Estimation of 24-Hour Intraocular Pressure Peak Timing and Variation Using a Contact Lens Sensor

Purpose

To compare estimates of 24-hour intraocular pressure (IOP) peak timing and variation obtained using a contact lens sensor (CLS) and using a pneumatonometer.

Methods

Laboratory data collected from 30 healthy volunteers (ages, 20-66 years) in a randomized, controlled clinical trial were analyzed. Participants were housed for 24 hours in a sleep laboratory. One randomly selected right or left eye was fitted with a CLS that monitored circumferential curvature in the corneoscleral region related to the change of IOP. Electronic output signals of 30 seconds were averaged and recorded every 5 minutes. In the contralateral eye, habitual IOP measurements were taken using a pneumatonometer once every two hours. Simulated 24-hour rhythms in both eyes were determined by cosinor fitting. Simulated peak timings (acrophases) and simulated data variations (amplitudes) were compared between the paired eyes.

Results

Bilateral change patterns of average 24-hour data for the group were in parallel. The simulated peak timing in the CLS fitted eye occurred at 4:44 AM ± 210 min (mean ± SD) and the IOP peak timing in the contralateral eye at 4:11 AM ± 120 min (P=0.256, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). There was no significant correlation between the simulated data variations in the paired eyes (P=0.820, linear regression).

Conclusions

The 24-hour CLS data showed a simulated peak timing close to the 24-hour IOP peak timing obtained using the pneumatonometer. However, the simulated variations of 24-hour data in the paired eyes were not correlated. Estimated 24-hour IOP rhythms using the two devices should not be considered interchangeable.     

Noninvasive analyses of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human oral mucosa in vivo by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to develop a noninvasive method to observe polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) behavior in the human body using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For the noninvasive measurement of human oral mucosa, we have used infrared spectroscopy with a suitable attachment for an in vivo attenuated total reflectance system. The fatty acid contents in the tissues were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry after methylation. The alkene C-H stretching vibrations of unsaturated fatty acids in dietary oils showed infrared absorption bands with various peak positions and intensities at around 3010 cm(-1) depending on the extent of unsaturation and their species. The diurnal fluctuation of the alkene peak position of oral mucosa suggested that the contents of PUFAs were increased gradually in the early afternoon, and these data were supported by the direct determination of fatty acid species in oral mucosa where the relative increase of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids was observed in the early afternoon. This diurnal change of alkene peak position resembled the pattern of a "lipid factor" change calculated with the factor analysis applied to the overall infrared spectrum. We could monitor the diurnal fluctuations of PUFA contents of human oral mucosa noninvasively using a reagent-free infrared analysis system. The measurement of alkene and methylene infrared bands may provide a useful tool for detecting changes in PUFA balance in the human body.     

色林错裸鲤感染匙形双穴吸虫的种群动态和寄生偏好

文章通过种群动态研究匙形双穴吸虫感染在时空上的变化,并研究该虫感染是否存在对宿主性别、左右眼及眼球不同部位的寄生偏好性,摸清匙形双穴吸虫在色林错裸鲤中的感染情况,分析种群消长原因,探究其生活史策略。跨年按不同季节采捕色林错裸鲤,记录全长、体重和性别,采集并统计匙形双穴吸虫囊蚴数量,计算不同时空下的感染率和平均丰度,通过独立样本非参数检验,判断不同性别宿主、左右眼及眼球不同部位的感染数量是否存在显著差异性,以检验匙形双穴吸虫是否存在寄生偏好。共剖检色林错裸鲤165尾[全长28.7—49.5 cm,平均全长(37.9±4.0) cm,体重196.9—827.2 g,平均体重(473.3±127.9) g,包括雌性82尾,雄性83尾],共检出匙形双穴吸虫515只,最大寄生量为32只/尾。在时间上,匙形双穴吸虫感染率和平均丰度在2020年夏季最高,秋季和春季呈下降趋势, 2021年夏季感染率下降,平均丰度却呈上升趋势, 2021年秋季与2020年秋季感染率与平均丰度较为接近。在空间上,根据色林错裸鲤全长范围,以5 cm为分组间隔,将其分为5个全长组,感染率和平均丰度在25 cm≤TL<3...     

Phospholipid transfer protein is present in human tear fluid

The human tear fluid film consists of a superficial lipid layer, an aqueous middle layer, and a hydrated mucin layer located next to the corneal epithelium. The superficial lipid layer protects the eye from drying and is composed of polar and neutral lipids provided by the meibomian glands. Excess accumulation of lipids in the tear film may lead to drying of the corneal epithelium. In the circulation, phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediate lipid transfers. To gain insight into the formation of tear film, we investigated whether PLTP and CETP are present in human tear fluid. Tear fluid samples were collected with microcapillaries. The presence of PLTP and CETP was studied in tear fluid by Western blotting, and the PLTP concentration was determined by ELISA. The activities of the enzymes were determined by specific lipid transfer assays. Size-exclusion and heparin-affinity chromatography assessed the molecular form of PLTP. PLTP is present in tear fluid, whereas CETP is not. Quantitative assessment of PLTP by ELISA indicated that the PLTP concentration in tear fluid, 10.9 +/- 2.4 microg/mL, is about 2-fold higher than that in human plasma. PLTP-facilitated phospholipid transfer activity in tears, 15.1 +/- 1.8 micromol mL(-)(1) h(-)(1), was also significantly higher than that measured in plasma. Inactivation of PLTP by heat treatment (+58 degrees C, 60 min) or immunoinhibition abolished the phospholipid transfer activity in tear fluid. Size-exclusion chromatography of tear fluid indicated that PLTP eluted in a position corresponding to a size of 160-170 kDa. Tear fluid PLTP was quantitatively bound to Heparin-Sepharose and could be eluted as a single peak by 0.5 M NaCl. These data indicate that human tear fluid contains catalytically active PLTP protein, which resembles the active form of PLTP present in plasma. The results suggest that PLTP may play a role in the formation of the tear film by supporting phospholipid transfer.     

An analysis of parthogenetic cell clones in chimeric C57BL/6(PG)<-->BALB/c mice

We studied the distribution of parthenogenetic cell clones in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid of eyes on serial sections and in the brain, kidneys, and liver by electrophoretic analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase isozymes in 12 mouse chimeras C57BL/6(PG)<-->BALB/c obtained earlier. Asymmetry was noted in the distribution of the parthenogenetic cell clones in the eye structure, just as the earlier established asymmetry in the distribution of the parthenogenetic clones of epidermal melanoblasts. A high correlation was shown between the ratio of parthenogenetic to normal cells in the retinal pigment epithelium of the right or left eyes and epidermal melanoblasts in the hair cover of the corresponding body half of the chimera. These data suggest that there is a certain relationship between the processes leading to the characteristic distribution of the ectodermal parthenogenetic clones in the retinal pigment epithelium of the right and left eyes and epidermal melanoblasts in parthenogenetic chimeras. Electrophoretic analysis did not show parthenogenetic components in the liver or kidneys of any chimera, and the parthenogenetic component was found in the brain of only two chimeras, in which a high percentage of parthenogenetic cells of ectodermal origin was noted. In these cases, asymmetry was noted in the right and left cerebral hemispheres, just as in the retinal pigment epithelium of the right and left eyes. The data obtained suggest that, during the development of the chimeras, parthenogenetic C57BL/6 cells were actively eliminated from the tissues of endodermal and mesodermal origin. In adult chimeras C57BL/6(PG)<-->BALB/c, parthenogenetic cell clones of ectodermal origin are mostly preserved.     

Identification of 491 proteins in the tear fluid proteome reveals a large number of proteases and protease inhibitors

Background  

The tear film is a thin layer of fluid that covers the ocular surface and is involved in lubrication and protection of the eye. Little is known about the protein composition of tear fluid but its deregulation is associated with disease states, such as diabetic dry eyes. This makes this body fluid an interesting candidate for in-depth proteomic analysis.     

Some aspects of the biology of the plerocercoid of Gilquinia squali Fabricius 1794 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha)

The eyes of more than 24 000 northern North Sea whiting were examined for infection with Gilquinia squali plerocercoids. Infection, which is apparently non-seasonal, begins when the fish are aged 1 +, builds up to a peak at 2+ to 4+, and decreases thereafter. The intensity of infection ranged from 1–18 plerocercoids per fish. Evidence is presented of the development of immunity in whiting to G. squali , and observations on the parasite's eggs suggests that they are not randomly distributed but tend to aggregate. One or both of these features could give rise to the negative binomial type of frequency distribution observed. The frequency of left eye infection was consistently greater than that of right eye.     

Congenital cataract in a cynomolgus monkey

The anterior part of the eye was examined with 1,531 newborn cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). A male (about 0.07%) of those newborns was noticed to have white opacities in his both eyes (Fig. 1). This finding was diagnosed to be bilateral congenital cataract by observing with a slit-lamp biomicroscope. Partial resorption of the white opaque part occurred one week after birth in the right eye (Fig. 2) and three weeks after birth in the left eye (Fig. 3). As a result of the resorption, observation of the ocular fundus by an ophthalmoscope became possible at two and seven weeks of age in the right and left eyes, respectively (Figs. 6 and 7), even though the ophthalmoscopic figures were not complete. White opacities occupied again nearly the whole area of the lens at 10 months of age in the left eye (Fig. 4) and at 14 months of age in the right eye (Fig. 5). Breeding studies are needed to determine if this case has any genetic background.     

Eye morphology in cathemeral lemurids and other mammals

The visual systems of cathemeral mammals are subject to selection pressures that are not encountered by strictly diurnal or nocturnal species. In particular, the cathemeral eye and retina must be able to function effectively across a broad range of ambient light intensities. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge regarding the visual anatomy of cathemeral primates, and presents an analysis of the influence of cathemerality on eye morphology in the genus Eulemur. Due to the mutual antagonism between most adaptations for increased visual acuity and sensitivity, cathemeral lemurs are expected to resemble other cathemeral mammals in having eye morphologies that are intermediate between those of diurnal and nocturnal close relatives. However, if lemurs only recently adopted cathemeral activity patterns, then cathemeral lemurids would be expected to demonstrate eye morphologies more comparable to those of nocturnal strepsirrhines. Both predictions were tested through a comparative study of relative cornea size in mammals. Intact eyes were collected from 147 specimens of 55 primate species, and relative corneal dimensions were compared to measurements taken from a large sample of non-primate mammals. These data reveal that the five extant species of the cathemeral genus Eulemur have relative cornea sizes intermediate between those of diurnal and nocturnal strepsirrhines. Moreover, all Eulemur species have relative cornea sizes that are comparable to those of cathemeral non-primate mammals and significantly smaller than those of nocturnal mammals. These results suggest that Eulemur species resemble other cathemeral mammals in having eyes that are adapted to function under variable environmental light levels. These results also suggest that cathemerality is a relatively ancient adaptation in Eulemur that was present in the last common ancestor of the genus (ca. 8-12 MYA).     

The direction of rapid eye movements as an indication of hemispheric asymmetry during REM sleep. II

The hypothesis of right hemisphere predominance in REM sleep and of an increase in left activity throughout the night have been tested by analyzing the distribution of vertical and of horizontal rapid eye movements (REMs) to the right and to the left during the first and the last REM periods in 5 right-handed subjects. Neither the expected superiority of REMs to the left nor variations along the REM periods were found. For vertical eye movements our data suggest a superiority of upward movements during REM. In waking some empirical evidences suggest a relationship between upward eye movements and right hemisphere functioning although to date no hemispheric model can explain it.     

Retinal and optical adaptations for nocturnal vision in the halictid bee<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Megalopta genalis</Emphasis>

The apposition compound eye of a nocturnal bee, the halictid Megalopta genalis, is described for the first time. Compared to the compound eye of the worker honeybee Apis mellifera and the diurnal halictid bee Lasioglossum leucozonium, the eye of M. genalis shows specific retinal and optical adaptations for vision in dim light. The major anatomical adaptations within the eye of the nocturnal bee are (1) nearly twofold larger ommatidial facets and (2) a 4–5 times wider rhabdom diameter than found in the diurnal bees studied. Optically, the apposition eye of M. genalis is 27 times more sensitive to light than the eyes of the diurnal bees. This increased optical sensitivity represents a clear optical adaptation to low light intensities. Although this unique nocturnal apposition eye has a greatly improved ability to catch light, a 27-fold increase in sensitivity alone cannot account for nocturnal vision at light intensities that are 8 log units dimmer than during daytime. New evidence suggests that additional neuronal spatial summation within the first optic ganglion, the lamina, is involved.B.G. is thankful for travel awards from the Royal Physiographic Society, the Per Westlings Fond, the Foundation of Dagny and Eilert Ekvall and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. E.J.W. is grateful for the support of a Smithsonian Short-Term Research Fellowship, the Swedish Research Council, the Crafoord Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation and the Royal Physiographic Society of Lund for their ongoing support     

Evidence for X linkage of the mouse tear protein system-3 (Mtp-3) with mosaic expression in heterozygous females

Electrophoretic variations exhibited by some tear proteins have been observed using 20 strains of mice. Fifteen to twenty protein components were detected in tears, and one of the proteins, designated Mtp-3 (mouse tear protein system-3), is found only in the NZB strain. NZB animals were crossed to BALB/c animals with no Mtp-3 and the results showed that Mtp-3 was controlled by a pair of alleles on the X chromosome. Mosaic expression was detected in females heterozygous for the Mtp-3 alleles when tear samples were examined separately from the right or left eye. This report supports Lyon's hypothesis and shows that mouse tears are useful for genetic research.     

不同角膜表面处理方式在全飞秒SMILE手术中的应用效果分析

摘要 目的：探讨不同角膜表面处理方式在全飞秒SMILE手术中的应用效果。方法：选择2021年10月至2022年9月来我院择期行全飞秒SMILE手术的患者50例,根据先右后左手术原则,观察眼与对照眼没有固定左右眼,观察眼25例选择右眼,25例选择左眼,对照眼反之选择另一眼,观察眼使用开睑器开睑后用三角海绵擦拭清洁角膜表。对照眼眼自净（眨眼）后使用开睑器开眼睑。对比观察眼与对照眼的角膜光密度、角膜表面颗粒物质计数、角膜表面湿度、术中负压吸引完成时间、失吸比例、OBL发生率,分析50例患者的舒适度。结果：观察眼的角膜光密度为16.33±2.12,对照组为16.85±2.58,组间对比无统计学意义（t=-1.101,P=0.274）。对照眼的表面颗粒物质计数明显较观察眼低,角膜表面湿度明显较观察眼高（P<0.05）。对照眼与观察组术中负压吸引完成时间、失吸比例对比无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察眼中OBL发生率为6.00 %,对照眼中OBL发生率为2.00 %,组间对比无统计学意义（P=0.617>0.05）。50例患者中对三角海绵擦拭角膜感觉恐惧者占比32.00%（16/50）,三角海绵擦拭角膜后对注视绿点存在影响者占比20.00 %（10/50）,手术中选择三角海绵擦拭角膜者20例,占比40.00 %（20/50）,选择眼自净（眨眼）者30例,占比60.00 %（30/50）。结论：眼自净（眨眼）可以代替三角海绵擦拭角膜,用于全飞秒SMILE手术,提高患者舒适度。     

Eye fluke infection and lens size reduction in fish: a quantitative analysis

Parasites have a variety of harmful effects on their hosts, some of which may be overlapping or complementary and thus easily overlooked but which are still important for the overall severity of infection. We investigated the effect of Diplostomum sp. eye fluke infection on the size of the eye lens in a range of wild and farmed fish species and those exposed to controlled parasite infection. We found that asymmetry in intensity of infection between the right and left lens of an individual fish affected lens size such that the lens with the higher intensity of infection was smaller. Interestingly, however, this was observed only in 3 of the 10 species studied (whitefish, smelt and sea trout) although in these 3 species the effect had already became evident at low intensities of infection. Furthermore, the average lens size was significantly smaller in experimentally exposed whitefish Coregonus lavaretus with a higher intensity of infection than the controls, emphasising the sensitivity of this species to parasite-induced changes in lens size. Reduction in lens size may contribute to the deleterious effects of cataract formation by intensifying the effects of individual parasites in the lens. It may also directly affect the overall optical performance of the lens and already impair host vision at low intensities of infection.     

Alteration pattern of tear cytokines during the course of a day: diurnal rhythm analyzed by multicytokine assay

Our aim was to study the alteration pattern and interaction of inflammatory tear cytokines during the course of a day. Using a prospective, experimental design, tears were collected from 28 healthy volunteers with normal eyes during the period from April 2004 to March 2005. Tears (10 microl) were collected by capillary outflow from each eye at 9:00, 12:00, 16:00, 21:00, and 24:00 h. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-alpha were measured using cytometric bead arrays. Although the concentration of tear cytokines varied widely among eyes, the amount of cytokine had a specific alteration pattern in each eye during the course of a day. IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-alpha showed slight increases in the morning and the late evening. IL-8 remained low throughout the day. The alteration pattern of IL-8 was significantly different from those of TNF-alpha and IL-12p70 (P<0.01). The ratio of each pro-inflammatory cytokine to anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 did not significantly change throughout the day. The amount of tear cytokines changed during daytime with a specific pattern. This diurnal rhythm may influence symptoms of ocular surface diseases during the course of a day.     

Binocular interactions in the entrainment and phase shifting of locomotor activity rhythms in Syrian hamsters

To assess binocular interactions and possible ocular dominance in entrainment of circadian rhythms, Syrian hamsters maintained in LL were subjected for several weeks to schedules of eye occlusion with opaque contact lenses. In separate groups, the opaque lens was inserted into the left or right eye for 12 h at the same clock time each day. The left and right eyes of other groups were alternately occluded for 12 h each day, with initial occlusion of either the left or right eye for different groups. A majority of hamsters entrained their locomotor activity rhythm when 1 eye was occluded for 12 h. The modified visual input imposed by covering 1 eye is sufficient to induce entrainment. Locomotor rhythms of most animals in which the 2 eyes were alternately occluded for 12 h each day phasedelayed onset of activity during the 1st few days of the lensing procedure; activity onset then free ran with tau < 24 h for several weeks until entraining with tau of 24 h regardless of whether the left or right eye was initially occluded. Entrainment eventually occurred when activity onset coincided with occlusion of the eye contralateral to the one that was first lensed. Photic and nonphotic explanations for eventual entrainment of locomotor rhythms are discussed, and evidence for asymmetrical photic input from the 2 eyes to the SCN is considered.     

Lateralization and unilateral transfer of spatial memory in marsh tits: are two eyes better than one?

Two previous experiments on food storing and one-trial associative learning in marsh tits (Clayton 1992a; Clayton and Krebs 1992) demonstrate that information coming into the brain from the left eye disappears from the left eye system between 3 and 24 h after memory formation, whereas that coming into the brain from the right eye remains stable within the right eye system for at least 51 h after memory formation. Performance after a 7 h retention interval appears to represent an intermediate stage in which the information is no longer accessible to the left eye system but is not yet available to the right eye system, suggesting a unilateral transfer of memory. The experiments reported here further investigated lateralization and unilateral transfer of memory in food-storing marsh tits, Parus palustris, using the technique of monocular occlusion. Birds were tested for their ability to retrieve stored seeds after retention intervals of 3, 7 and 24 h under 4 different occlusion treatments. Two predictions were tested: (a) with right eye occlusion during storage, birds should show better memory performance after 3 and 24 h than after 7 h and (b) memory should be more accurate when both eyes are used during storage than with monocular occlusion. The first prediction, which arises from the fact that memory is transferred from the left to the right eye system at about 7 h and is inaccessible during the transfer, was supported by the data. The second prediction, however, was not supported. Previous work has shown that in marsh tits the two eye systems remember preferentially different aspects of the stimulus: the left eye system responds to spatial position and the right eye system to object-specific cues. It is possible that the failure to find superior performance in binocular tests was because the task could be solved by either spatial or object-specific memory.     

Surgical treatment of residual esotropia

Residual esotropia is a common problem following bilateral medial rectus (MR) recessions for esotropia. The patient was 30 years old men who underwent bilateral MR recession of both eyes in the childhood. Recession was repeated on the right eye few years after the first surgery, but residual esotropia progressed. Prior to our surgery residual angle of esotropia was 50PD degrees with restriction of abduction and elevation of the left eye. Sinechiolysis et myectomia of right MR and sinechiolysis and recession of left MR were performed using operating microskop. One week after surgery residual angle was 4 PD. Motility of both eyes was free except slight residual reduction of left eye elevation. During postoperative period of 2 years residual angle was not greater than 8 PD, with good motility of both eyes. We suggest that sinechiolysis and myectomia of MR together with recession of the prior operated muscle, when possible, can be a reasonable surgical option in the treatment of large-angle residual esotropia.     

The quail's eye: a biological clock

The site (intraocular vs. extraocular) of the biological clock driving a rhythm in melatonin content in the eyes of Japanese quail was investigated by alternately patching the left and right eyes of individual birds, otherwise held in constant light, for 12-hr periods. This patching protocol, therefore, exposed each eye to a light-dark cycle (LD 12:12) 180 degrees (12 hr) out of phase with the LD cycle experienced by the other eye. The optic nerves to both eyes were transected prior to initiating the patching protocol. The ocular melatonin rhythm (OMR) of the left eyes of quail could be entrained by this procedure 180 degrees out of phase with the rhythm expressed by the right eyes. Since optic nerve section would have deprived any putative extraocular clocks of photic entrainment information, the results show conclusively that the clock driving the OMR is located within the eye itself. In addition, the OMR of Japanese quail is remarkably unaffected by removing two potential neural inputs to the eye (sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglia, and input from the isthmo-optic nucleus of the midbrain); this suggests that these inputs are not required to maintain the OMR. Finally, the clock driving the OMR of one eye does not appear to be coupled to the clock driving the OMR in the other eye, since permanently patching one eye abolished the ability of the patched eye to re-entrain to an 8-hr shift in the phase of an LD 12:12 cycle, whereas the exposed eye rapidly re-entrained to the phase-shifted cycle.     

Does a biological clock reside in the eye of quail?

The site (intra- vs. extraocular) of the circadian clock driving an ocular melatonin rhythm in Japanese quail was investigated by alternately covering the left and right eyes of individual quail, otherwise held in constant light (LL), for 12-hr periods. This procedure exposed each eye to a light-dark (LD) 12:12 light cycle 180 degrees (12 hr) out of phase with the LD 12:12 light cycle experienced by the other eye. This protocol entrained the melatonin rhythm in the left eye of quail 180 degrees out of phase with the rhythm expressed in the right eye. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that an independent light-entrainable circadian pacemaker resides in each eye; they are incompatible with the hypothesis that a single (or functionally single) extraocular pacemaker drives the ocular melatonin rhythm in both eyes. However, the results are also compatible with a model in which two independent extraocular circadian pacemakers, each with an exclusive photic input from one eye, drive the ocular melatonin rhythm.