Occurrence and diversity of barnacles on international ships visiting Osaka Bay,Japan, and the risk of their introduction

Abstract

The occurrence and diversity of barnacles attached to the hulls of two intercontinental bulk carriers were studied at the port in Osaka Bay, Japan, to assess the potential risk of introduction of exotic species to the inner part of the bay. Barnacles were sampled from the bulbous bows, near the midship draft marks, and around the propeller posts and rudders. Twenty-two species were found, with 14 of these not previously recorded in Osaka Bay, including four species not previously recorded elsewhere in Japan. From an assessment of environmental similarity between Osaka Bay and native ranges, of the 14 species, Elminius modestus and Amphibalanus variegatus were considered to have the highest risk of introduction to the inner part of the bay.     

Development of modern benthic ecosystems in eutrophic coastal oceans: The foraminiferal record over the last 200 years,Osaka Bay,Japan

The ecosystem dynamics of a modern benthic community in Osaka Bay was studied by analyzing sediment cores and fossil foraminifera deposited during the past 200 years. The results suggest that the high-density/low-diversity assemblage has appeared in the early 1900s, coinciding with the eutrophication of the bay resulting from the Japanese industrial revolution. This assemblage proliferated during the period 1960 to 1970 when the eutrophication and bottom-water hypoxia were most pronounced. The development of the assemblage has been characterized by an increase in the relative and absolute abundance of eutrophication-tolerant species (Ammonia beccarii, Eggerella advena, and Trochammina hadai) and a decrease in many other foraminiferal species, such as Ammonia tepida, Elphidium, Miliolinella subrotunda, and Valvulineria hamanakoensis, that are unable to tolerate low-oxygen conditions. Approximately thirty years after the imposition of discharge restrictions in the 1970s, this assemblage continues to predominate in the inner part of the bay, and E. advena is currently found across the entire bay. These records make a significant contribution to understanding the long-term relationship between anthropogenic impact and ecosystem change.     

Pelagic larvae of bivalve mollusks of Amursky Bay,Sea of Japan

Larvae of 63 Bivalvia taxa were found in Amursky Bay. Of these, 47 were identified to the species level. Larvae of 55 taxa were found throughout the bay. The highest species diversity was recorded in the northeastern part and in the center of the southern part of the bay, as well as at the exit from it. Larvae of Mactra chinensis, Mytilus coruscus, Crassostrea gigas, Teredo navalis, Mya japonica, and Mysella ventricosa were widely distributed in the bay. The maximum numbers of species were observed in July and September. A comparison of species lists using the set-theory method showed that the species complexes typical of different parts of Amursky Bay are formed under the influence of the Razdolnaya River runoff flow from the north and marine waters coming from the south. The mean density of larvae during the observation period was 1100 specimens/m³ in the northern and 735 specimens/m³ in the southern part of the bay. The highest density of larvae in Amursky Bay was observed at the end of June, the beginning of July, and in September; the minimal larval density occurred in April, May, and August. While the species diversity was similarly high, the density of larvae was significantly higher in Amursky Bay than in the nearby Ussuriisky Bay.     

Pelagic larvae of the bivalves of Ussuriysky Bay, Sea of Japan

Based on materials of plankton surveying carried out in May–October 2008, the species composition, distribution, and density of pelagic larvae of bivalves of the Ussuriysky Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) were studied. Larvae of 66 taxa were revealed and identified. The Bivalvia larvae occurred in the plankton during the entire period of study. Two areas, the inner and open part of the bay, which vary in the composition, concentration, and terms of larva occurrence in the plankton were distinguished. The larvae of Mytilus coruscus, Mactra chinensis, Modiolus kurilensis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Mya uzenensis and Teredo navalis were the most numerous and widespread. It was shown that despite high taxonomic diversity, the density of Bivalvia larvae in the Ussuriysky Bay was an order of magnitude lower, even in terms of their maximum number, than in other studied areas of the Peter the Great Bay.     

Species composition,seasonal dynamics of quantities and spatial distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in Vostok bay of the Sea of Japan

Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) are one of the most common and widely spread plankton organisms. Due to their low quantities in the plankton and complicated species identification, they are poorly observed in zooplankton research works, especially in the Northwestern part of the Sea of Japan. The subjects of the present work are the seasonal dynamics of the spatial distribution and abundance of hydromedusae that inhabit Vostok bay (Peter the Great bay of the Sea of Japan), which were observed from April to November in 2002–2004. The timing of mature specimens was studied for different species. Eighteen species were found. Of these, Coryne sp., Tiaropsis multicirrata (Sars, 1835) and Neoturris breviconis (Murbach et Shearer, 1903) are the first records for Peter the Great Bay; the last two species are the first records for the Northwestern part of the Sea of Japan.     

Fauna of Prosobranch Gastropods of Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan,and the Biogeographical Composition

The complete list of prosobranch gastropods comprising 195 species classified in 97 genera and 38 families was compiled for Peter the Great Bay (northwest of the Sea of Japan) and the adjacent water areas. In general, in the bay low boreal species prevail, which supported its assignment to the Manchurian (North Japanese, Sea of Japan, Asian) Low Boreal Pacific Subregion of the Boreal Pacific Region. Shallow water thermotropic species mostly prevailed in the littoral and upper sublittoral (to a depth of 50 m) zones of the bay; psychrotropic species were found in the lower sublittoral and upper bathyal (50–500 m) zones; and bathyal thermotropic species inhabited the lower (more then 500 m) bathyal zone.     

Spatiotemporal occurrence and feeding habits of tonguefish,Cynoglossus lighti Norman, 1925, larvae in Ariake Bay,Japan

Spatiotemporal occurrence and feeding habits of tonguefish (Cynoglossus lighti Norman, 1925) larvae were investigated in an offshore area (>5 m in depth) of the inner part of Ariake Bay, Japan. All specimens were symmetric, free‐swimming larvae. Although their seasonal abundance and distribution in the study site varied from year to year, spawning started in June and the larval abundance was high in August and September with a wide distribution in the inner part of the bay. Both present and previous study results strongly suggest that larvae may settle primarily in the estuary and near‐shore areas of Ariake Bay after their wide distribution in the offshore area of the bay during the free‐swimming stage. Larvae showed a clear feeding rhythm in which they fed on prey mainly during the daytime. Larvae fed exclusively on copepods, and identified prey were mostly Paracalanidae (mainly Parvocalanus crassirostris), Microsetella norvegica, and Oithona davisae. Pre‐metamorphosis larvae fed primarily on Paracalanidae and O. davisae, whereas O. davisae formed a smaller proportion of the early‐metamorphosis diet. In early metamorphoses, larvae fed preferentially on Paracalanidae and M. norvegica.     

Materials forPythium flora of Japan. X. Occurrence,identification and seasonality ofPythium spp. in three pond waters and mud soils in Osaka

Seasonal fluctuations ofPythium species in three pond waters and mud soils in Sakai, Osaka, were studied for periods of two years and 14 months, respectively. Thirteen species and four groups were isolated from the pond waters while nine species and three groups were obtained from the mud soils. The highest frequency and total number of species were recorded in the cold and moderately warm seasons and the lowest in summer. Most of the species isolated from the pond waters have been previously recorded from aquatic habitats.     

广东湛江湾可培养丝状真菌分布状况的初步调查

通过一次航行对广东湛江湾19个站位的表层和底层海水进行采样。经过对样品的分离纯化,共获得253株丝状真菌菌株。通过测序获得了121个rDNA-ITS序列,并已提交给GenBank。经统计分析发现,湛江湾表层和底层海水真菌数量总体上表现为由湾内向湾口逐渐减少的水平分布格局;湛江湾表层丝状真菌的数量略多于底层,在海水表层和底层中真菌种类和数量的分布规律相似。根据形态特征及rDNA-ITS的Blast同源性分析,这些菌株分属于18个属和32个分类单元,其中包括7个海洋真菌新记录属。结果表明,湛江湾丝状真菌多样性Shannon指数达2.75,物种优势度变化范围为30.90%–0.02%。枝孢属Cladosporium的优势度最高,为湛江湾优势种群,其次是青霉属Penicillium、侧齿霉属Engyodontium、曲霉属Aspergillus、枝顶孢属Acremonium等。湛江湾表层和底层海水真菌群落的Jaccard相似系数为0.42。     

福建省主要海湾潮下带大型底栖无脊椎动物组成与分布特征

根据2010年8月对福建省12个主要海湾潮下带大型底栖无脊椎动物的调查资料,分析了大型底栖无脊椎动物的种类组成、生物多样性和群落结构分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 12个海湾共采集到大型底栖动物382种,包括环节动物170种、甲壳动物75种、软体动物78种、棘皮动物19种,以及其他类群40种.物种数、丰度、生物量和生物多样性指数空间差异较大: 罗源湾物种数最高,为92种,旧镇湾最低,为25种,所有海湾平均(55±21)种;所有海湾在物种组成上均为多毛类占优势,其平均物种数百分比为(51.8±5.5)%;诏安湾平均丰度最高,为(1330±1094) ind·m^-2,其次为福清湾、厦门湾、湄洲湾,泉州湾最低;兴化湾平均生物量最高,为(821.2±2387.7) g·m^-2,其次为福清湾、厦门湾,深沪湾最低;丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数在罗源湾、湄洲湾、深沪湾、厦门湾和东山湾呈现较高值,而在福清湾和旧镇湾呈现较低值,两者的全域均值分别为(0.80±0.09)和(2.73±0.64).以相似度20%为界,可将研究区域的大型底栖无脊椎动物划分为14个群组,其中罗源湾内各站位间群落相似度最高,湾内差异最小,其次为三沙湾、福清湾、深沪湾和诏安湾,而其他海湾不同站位的群落组成差异较大.物种数、多样性指数和环境因子间的相关性分析和主成分分析显示,造成研究区大型底栖动物群落结构组成和分布差异的主要环境因子依次为沉积物铜、水深和底层水体活性磷酸盐.     

Distribution of Japanese temperate bass, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lateolabrax japonicus</Emphasis>, eggs and pelagic larvae in Ariake Bay

We collected eggs and larvae of the Japanese temperate bass, Lateolabrax japonicus, and present horizontal and temporal changes of distribution relative to development and growth during the species pelagic life history in Ariake Bay. Sampling was conducted from the inner to central region (11 sampling stations) of Ariake Bay using a plankton net (80 cm diameter, 0.5-mm mesh) from November 2000 to February 2001. Both eggs and larvae were collected most abundantly in mid-December. The CPUE of eggs in the surface layer was higher than the middle layer, which is in contrast to that at the larval stage. Most eggs were collected around the central and western regions of the bay. The distribution of eggs shifted vertically to the middle layer with development. Yolk-sac larvae were collected in the central region of the bay, and preflexion and flexion larvae were more abundantly collected in the inner region of the bay. The body length of larvae around the inner bay was larger than in the central region. The pelagic life history can be summarized as follows: eggs are distributed around the central region of the bay and eggs and larvae expand their distribution to the inner and shallower waters with growth. We conclude that the shift of vertical distribution in pelagic stages and the hydrographic features of the middle layer form one of the mechanisms enabling the inshore migration of L. japonicus.     

A population genetic study of the hybrid zone of Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850 and an introduced species,M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in peter the great bay in the Sea of Japan

This paper examines the genetic variability of the Pacific mussel Mytilus trossulus and an introduced Atlantic species, M. galloprovincialis, in the northwestern Sea of Japan (Peter the Great Bay and Kievka Bay). The genotyping of individuals from eight populations was carried out using eight polymorphic enzyme loci and two nuclear DNA markers (Me-5 and ITS-1,2); the occurrence frequency of parent species and their hybrids was determined. The enzyme and nuclear markers demonstrated concordant genetic variation. The genotypes of the native species M. trossulus were predominant in the samples studied. The frequency of the introduced species M. galloprovincialis in the total material was relatively low; however, it reached 42 ± 2% in samples that were collected in Possjet Bay near the town of Zarubino in a zone of active international navigation. In this area the greatest number of hybrids was found as well. It is concluded that the invasion of M. galloprovincialis in the northwestern Sea of Japan is continuing; permanent populations of this mussel appeared in Possjet Bay that were not recorded here previously.     

Retrospective analysis of the marine flora of Vostok Bay,Sea of Japan

A general list of the flora of Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) compiled on the basis of original and literature data includes 161 species, among them 25 green algae, 42 brown algae, 90 red algae, and 4 species of seagrass. In the period from 2000 to 2004, 114 species of macrophytes (19 green algae, 29 brown algae, 63 red algae, and 3 species of seagrass) were found in Vostok Bay; 19 species of algae were first records for this bay. On the whole, the flora of Vostok Bay is dominated by warm-water species, among which Asian low-boreal species occupy the leading position. The flora of Vostok Bay is changing under the influence of global climatic and local anthropogenic factors. In recent years, there is a tendency for the proportion of warm-water species to increase. The local anthropogenic influence on the flora of Vostok Bay has caused changes in the species composition of plant communities.     

Macrobenthic Communities of the Lower Chesapeake Bay. IV. Bay-wide Transects and the Inner Continental Shelf Benthic Studies of the Lower Chesapeake Bay 7

The distribution, abundance, and species composition of subtidal macrobenthic invertebrates of the lower Chesapeake Bay and the inner continental shelf off the mouth of the bay were studied. The benthos of the lower bay was sampled on two bay-wide transects sampled once in June 1978. The benthos of the inner shelf was sampled five times per year from 1979 through 1981. Data from this study were compared with data from previous studies of estuaries and the inner shelf of the mid-Atlantic Southeastern U.S.     

Pollution in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, and its biological consequences

This review summarizes information published in the 1980s–1990s about anthropogenic pollution in Peter the Great Bay, the largest of the bays in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan. The coastal zone of the bay occupies about 12% of the area of Primorskii Province and is the most heavily populated. The bulk of the human settlements, the seaports of Vladivostok and Nakhodka, railways, industrial enterprises, and developed agriculture are located in the coastal zone. Sewage waters containing multicomponent mixtures of polluting agents of both mineral and organic origin are discharged into the coastal waters of the bay. This paper presents information about the concentration of major classes of polluting agents (oil hydrocarbons, polychlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactants, heavy metals, and radionuclids) in the water and bottom sediments of the bay. The results of physico-chemical and biogeochemical investigations performed in the 1970s–1990s justify considering Zolotoi Rog Bay, Bosfor Vostochnyi Strait, Nakhodka Bay (especially its innermost portion, around the harbor of Nakhodka), and Amurskii Bay to be the most polluted areas in Peter the Great Bay. The information about the biological consequences of pollution in these water areas is briefly reviewed.     

Biology of four sympatric sticklebacks in Cobscook Bay,Maine, a boreal,macrotidal bay

Four species of sticklebacks were collected during May, June, August, and September 2011–2013 in a survey of fishes of Cobscook Bay, a macrotidal bay in eastern Maine, U.S.A. Threespine (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and ninespine (Pungitius pungitius) sticklebacks have circumpolar distributions; blackspotted (Gasterosteus wheatlandi) and fourspine (Apeltes quadracus) sticklebacks are limited to northeastern North America. Sticklebacks were collected in the intertidal zone with beach seines and in the pelagic zone with trawls. Up to 30 individuals of each species from each sample were measured and weighed. Individuals were identified as gravid or not in 2012 and 2013. Catch-per-unit-efforts of the most abundant threespine (18,878 individuals) and second most abundant blackspotted sticklebacks (2433) were greatest in the innermost part of the bay, on mudflats, in 2012, and in August. Fewer than 100 fourspine and fewer than 50 ninespine sticklebacks were caught over the three years, mostly in the inner bay. Length-frequency distributions suggested age classes of 0+, 1+, 2+ and a few 3+ for threespine sticklebacks and 0+ and 1+ for blackspotted sticklebacks. Most gravid individuals of those two species were present in May and June. Spawning occurred earlier in 2012, an unusually warm year, than in 2013. Changes in presence, timing, and abundance of other species in the fish survey corroborated the influence of the record warm conditions in 2012 in the Gulf of Maine on the fish community of Cobscook Bay. Blackspotted and ninespine sticklebacks are vulnerable to population decline from warming in the Gulf of Maine because they are near the southern limits of distribution.     

Characterization of Microbial Community Structure in the Surface Sediment of Osaka Bay, Japan, by Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis

Twenty-eight sediment samples collected from Osaka Bay, Japan, were analyzed for phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA) to determine regional differences in microbial community structure of the bay. The abundance of three major groups of C₁₀ to C₁₉ PLFA (saturated, branched, and monounsaturated PLFA), which accounted for 84 to 97% of the total PLFA, indicated the predominance of prokaryotes in the sediment. The distribution of six clusters obtained by similarity analysis in the bay revealed a marked regional distribution in the PLFA profiles. Total PLFA concentrations (0.56 to 2.97 μg/g [dry weight] of the sediment) in sediments also showed marked variation among the stations, with higher concentrations of total PLFA in the central part of the bay. The biomass, calculated on the basis of total PLFA concentration, ranged from 0.25 × 10⁸ to 1.35 × 10⁸ cells per g (dry weight) of the sediment. The relative dominance of microbial groups in sediments was described by using the reported bacterial biomarker fatty acids. Very small amounts of the characteristic PLFA of microeukaryotes in sediments indicated the restricted distribution of microeukaryotes. By examining the distribution of clusters and groups of microorganisms in the bay, there were two characteristics of the distribution pattern: (i) the predominance of anaerobic bacteria and gram-positive prokaryotes, characterized by the high proportions of branched PLFA in the eastern and northeastern sides of the bay, where the reported concentrations of pollutants were also high, and (ii) the predominance of aerobic prokaryotes and eukaryotes, except for a few stations, in the western and southwestern sides of the bay, as evidenced by the large amounts of monounsaturated PLFA. Such significant regional differences in microbial community structure of the bay indicate shifts in microbial community structure.     

Bacterial and Chemical Iron Oxide Deposition in a Shallow Bay on Palaea Kameni,Santorini, Greece: Microscopy,Electron Probe Microanalysis,and Photometry of in situ Experiments

The present study was aimed at determining whether microorganisms mediate iron oxide deposition in a shallow bay (Iron Bay) on the still volcanically active island of Palaea Kameni, Santorini, Greece, north of Crete in the Aegean Sea. The results of in situ experiments showed that iron oxide deposition in this marine environment occurs at an exceptionally high rate. It was also found that deposition in the central part of the bay proceeded within specific vertical zones in the water column, showing that the bay may be regarded as a stratified system. Using light and scanning electron microscopic methods, including electron probe microanalysis, it was shown that deposition (binding and oxidation) of Fe(II) was mediated by bacteriological processes, which differed in intensity depending on their specific location in the bay. The most intensive iron oxidations and depositions were found in the hot volcanic springs at the toe of the bay, where rates more than 60 times those found in freshwater iron-oxidizing environments were measured. Bacteria that excreted extracellular slime (EPS), which apparently catalysed the process and itself became encrusted with tiny globules of hydrated iron(III) oxide, were responsible for this extremly high rate of iron deposition. The same process of oxidation catalysed by bacterial EPS was also responsible for iron oxide deposition in the main oxidation zone in the central part of the bay. Thus, precipitation of Fe(II) in Iron Bay is not, as was previously assumed, a purely chemical, Eh- and pH-dependent process, but results from the interaction of water chemistry with a high level of bacterial activity, especially surface reactions on bacterial excretion products.     

Brown algae (Phaeophyta) from Bahía de los Angeles,Gulf of California,México

Seven sites in Bahía de los Angeles, northern Gulf of California, were sampled seasonally over a three-year period. Five species of brown algae previously not recorded from this bay were identified: Ralfsia pacifica, Sporochnus balleanus, Hydroclathrus clathratus, Colpomenia sinuosa and Padina mexicana. Of these, H. clathratus also provided a new record for the northern Gulf of California. One species previously recorded from the bay, Dictyopteris undulata, was not observed. On a seasonal basis, temperature and biodiversity showed an inverse relationship: highest species numbers occurred in spring, when temperatures were lowest, and lowest species numbers occurred in autumn when temperatures were highest. Most species of brown algae in Baífa de los Angeles are annuals.     

The composite trophic status index (TRIX) as a potential tool for the regulation of Turkish marine aquaculture as applied to the eastern Aegean coast (Izmir Bay)

This research examines the current water quality status of Izmir Bay, using the trophic index (TRIX) as a tool for the regulation of Turkish marine finfish aquaculture. In 2007, new legislation was enacted in Turkey related to the protection of coastal waters, especially those of enclosed bays and gulfs, from pollution by fish farming. However, the legislation does not apply to any other coastal zone stakeholders; for this reason the entire Izmir Bay was examined. Use of the composite trophic status index (TRIX) produced mean TRIX values of 3.6 for the aquaculture area (AA) and 2.5 for areas of the outer bay where no aquaculture takes place; this indicates ‘no risk of eutrophication’ as defined by Turkish law. In the inner Izmir Bay, there is a mean TRIX value of 4.3, which is above the threshold of four and typical for ‘high eutrophication risk’ areas, as expected because of heavy urbanization. The study then applied the UNTRIX indices adjusted to local conditions, revealing that both the inner bay and the aquaculture area (AA) can be classified as of ‘poor’ status whereas the outer bay can be defined as ‘good’. The UNTRIX‐based trophic classification is in good agreement with TRIX for both the outer and inner parts of the bay; however, there is no agreement regarding the classification of the aquaculture area.