Tylopilus alkalixanthus, a new species of Boletaceae from Costa Rica and Japan

Tylopilus alkalixanthus is described from the Cordillera Talamanca of Costa Rica. At the present time it is known only from Costa Rica and Japan.     

Genera Tylopilus,Suillus and Strobilomyces of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,Pakistan

Abstract

A total of four species of mushrooms are reported in this paper. These are Tylopilus shaukatii, Suillus bekhsus, S. shardasus and Strobilomyces reticulates. Their edibility, non-edibility, chemical composition as well as distribution, habitat and taxonomic position are clarified. They belong to families Boletaceae and Ganodermataceae.     

绿盖粉孢牛肝菌中一个新的甾体糖苷

从绿盖粉孢牛肝菌（Tylopilus virens）中分离得到一个新的麦角甾烷型甾体糖苷,其化学结构通过波谱学方法鉴定为：（22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-5α,6β-二醇-3β-O-[3-（3-苯基丙酰氧基）]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷,命名为tylopiloside（1）,同时,其苷元cerevisterol（2）也从该菌中分离得到。值得注意的是,这种糖片段上有芳环取代的烷酰氧基基团的麦角甾烷型甾体糖苷为真菌中首次报道。     

Fruit body formation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tylopilus castaneiceps</Emphasis> in pure culture

Fruit bodies of Tylopilus castaneiceps were formed on Ohta medium in pure culture. The mycorrhizal status of T. castaneiceps was confirmed by DNA analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of mycorrhizae collected beneath its fruit bodies. However, fruiting ability was lost within 1 year of isolation, as has been reported for most of the other ectomycorrhizal species that produce fruit bodies in pure culture without host plants.     

Paenibacillus tylopili sp.nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from the mycorhizosphere of Tylopilus felleus

Two chitinolytic bacterial strains (designated MK2^T and V7) were isolated from the mycorhizosphere of the fungus Tylopilus felleus. The strains were facultatively anaerobic G⁺ endospore formers. Physiological analysis and 16S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP assays revealed nearly identical profiles for both strains, demonstrating their relationship at the species level. Sequences specific for the genus Paenibacillus were found within the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain MK2^T. The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarity to the sequences of Paenibacillus amylolyticus, P. pabuli and P. xylanilyticus. DNA-DNA relatedness of the strain with the type strain of P. amylolyticus was 4.95 %, of P. pabuli 38.0 %, and of P. xylanilyticus 46.3 %, indicating no relatedness between MK2^T and any of them at the species level. The most abundant fatty acids in strains MK2^T and V7 were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0 and n-C_16:0. DNA-DNA relatedness, morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic analyses, and phylogenetic data based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing made it possible to describe both strains as the novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus tylopili is proposed, the type strain being MK2^T (DSM 18927^T, LMG 23975^T).     

The cichlid fishes of Guyana, South America, with notes on their ecology and breeding behaviour

Field studies in Guyana, north-eastern South America, from 1957 to 1962 included observations on the ecology and behaviour of cichlids in natural waters. Collections made were examined at the British Museum (Natural History) together with other cichlid material from Guyana. This paper records these observations and gives keys for the field indentification of these cichlids. Fifteen genera comprising at least 35 species occur in Guyana, mostly species with a wide distribution in tropical South America. In the predatory Cichla ocellaris which grows larger than other South American cichlids, growth continues long after the fish matures. Males tend to be larger than associated females. The behaviour of Cichla ocellaris and Cichlasoma festivum when guarding their young suggests that the caudal ocellus has a vital role in the orientation of young to parent. Most of these cichlids in which breeding habits are known are substratum-spawners. An attachment gland, producing viscous threads, was found on the heads of recently hatched Geophagus jurupari young, although this species carries the young in the mouth.     

Euphorbiaceae of the Guianas: Annotated species checklist and key to the genera

An annotated checklist of species of Euphorbiaceae of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) and the adjacent region is presented and a key to the genera is provided. A total of 47 indigenous genera and 153 species are known from the Guianas, where species endemism is 14%, with the greatest number of endemics occurring in Guyana and the fewest in French Guiana. An additional 86 species and an additional seven genera are known from neighboring areas of the Guayana Region; many of these may be expected to occur in the Guianas. Taxa known only in cultivation in the Guianas include 22 species and an additional six genera. The following new combination is proposed,Croton vergarenae.     

广东粉孢牛肝菌属的一个新种

以拉丁文及英文描述了一个牛肝菌新种,即类铅紫粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceoides,并绘制了黑白线条图。模式标本(HMIGD20311)保存在广东省微生物研究所标本室 (HMIGD) 内。     

Changes in Whistle Structure of Two Dolphin Species During Interspecific Associations

Dolphin communicative signals show great plasticity. Dolphins modify signal structure to cope with their environment, in response to stress, and in some species to mimic group members. Hence, whistle structure variations may offer insights to interspecific associations among dolphin species, which although temporal and opportunistic are common. In this study, I test the hypothesis that interspecific interactions influence dolphin whistle structure, particularly during social events. The study took place in the Southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, where interspecific associations of the distantly related Guyana and Bottlenose dolphins occur on daily basis. The results indicate that interspecific groups emit whistles that show intermediate whistle structure compared to whistles emitted in intraspecific groups. This pattern is seen during social interactions between species, but not when interspecific groups are traveling. Social events in interspecific groups were of antagonistic nature, where Bottlenose dolphins isolated and harassed one or two Guyana dolphins. Contour data suggest that the most vocal species during these encounters was the Guyana dolphin. Therefore, the observed modifications in whistles structure likely reflect a stress response by the Guyana dolphins. Another alternative explanation includes signal convergence between interacting species. However, to understand the nature of these potential modifications, future studies should combine acoustic tags and directional recording systems to follow the vocalizing animals. Despite the shortcomings of this study, it provides some of the first insights into dolphin interspecific communication, providing evidence of overall signal change during interspecific interactions.     

The use of forest inventory data for a National Protected Area Strategy in Guyana

Forest inventories are largely neglected in the debate of national parks selection in Guyana (and probably elsewhere). Because taxonomic data are often scant and biased towards are as of high collecting effort, large scale forest inventory data can be a useful tool adding to a knowledge database for forests. In this paper the use of forest inventories to select national parks in Guyana is assessed. With the data of a large scale inventory five forest regions could be distinguished and two were added on the base of existing other information. Forest composition in Guyana is largely determined by geology at a national level and soil type at regional level. Species diversity is higher in the south of Guyana, possibly due to higher disturbance and is also higher on the better soils. It is concluded that a selection of national parks in Guyana should include a sample of all seven regions, including as much soil variation as possible. Because of land use conflicts in central Guyana, this area is in need of quick attention of Guyana's policy makers.     

Novae Gesneriaceae Neotropicarum XII. New species of Gesneriaceae from the Guianas

Five new species of Gesneriaceae are described from the Guianas:Nautilocalyx coccineus, Paradrymonia anisophylla, andParadrymonia barbata in the tribe Episcieae, from Guyana;Napeanthus angustifolius from French Guiana andNapeanthus rupicola from Guyana in the tribe Napeantheae.     

The Iwokrama Rain Forest Programme for sustainable development: how much of Guyana's bat (Chiroptera) diversity does it encompass?

In 1989 Guyana designated 3600 km² of tropical rain forest as the Iwokrama Rain Forest Programme (IRFP) for developing methods of sustainable forest utilization and for conserving biodiversity. Bat diversity was assessed in 5 km² of the IRFP area over a ten-week period. Effort totalled 22 400 m² mist-net hours during 26 nights, 227 m² harp-trap hours during 8 nights and 28 person days searching for roosts. This revealed 38 species of bats. In comparison with two other neotropical sites alpha diversity was high as shown by a Shannon diversity index of 1.30 for the 33 species taken in foraging areas by mist net and harp trap.Four forest types found here show some of the lowest floristic diversity in the neotropics. The high motility of bats allows them to exploit the range of forest types available locally, so avoiding constraints imposed within any one forest type.A list of bat species known from Guyana was compiled from the literature. A total of 96 species were found plus 17 unsupported records. The list is presented together with a further 45 species that potentially could occur. Our survey has shown that 45 of the 96 species recorded in Guyana (47%) are known from the IRFP area, suggesting that it provides a good representation of Guyana's bat fauna.The work formed part of a Guyana Rain Forest biodiversity programme coordinated by Mike Gillman at The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, England, UK.     

Pararalichus gen.n. (Acarina, Pterolichidae) from New World parrots (Aves, Psittacidae)

Pararalichus gen.n. (Pterolichidae, Pterolichinae) is described; two species groups, from species of Brotogeris Vigors and Touit Gray, respectively, include two named and ten new species. From Brotogeris : the type species Pararalichus dilatatus (Favette & Trouessart) stat.n., comb.n. [= Protolichus ( Mesolichus ) hemiphyllus dilatatus ] from Brotogeris jugularis (Müller), Brazil, Guatemala, Panama; P. chrysopteri sp.n. from B. chrysopterus (L.). Guyana, Surinam; P. cyanopterae sp.n. from B. cyanoptera (Pelzeln), Bolivia, Peru; P. pyrrhopteri sp.n. from B. Pyrrhopterus (Latham), Ecuador, Peru; P. sanctithomae sp.n. from B. sanctithomae (Müller), Bolivia, Peru; P. tiricae sp.n. from B. tirica (Gmelin), Brazil; P. versicolori sp.n. from B. versicolorus (Müller), Brazil, Peru. From Touit: P. hemiphyllus (Mégnin & Trouessart) comb.n. [ =Pterolichus (P.) hemiphyllus ] from Touit batavica (Boddaert), Surinam, Trinidad; P. dilectissimae sp.n. thrn T. dilectissima (Sclater & Salvin), Colmbia, Costa Rica; P. huetii sp.n. from T. huetii (Temminck), Brazil, Guyana, Peru; P. parpuratae sp.n. from T. purpurata (Gmelin), Brazil, Guyana, Surinam; P. surdae sp.n. from T. surda (Kuhl), Brazil. All hosts are Central and South American parrots. Mesolichus Trouessart, 1899 is recognized as a monotypical genus.     

Biogeography of the Primates of Guyana: Effects of Habitat Use and Diet on Geographic Distribution

Species that exploit a wide range of resources or habitats (generalists) tend to be widely distributed, whereas species that exploit a narrow range of resources or habitats (specialists) often have a limited distribution. The distribution patterns are thought to result from specialists using relatively smaller habitats than those exploited by generalists. I used data from 1,725 km of primate surveys that I conducted in Guyana to test these hypotheses. Habitat breadth is the total number of different habitat types occupied by each species. I used the total number of different food categories exploited by each species to measure dietary breadth. Geographic range size is correlated with habitat breadth but not with dietary breadth or body size for the 8 primate species in Guyana. Habitat generalists—red howlers and wedge-capped capuchins—range into all habitats. Habitat specialists—spider monkeys, brown bearded sakis, and golden-handed tamarins—range only into large habitats. Habitat generalists tend to be dietary type specialists in Guyana. I suggest that only habitat generalists can subsist on the low-quality foods in small habitats in Guyana. Conversely, habitat specialists tend to be dietary type generalists in Guyana. They must feed on a variety of food types in large habitats. However, using the number of food categories exploited as a measure of dietary breadth may be only a weak aspect of multidimensional niche. Researchers testing biogeographic hypotheses associated with dietary breadth should consider including multivariate indicators of both the types of food categories eaten and the number of plant species exploited.     

Robustness of ecological niche modeling algorithms for mammals in Guyana

The genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction (GARP) has beensuccessfully used in modeling species' distributions with environmental data forwell-studied birds in the United States and elsewhere. GARP's efficiency hasbeen demonstrated to be robust even with incomplete occurrence and geographicdata. Thorough biological sampling in conjunction with comprehensive geographicinformation, however, is not the norm for many tropical areas where mostbiodiversity occurs. Mammals from Guyana were used as a test of the robustnessof these approaches in a worst-case scenario of uneven sampling combined withcoarse geographic data. The occurrence of species in poorly surveyed regions,such as the Pakaraima Highlands of west-central Guyana, was consistentlyunder-predicted, whereas presence in well-surveyed areas such as thesouthwestern Rupununi was usually correctly predicted. Comparisons of numbersof species and specimens collected also indicate that lowland forests in thesoutheast and coastal forests in the northwest are under-sampled. For robustdistributional predictions in Guyana, more thorough inventories are needed inthese diverse environments.     

Diversity of Rock-Inhabiting Cyanobacterial Lichens: Studies on Granite Inselbergs along the Orinoco and in Guyana

Abstract: A survey was undertaken of specialized saxicolous cyanobacterial lichens growing on exposed granitic rock surfaces of inselbergs in Venezuela and additionally in Guyana and French Guyana. The study focused on taxonomy and species composition. Twenty-three cyanobacterial lichens were found, four of which are new to science: Peltula auriculata, Phylliscum vermiformis, Psorotichia polyspora and Pterygiopsis guyanensis. Besides the new species, almost all taxa are absent from the available lists of lichen-forming fungi from the Guyana region. Although free-living cyanobacteria are the dominant group in biological crusts covering the inselbergs, the number of cyanobacterial lichens is relatively high and their distribution is homogenous over long distances and macro-climatic gradients. As inselberg rock faces undergo relatively fast weathering under moist tropical climates, numerous micro-habitats are formed. Among these, xeric micro-habitats are favourable for colonization by cyanobacterial lichens, mainly of the Lichinaceae and Peltulaceae. It is concluded that granite inselbergs in the savannas of the Orinoco lowland and the Guyana region are local centres of diversity for saxicolous cyanobacterial lichens.     

中国热带的几种牛肝菌

报道了我国牛肝菌科的1个新记录属——黏盖牛肝菌属(Mucilopilus),在我国云南发现该属的1种,即栗色黏盖牛肝菌(M.castaneiceps).另报道该科红孢牛肝菌属(Porphyrellus)2个新组合[烟褐红孢牛肝菌(P.holophaeus)和黑红孢牛肝菌(P.nigropurpureus)]及我国粉孢牛...