Preliminary studies on algal succession in raw and stabilized sewage

Summary The composition of algal flora and the periodicity of algae in raw and stabilized sewage have been investigated. 36 genera and 70 species of algae are reported.Members of Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta predominate in raw sewage, and there is little variation in the algal flora in different seasons.There is a marked and rapid change in the algal flora of stabilized sewage as compared to raw sewage. Members of Chlorococcales ultimately become dominant in stabilized sewage.     

Permian algae and algal microfacies from unayzah,quassim district,saudi arabia

Summary Late Permian bioclastic calcarenite beds of the middle Khuff Formation were sampled for their algal constituents near the city of Unayzah, Quassim district in central Saudia Arabia. The algal flora includes two species of udoteacean algae (Succodium difficile andSuccodium sp.), the dasycladacean algaMizzia velebitana and two species of red algae (Gymnocodium bellerophontis, Permocalculus plumosus). Other algal floral remains found forming isolated single layers which have generally been named algal microfacies. These include a phylloid microfacies, an oncoid microfacies and algal stromatolites. The Khuff Formation is well-known for its accumulation of non-associated gas and particularly for its oil accumulation in eastern Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Gulf states.     

娘子关泉域藻类植物的初步研究

1984～2000年间,对娘子关泉域的藻类植物进行了15次采集,共采得藻类植物标本200余号。经鉴定,有107种,隶属7门,32科,49属。其中,以绿藻门的种类最多,有13科,19属,45种。其次是裸藻门,有2科,7属,26种。排在最后的是轮藻门,有1科,1属,3种。群落主要包括8类,即刚毛藻-红毛菜群落(Cladophora Bangia community),刚毛藻群落(Cladophora community),拖拉藻-轮藻群落(Chara Thorea community),弯枝藻-拖拉藻群落(Composopogon-Thorea community),水绵-双星藻群落(Spirogyra Zygnema community),无隔藻群落(Vaucheria community),串珠藻群落(Batrachospermum community)和泡状饶氏藻群落(Jaoa community)。其中,有的群落类型已趋于消失或消失,许多种类已成为濒危物种,其原因主要是人为因素造成藻类植物生存环境的改变或破坏。本文也提出了相应的保护对策。     

A study of the blue-green algae from paddy field soils of India

Summary The blue-green algal flora of rice-field soils of India was explored. The places from where collections were made are: Katni and Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh state); Karjat and Nagpur (Maharashtra state); Maddur and Naganahalli (Mysore state); Mahabalipuram, Aduturai and Paramakkudi (Madras state). A total flora of 132 forms is reported. There are twenty one new forms including one genus, three species, three varieties and 14 form varients. The algae have been observed both in nature and culture and an average of 23 forms was found in each soil. The algae obtained from nature comprise 37.8% of the total recorded. Those obtained from culture show a higher percentage (48.4), but the percentage of algaetthat are common to both nature and culture is 13.6. The relative abundance of blue-green algae under cultural conditions have also been observed by other workers. The present study also confirms the observation of other workers that soils contain a large number of viable algal species apart from those actually visible and that some algae reported from nature, may fail to appear under cultural conditions. The heterocystous blue-green algae are seen less than non-heterocystous in nature whereas in cultures the condition is reverse.     

AIRBORNE ALGAE: THEIR PRESENT STATUS AND RELEVANCE1

Ongoing climatic changes coupled with various natural processes and the outcomes of human activities are not only loading the atmosphere with diverse kinds of biological particles but also changing their prevalence and spatial distribution. Despite having considerable ecological and economic significance, including their possible impact on human health, airborne algae are the least‐studied organisms in both aerobiological and phycological studies. The present review has been written to bring together all available information, including a brief survey of the literature, the ecology of airborne algae, mechanisms involved in their aerosolization, the role of environmental factors in shaping the structure and composition of aero‐algal flora, and other significant information associated with airborne algae. This review provides information on methodological approaches and related problems, along with suggestions for areas of future research on airborne algae.     

Fontinalaceae Dell' Africa Orientale Italiana Dalle Collezioni del R. Erbario Coloniale di Firenze

Abstract

The study of the algal flora inhabiting more than 100 sulphuric acid Italian sites is presented. The organisms are divided in acid-tolerant and acidophilic algae on respect to their ecophysiological features. The mechanisms of the acidophily are discussed.     

Algal studies of the Danish Wadden Sea. V. Blue-green algae in higher salt march areas — their seasonal and spatial distribution

The blue-green algal flora in the higher salt marsh areas (above average high tide level) at Rejsby in the Danish Wadden Sea area has been investigated regularly throughout a one-year period. Twenty nine pigmented and two colourless taxa were recorded, and their morphology described in detail. The blue-green algae were particularly well developed in the the grazed Puccinellia marsh, at other sites the occurrence was scattered. In winter and spring few algae were seen. Mats appeared in June and then persisted for shorter or longer periods, in some areas throughout the rest of the year. On the basis of frequency analyses, thirteen assemblages characterized by the dominating species were recognized. Factors affecting the spatial and temporal distribution are discussed. The assemblages are compared to the algal communities described by Polderman.     

Airborne dispersal of antarctic terrestrial algae and cyanobacteria

The dispersal of algae and cyanobacteria at three Antarctic fellfield sites was investigated using microscopic and culture analysis of samples from active and passive air samplers Intersite variation in the mean number of large algal propagules (>5 μm diameter) sampled was dependent on the niche space available for algal growth and the degree to which soil was exposed to desiccating influences, these factors could be related to the degree of maturity of the sue The numbers of large algal propagules were lowest at sites from which permanent snow cover had recently disappeared and highest at sites with developed soil circles but poorly developed moss and lichen flora Mature sites with diverse and developed moss and lichen flora produced intermediate numbers of algal propagules Propagules of multicellular algae, cyanobacteria and large-celled unicellular algae were found in the air at the end of the growing season of the respective algal groups as the soil surface dried This was the case for Prasiola crispa, Pmnularia borealis , snow algae and filamentous chlorophytes and cyanobacteria Dispersal of unicellular chlorophytes was greatest during the summer period and at sites with developed secondary flora, but also occurred at other sites and in association with small thaw events during winter Cultures were obtained from samples collected whilst an air mass that had originated in South America, deposited material on Signy Island This suggests that algal propagules have the ability to survive long-distance transport and potentially provide mocula for colonization of Antarctica as regional warming continues to expose fresh habitats     

Meteorological factors affecting the diversity of airborne algae in an urban atmosphere

Aeroalgal sampling of Varanasi City, India, was done using a Tilak Rotorod sampler and exposing agarised Bold basal medium Petri plates during March 2003 to February 2005. Amongst the 34 airborne algal genera recorded, cyanobacteria dominated the aero-algal flora, followed by green algae and diatoms. The generic diversity of airborne algae as well as the constituting groups exhibited seasonal variation. The most favored period for the appearance of cyanobacteria in the air was summer, while winter favored green algae. Presence of diatoms was almost uniform throughout the year. The presence of algal particles in the air depended upon the abundance and dynamics of algal source and their release and dispersal in the atmosphere. Best model selection with Akaike information criteria indicated temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind velocity as the most important climatic factors determining algal diversity. These factors exert their effect both directly by influencing entrainment and dispersal of algae from the source, and indirectly by regulating the dynamics of the possible algal source (soil, water, plant body, wall and roof of the building) by supporting or inhibiting the algal growth. In a closed environment and at low altitude sampling site characteristic is also an important factor. Open area near to the countryside had maximal aero-algal diversity.     

Herbivore-Algal relationships on a coastal rock platform (Cape Banks,N.S.W.)

Summary A fifty-three metre inter-tidal transect on a headland near Sydney, New South Wales, has been studied. Its profile, fauna and flora are illustrated and described.Figures were prepared indicating the herbivore standing crop on this transect at various seasons, and some evidence of seasonal changes in the marine algal flora is presented.All macroscopic herbivorous animals were removed from the transect at two-weekly intervals during a twelve month period. After the initiation of this treatment no species of alga in the transect appeared outside the zone in which it normally occurred. There was thus no indication that animal browsing normally restricts algae to particular (vertical) zones on this rock platform. The abundance of certain species was, however, affected by the removal of the herbivores. First to flourish were the green algae; contrary to results obtained in other parts of the world, brown algae did not then become established to form a climax community. It is suggested that the rapid reinvasion by herbivores noted at Cape Banks may account for differences in these results from those recorded elsewhere.Some algal taxonomic notes are appended.     

典型红树林生态系统藻类多样性及其在生态过程中的作用

藻类是红树林生态系统重要的生物类群, 根据生态习性可分为浮游植物、底栖微藻和大型藻类三个生态类群, 它们在红树林生态系统生物多样性、初级生产、元素循环等方面起着重要作用。但在红树林生态系统中, 关注重点多集中在红树植物和动物, 对其中的藻类重视不够, 且多数研究集中在近20年以及亚洲的红树林区。事实上, 红树林生态系统藻类非常丰富, 其多样性研究有助于深入揭示红树林生态系统的结构与功能。本文介绍了红树林生态系统藻类的组成类群及其重要性, 重点对红树林区浮游植物、底栖硅藻和大型海藻的种类组成、地理分布及其与初级生产力、水质污染、元素循环、碳库形成等生态过程中的作用的研究动态和进展等进行了总结。根据已有研究, 红树林区浮游植物和底栖硅藻的种类数一般为几十到上百种, 其中硅藻在种类和数量上都占绝对优势, 它们是重要的初级生产者、饵料生物和水质污染指示生物; 红树林区底栖大型藻类主要由红藻、绿藻、褐藻、蓝藻组成, 绿藻的种类较多, 红藻在数量上占优势; 藻类是红树林湿地碳库的重要贡献者, 在红树林湿地生态系统碳汇和碳循环中起重要作用。红树林生态系统是个高度动态和异质的系统, 今后应加强红树林藻类多样性的长周期、大尺度变化及不同生境藻类的综合研究, 关注大陆径流和潮汐对藻类多样性和蓝碳的影响, 借助沉积物藻类记录, 探明红树林区藻类的长周期变化, 反演气候变化和人类活动对红树林生态系统的影响过程和机制。     

Grazing catfish,fishing birds,and attached algae in a Panamanian stream

Synopsis In streams where algivorous fishes abound, striking variation of attached algae often develops along depth gradients, with bands of high standing crops in shallow water (<20 cm) and sparse standing crops on deeper substrates. Experimental results from a stream in central Panama support the hypothesis that vertical variation in algal standing crops arises when grazing fishes avoid predators in shallow water by forgoing food resources that accumulate there. When 38 rocks bearing algae in a stream in central Panama were transferred from shallow (<20 cm) to deeper (>20 cm) water, algae were rapidly consumed by grazing catfish. Catfish were removed from three stream pools and left in place in three control pools. Ten days after catfish removal, algal standing crops in deep and shallow areas of removal pools were similar, while algal standing crops were higher in shallow than in deep areas of control pools. Catfish were exposed to fishing birds in open-topped enclosures. In one of three series of these pens, most catfish in shallow pens (10 and 20 cm) disappeared after 14 days, while catfish in deeper pens (30 and 50 cm) did not. Other groups of catfish which were caged 8 days showed differences in behavior depending on whether they had been fed or starved. After their release into their home pool, starved catfish spent more time feeding than did fed catfish. Despite their apparently increased hunger levels, starved catfish did not venture into shallow water to obtain algae. These results support the view that predator induced avoidance by grazers of certain areas can produce spatial pattern in the flora of flowing water communities.     

Rotorua Phytoplankton Reconsidered (North Island of New Zealand)

As early as in 1888, NORDSTEDT published some information about the algal flora of Rotorua lakes, on the North Island of New Zealand. He studied samples from the lakes Rotomahana and Tarawera, and made some notes on the algae in Lake Taupo. Since then a number of minor contributions with additional information about the algal flora of the Rotorua district have been published. The present paper describes the composition of phytoplankton in nine of the lakes in Rotorua district, and in Lake Taupo. These are all monomictic soft water lakes. The plankton is fairly rich in desmids, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. The study is based on random sampling by the author in March, 1968.     

Some algae from the Red Sea Hills in north-eastern Sudan

The algae contained in some plankton samples from several localities on four wadi in N.E. Sudan were examined. The observed algae amount to 260 taxa, of which the diatoms, representing 50% of the algal flora, are the most numerous. Other large groups are the blue-green algae (17%) and the green algae (24%) among which the desmids (6%) are rather unimportant.     

Beiträge zur Ökologie der benthischen Algen des Hochgebirges in den Pyrenäen II. Cyanophyceen und übrige Algengruppen

Little research has been made on the litoral algal flora of unpolluted high mountain lakes and streams. Since the algal flora is often used to estimate the water quality, it is of great value to know more about the ecology of benthic forms living under extreme oligotrophic conditions. An investigation was made of the benthic and littoral microphytic vegetation of Esteragne torrent, and Lac de Port-Bielh in the High Pyrenees. Both waters combine a low calcium content with a consistently basic pH. A comparison of their flora with that of other lakes may help to deal with the problem of whether the algal flora is determined more by the calcium content or the pH. The algal flora of Esteragne torrent differs little from that of low-calcium streams of the central European highlands. In Lac de Porth-Bielh there is a distinct depth-zonation among the dominant algae. The dominant taxa at a depth of 0–0,5 metres are: Schizothrix lacustris f. lutescens, Sch. calcicola, Gloeocapsa tornensis, Pleurocapsa minor with Cyanostylon microcystoides and Hydrococcus cesatii particularly on the undersides of the stones; from 0,5 to 1,5 m: a massive growth of Nostoc zetterstedtii; from 2,5 to 4,5 m: Schizothrix funalis; from 7 m: Nitella flexilis. In addition the lake includes a number of rare and little known forms such as? Onkonema sp., of. Desmosiphon maculans, Lyngbya lachneri, Homeothrix sinensis, Chantransia chalybea v. profunda, Siphononema polonicum status chamaesiphonoides. Green algae were almost completely absent from the upper zones, in contrast to the usual findings. The littoral flora has a very distinctive character, and is not directly comparable with that usually found in lakes with either high or low calcium content. A certain resemblance to lakes with a high calcium content can be found only if all the forms present particularly with lower abundances are considered. The very strong development of lithophytes should be emphasized in contrast to their usually low density in lakes with low calcium content. The systematic section deals with systematic and taxonomic problems in a number of difficult forms.     

Data on the flora of bacillariophyta of Lake Shira (Khakassia,Russia)

This article deals with the results of the study of diatom algae of Lake Shira. The list of found algae contains 95 species (126, including infraspecific taxa). A brief ecological and geographical analysis of the algal flora is made.     

9. The algal flora of the Primorsky Region, Russian Far East

A survey of the freshwater algal flora of the Primorsky Region, Russian Far East, is presented. During more than 70 years of investigations 1659 species (including varieties and forms 2276 taxa) belonging to 346 genera of different groups of algae have been recorded from this territory. The Primorsky Region is rich in habitats attractive to algae-rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. The details of the distribution of algae in different types of waterbodies have been examined. The algal flora of the region is comparable to the areas, and its taxonomical structure is typical for Eurasia. From this territory some new species and varieties have been described — Achnanthes chankensis, Cymbella ventricosa var. hankensis, Surirella alisoviana, and others. The flora includes some rare species — Fragilaria magocsyi, Perone dimorpha, and Heterothrix monochloron, and some endemics of Asia — Navicula scutelloides var. baicalensis, N. globulifera var. nipponica, Gomphonema sphaerophorum, and Surirella tientsinensis.     

A subtidal transect in Jervis Bay,New South Wales

Long-term variations in the intertidal algal flora of the entire rock platform at Plantation Point, Jervis Bay, are described by May (1981). The study now reported presents similar long-term changes in the flora of a subtidal region of the same headland, observed within the same period of time. This first detailed report of subtidal macroalgal communities in New South Wales describes a several-year study of the benthic communities along a transect in the upper sublittoral region of a rocky headland at Plantation Point, Jervis Bay. Eighty-nine species of algae were recorded, five of which were previously unrecorded for New South Wales. The area studied is dominated by the large brown algae Ecklonia radiata and Phyllospora comosa, large areas of which were cleared periodically by storms. Turf, shade and crustose coralline algal communities also were present. Storms, seasonal variation and longer term changes all affected the abundance and distribution of the algal species growing along the transect and hence the floristic composition of the area.     

Light,nitrogen, and phosphorus limitation of edaphic algae in a delaware salt marsh

The effects on edaphic algae associated with a pure stand of the cord grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel of manipulating light intensity and additions of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus as fertilizers to the marsh surface have been investigated for one year. The standing crop of edaphic algae as measured by chlorophyll a production was limited only by phosphorus supplies during fall and winter, by both phosphorus and nitrogen in spring, and only by nitrogen during the summer. Since the responses were in phase with the seasonal fluctuations in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, it is concluded that the flood tide is the major source of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds for edaphic algal growth. Reduction in the quantity of light reaching the edaphic algae by Spartina cover is always a limiting factor for the standing crop. A gradient in the composition of the algal flora is directly related to light intensity, and indicates that this factor determines the relative contribution of diatoms and filamentous algae to the community. The interaction of light intensity and nutrients in regulating the production of edaphic algae and cord grass on the marsh under study over a yearly cycle has also been investigated.     

Structure and spatial-temporal dynamics of phytoplankton in the gulf of Taz

The generalized results of long-term studies on plankton algae in the Taz Estuary are presented. A total of 399 taxa of species and subspecies rank represented by 327 species from 128 genera, 55 families, 25 orders, and 8 divisions have been revealed. The taxonomic and ecological-geographical structure of the algal flora of plankton is analyzed. The main peculiarities of the structural organization and spatial-temporal dynamics of the number and biomass of pelagic algocenoses are found.