
providing early warning of both noninfectious and infectious hazards in the environment. For such concepts to truly develop,
critical knowledge gaps need to be addressed using a “shared risk” paradigm based on the comparative biology of environment–host
interactions in different species. 相似文献