Alleviation of Waterlogging Damage in Winter Rape by Uniconazole Application: Effects on Enzyme Activity, Lipid Peroxidation, and Membrane Integrity

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) seedlings treated with uniconazole [(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-l-penten-3-ol] were transplanted at the five-leaf stage into specially designed experimental containers and then exposed to waterlogging for 3 weeks. After waterlogging stress, uniconazole-treated seedlings had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase enzymes and endogenous free proline content at both the seedling and flowering stages. Uniconazole plus waterlogging-treated plants had a significantly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids than the waterlogged plants. There was a parallel increase in the lipid peroxidation level and electrolyte leakage rate from the leaves of waterlogged plants. Leaves from uniconazole plus waterlogging-treated plants had a significantly lower lipid peroxidation level and electrolyte leakage rate compared with waterlogged plants at both the seedling and flowering stages. Pretreatment of seedlings with uniconazole could effectively delay stress-induced degradation of chlorophyll and reduction of root oxidizability. Uniconazole did not alter the soluble sugar content of leaves and stems, after waterlogging of seedlings. Uniconazole improved waterlogged plant performance and increased seed yield, possibly because of improved antioxidation defense mechanisms, and it retarded lipid peroxidation and membrane deterioration of plants. Received February 2, 1998; accepted November 30, 1998     

Physiologic regulation of mixtalol in rape senescence and its yield effects

Physiologic and yield effects of mixtalol at various concentrations sprayed on rape at the anthesis stage were examined. Foliar sprays of 4 and 2 ppm mixtalol significantly increased the chlorophyll content of rape leaves and pods, reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde and ethylene production, and delayed the degradation of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of the rape plant. Mixtalol also increased root oxidizability. Meanwhile, the number of branches and pods per plant was increased, and a 10.7% and 8.2% increase of seed yield over the controls was observed with treatments of 4 and 2 ppm mixtalol, respectively. No significant effects from mixtalol were observed on the maturation of plants or on the seed oil content or the erucic acid and glucosinolate content. Total rape oil production increased with 4 and 2 ppm mixtalol significantly by 12.4% and 10.5%, respectively, over the controls.Abbreviations MTL mixtalol - MDA malondialdehyde - TBA thiobarbituric acid - SOD Superoxide dismutase - CAT catalase - TTC tetrazolium     

Physiological and yield effects of uniconazole on winter rape (Brassica napus L.)

Uniconazole at various concentrations on rape, at the three-leaf stage, was examined for physiologic and yield effects. Foliar sprays of 10, 25, and 50 mg/liter significantly reduced seedling height, and increased shoot width (stem width before elongation), number of green leaves, and total dry weight at transplanting. Chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, root oxidizability (capacity for root oxidation), and ethylene production were also increased. Additionally, the number of branches and pods/plant were increased; and a 7.4, 8.5, and 4.3% increase of seed yield over the controls was observed with treatments at 10, 25, and 50 mg/liter uniconazole, respectively. No significant effects were observed on plant maturity, the seed oil content, or the erucic acid and glucosinolate content. Total oil production significantly increased with 10, 25, and 50 mg/liter by 9.9, 10.6, and 6.8%, respectively, over the controls. These results suggested that uniconazole-induced high productivity was accompanied by increased levels of activities of various antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, and by the improvement of root oxidizability and plant vigor.Abbreviations SOD superoxide dismutase - CAT catalase - NBT nitro blue tetrazolium - TTC red tetrazolium - IAA indoleacetic acid     

Effects of mixtalol and paclobutrazol on photosynthesis and yield of rape (Brassica napus)

Photosynthetic and yield effects of paclobutrazol and mixtalol sprayed, respectively, on rape at the three-leaf stage and shoot or anthesis stages were examined. They significantly increased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates, prolonged leaf longevity, and increased green pod area. Paclobutrazol-treated plants were shorter, more branched, and produced more seeds. Foliar sprays of mixtalol increased podding percentage, pods per plant, and seeds per pod. A high seed yield of 1809.0 kg/ha was obtained with mixtalol sprayed at anthesis, while significant yields were also achieved with treatments of mixtalol at the shoot stage and paclobutrazol at the three-leaf stage. The photosynthetic and yield effects of mixtalol or paclobutrazol were reduced when both growth regulators were applied together, and this led to yield reductions. No adverse effects from mixtalol or paclobutrazol were observed on seed oil content, erucic acid, and glucosinolate content. The total rape oil production with mixtalol sprayed at anthesis and shoot stages and paclobutrazol at the three-leaf stage increased significantly by 20.9%, 14.4%, and 13.4%, respectively, over the controls.     

Seed Film Coating with Uniconazole Improves Rape Seedling Growth in Relation to Physiological Changes Under Waterlogging Stress

Waterlogging is an important constraint of global production of rape. The effects of seed film coating with 0.0075% uniconazole on the growth and physiology was investigated using seedlings from three varieties of rape (Brassica napus L.) subjected to waterlogging. While seed coating with uniconazole had no significant effect on germination percentage during waterlogging stress, it enhanced root vigour, increased root length, root volume and root dry weight. It also significantly enhanced leaf dry weight and ratio of root to shoot, but induced a significant decrease in shoot height and stem dry weight. Seed film coating with uniconazole also significantly increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, POD, CAT and SOD, and soluble sugar concentration during waterlogging. Thus, it suggests that seed film coating with uniconazole at a suitable concentration can improve rape seedling growth and increase seedling establishment during waterlogging.     

苗期土壤渍水对棉花恢复生长及光合生理的影响

以'中棉所41'为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,研究了苗期土壤渍水对棉花恢复生长及光合生理的影响.结果显示:(1)渍水5 d的棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其根系活力、株高、叶面积、完全展开叶片数与对照差异不显著,但根系总长度仍比对照低11.1%(P<0.05);渍水10 d的棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其根系活力、株高、叶面积、完全展开叶片数、根系活力均极显著低于对照.(2)渍水5 d棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点、CO2饱和点、表观光最子效率、羧化效率以及叶绿素a、b含量与对照差异不显著;渍水10 d的棉莆经过10 d恢复生长,其光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点、CO2饱和点、表观光量子效率、羧化效率以及叶绿素a、b含量仍显著低于对照.研究表明,棉莆经过5 d或10 d渍水胁迫后,均可以恢复生长,但随着渍水时间延长,恢复生长速度降低;在恢复生长过程中,生理活性恢复快于形态恢复;强光对于渍水后棉苗恢复生长具有明显的抑制效应.     

不同花生品种对旱涝胁迫的响应及生理机制

为评价花生对旱、涝胁迫的响应,本试验以4个旱、涝耐性差异明显的花生品种为材料,运用温室防雨盆栽方法,在苗期、花针期分别进行正常灌溉(对照)、干旱(7d,叶片萎蔫)、根部淹涝(土面水深2 cm,时间1d、3d、7d)和整株淹涝(水深至苗顶,时间1d、3d、7d)的处理,测定地上部及根系生物量、根冠比、根系活力、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,苗期、花针期干旱均抑制地上部生长,提高根冠比;苗期干旱降低根系生物量,而花针期增加。2个时期淹涝均促进地上部生长、抑制根系生长、降低根冠比,并随淹水加深、延时而加重。旱、涝条件下根系活力均降低,SOD、MDA呈上升趋势。遭受相同时间(7d)的水分胁迫后,危害程度以干旱重于淹涝,花针期重于苗期。基于生物量、生理指标变化的综合分析进一步表明,4个花生品种的旱、涝耐性差异很大,湘花55号耐旱性强、耐涝性弱,豫花15号耐旱性弱、耐涝性强,中花4号耐旱、涝性均最弱,中花8号耐旱、涝性均最强。     

Gibberellic Acid3 Modifies Some Growth and Physiologic Effects of Paclobutrazol (PP333) on Wheat

Gibberellic acid₃ (GA₃) modification of some growth and physiologic effects of paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃) was studied by applying PP₃₃₃ alone and in combination with GA₃ at the tillering stage of wheat. Results showed that GA₃ weakened the effect of PP₃₃₃ on tillering and shortening the plant, increased the dry matter accumulation of different tillers, improved plant nitrogen metabolism by favoring nitrogen translocation into tillers at late growth stage, and stimulated tiller development. All of these reduced the difference in spike weight among tillers and the main stem. Compared with control, there were more spikes per plant and fewer grain per spike in the PP₃₃₃ treatment, but all yield components developed positively in the treatment consisting of the mixture of GA₃ and PP₃₃₃. Received May 22, 1996; accepted November 14, 1996     

渍水对四川小麦生理性状及产量的影响

采用二因素裂区设计,连续2年（2011-2012和2012-2013年）以川麦104和内麦836为对象,在小麦苗期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期分别进行35 d的渍水处理,研究渍水对四川小麦生长和产量形成的影响.结果表明： 苗期渍水减产最大,减产10%～15%,随渍水时期的后移,对产量的影响减小.苗期渍水降低了第3～6叶SPAD值、单株分蘖力和单株成穗数,降低了有效穗数、花后干物质积累量和成熟期干物质量.拔节期渍水降低了第4～7叶SPAD值,孕穗期渍水降低了倒4、倒3、倒2叶SPAD值,拔节期和孕穗期渍水导致花后旗叶SPAD值下降,渐增期灌浆速率（R₁）和平均灌浆速率（R_mean）下降,千粒重下降.开花期渍水对产量影响较小.表明苗期渍水是四川稻茬小麦渍害临界期.     

木芙蓉对淹水胁迫的响应及其耐涝性综合评价

为挖掘木芙蓉(Hibiscus mutabilis)耐涝种质资源,对13个木芙蓉品种水淹15 d后的形态和生理生化指标进行研究,并构建耐涝评价体系.结果表明,水淹胁迫后,木芙蓉品种各性状的变化趋势和幅度均不同,部分性状间的相关性显著(P<0.05).14个指标按贡献率大小归因为形态生长指标、不定根形态指标、膜脂过氧化指...     

Dynamic QTL Analysis and Candidate Gene Mapping for Waterlogging Tolerance at Maize Seedling Stage

Soil waterlogging is one of the major abiotic stresses adversely affecting maize growth and yield. To identify dynamic expression of genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL), QTL associated with plant height, root length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total dry weight were identified via conditional analysis in a mixed linear model and inclusive composite interval mapping method at three respective periods under waterlogging and control conditions. A total of 13, 19 and 23 QTL were detected at stages 3D|0D (the period during 0–3 d of waterlogging), 6D|3D and 9D|6D, respectively. The effects of each QTL were moderate and distributed over nine chromosomes, singly explaining 4.14–18.88% of the phenotypic variation. Six QTL (ph6-1, rl1-2, sdw4-1, sdw7-1, tdw4-1 and tdw7-1) were identified at two consistent stages of seedling development, which could reflect a continuous expression of genes; the remaining QTL were detected at only one stage. Thus, expression of most QTL was influenced by the developmental status. In order to provide additional evidence regarding the role of corresponding genes in waterlogging tolerance, mapping of Expressed Sequence Tags markers and microRNAs were conducted. Seven candidate genes were observed to co-localize with the identified QTL on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7 and 9, and may be important candidate genes for waterlogging tolerance. These results are a good starting point for understanding the genetic basis for selectively expressing of QTL in different stress periods and the common genetic control mechanism of the co-localized traits.     

Soaking Summer Squash Seeds in Low Concentrations of Cobalt Solution Before Sowing Increased Plant Growth, Femaleness, and Fruit Yield via Increasing Plant Ethylene Level

Soaking summer squash (Cucurbita pepo cv. Eskandarany) seeds in continuously aerated solutions of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 ppm Co²⁺ for 48 h before sowing strongly increased plant growth, femaleness, and fruit yield compared with those of water- (control) or 0.5 mm AOA (aminooxyacetic acid)-soaked seeds. Following the same pattern, plants of Co²⁺-soaked seeds produced significantly higher ethylene levels as early as the seedling stage (14 days after seed sowing) up to the onset of flower initiation (OFI) stage (30 days after seed sowing), with more pronounced levels of all measured parameters for plants of 1.00 ppm Co²⁺-soaked seeds. Plants of AOA-soaked seeds, however, behaved in a pattern similar to those of control in all measured parameters. The only exception was the significant ethylene inhibition noticed only at the plant seedling stage with AOA-seed soaking, which indicated the short term of AOA inhibition to ethylene when applied as early as the seed germination stage. When AOA was applied foliarly before and at the OFI stage, the increased plant femaleness obtained with Co²⁺ seed soaking was arrested. It is indicated, therefore, that summer squash plant femaleness is more responsive to plant ethylene-modulated levels before or at the OFI stage than earlier stages. Furthermore, all seed soaking treatments had no effect on plant leaf number or plant and fruit Co²⁺ content, which strongly indicated that the positive impact of Co²⁺ on summer squash plant growth and femaleness was mainly the result of the so-called ``low Co²⁺ level-induced ethylene.' The percentage of fruit yield increase reached about 26, 40, and 56% over the control by 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 ppm Co²⁺ seed soaking, respectively, whereas AOA seed soaking resulted in only a 4.5% yield reduction. To ensure the permanent positive impact of Co²⁺ on ethylene production as well as the short period of AOA inhibition, seeds were resoaked in water or AOA for 8 h after being soaked in 1.00 ppm Co²⁺ solution for 40 h. The results obtained emphasized the previous findings because AOA inhibition was restricted on ethylene production only at the seedling stage. Meanwhile, all Co²⁺ positive effects were obtained 2 weeks later, even with AOA seed resoaking. These data strongly suggested that the positive impact of Co²⁺ on ethylene production is more permanent than the negative impact of AOA. Hence its application, in low concentrations, as early as the seed germination stage, strongly increased summer squash plant growth, femaleness, and fruit yield by increasing the plant ethylene level. Received July 21, 1997; accepted November 10, 1997     

不同时期喷施多效唑对花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

为确定高产条件下不同花生品种的最佳化控时期,以小花生品种‘花育20’(HY20)和大花生品种‘花育25’(HY25)为试验材料,研究了多效唑(PBZ)不同喷施时期对花生根系活力、叶绿素含量、叶片保护酶和碳、氮代谢酶活性,以及荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响.结果表明:不同时期喷施PBZ均提高了2个品种花生在结荚期的叶绿素含量、根系活力,以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量以及硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性,且PBZ喷施时间越早效果越明显.在饱果期,HY25的各指标以主茎高25cm时喷施PBZ的效果最好,但HY20在主茎高25 cm时喷施PBZ的保护酶活性降低,化控时间过早导致植株早衰,叶绿素含量、根系活力以及碳代谢酶活性也略低于CK,HY20的指标以主茎高30 cm时喷施PBZ效果最好.适宜时期PBZ处理提高了2个品种的荚果产量和经济系数,提高了脂肪含量和油酸相对含量以及O/L值.高产条件下,HY25和HY20的最适多效唑处理时期分别为花生主茎高25和30 cm左右.     

不同渍水时间对苗期和花期大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响

以大豆品种南农99.6为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苗期和花期渍水对大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响.结果表明: 渍水显著抑制了大豆的生长,植株生物量、叶面积、叶片色素含量和光合速率均显著下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高;随着渍水时间的延长,各生理指标的变化幅度增大;渍水胁迫解除后有一定的恢复,渍水10 d处理后恢复能力较渍水20 d处理强.可溶性碳、氮物质及关键酶对渍水反应不同,可溶性糖含量以及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和蔗糖合成酶的活性上升,而可溶性蛋白含量下降.渍水对苗期大豆植株生物量、叶面积和MDA含量的影响比花期小.苗期和花期渍水时间越短,大豆受到的伤害越小,其恢复能力也越强.渍水时间在10 d内,大豆植株能够通过自身的调节逐渐恢复.     

施氮对水稻植株和颖果发育及稻米品质的影响

以'扬稻6号'和'粳稻941'为材料,在施氮总量相同条件下分别设置低分蘖肥高孕穗肥和高分蘖肥低孕穗肥2个施氮处理,通过盆栽试验研究施氮量和施氮时期对水稻植株生长、颖果发育和稻米品质的影响.结果表明:水稻植株鲜重、干重、分蘖数和株高随分蘖期氮肥用量增加而增加;增加孕穗期氮肥用量比例能显著提高抽穗期水稻剑叶和颖果光合速率、颖壳叶绿素含量、呼吸速率、颖果CAT及SOD活性;增加孕穗期氮肥用量还能提高水稻籽粒出糙率、精米率、整精米率,降低稻米垩白率,改善稻米的碾米品质和营养品质.因此,增加分蘖期施氮比例能促进水稻植株生长,而提高孕穗期施氮量则有利于水稻颖果发育和稻米品质改善.     

Persistence of Triazole Growth Retardants on Stem Elongation of Rhododendron and Kalmia

Triazole growth retardant chemicals may inhibit stem elongation of woody ornamental species for several years after application. Potted plants of large-leaf Rhododendron catawbiense and Kalmia latifolia were treated with a single spray application of paclobutrazol or uniconazole in the 2nd year from propagation. They were transplanted into the field the next spring. The elongation of stems was measured in the year of application and in the next 2–4 years. Treatments with a wide range of doses were applied in 1991, 1992, or 1995. For all except the most dilute applications, stem elongation was retarded in the year after application. At the highest doses, stem growth was inhibited for 2 years after application. The results were fit to a model of growth regulator action which assumed that stem elongation was inversely related to the amount of growth regulator applied. For paclobutrazol, the dose per plant that inhibited stem elongation half as much as a saturating dose was tenfold that for uniconazole, about 0.5 and 0.05 mg, respectively. For both chemicals, the dose-response coefficient decreased exponentially with time after application, with an exponential time constant of about 2 year⁻¹. A dose of growth regulator which reduced stem elongation by half immediately after application would only inhibit 12% of stem elongation the next year. However, a tenfold greater dose would result in less than half the stem elongation of untreated plants in the next year. Received February 28, 1997; accepted July 8, 1997     

两种酚酸类物质对花生根部土壤养分、酶活性和产量的影响

为探讨连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质的累积与花生连作障碍的关系,通过大田盆栽试验,研究了对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸对花生花针期(出苗后45 d)、结荚初期(出苗后75 d)、结荚末期(出苗后105 d)根部土壤养分、酶活性及产量的影响.结果表明: 经两种酚酸类物质处理后,花生根部土壤养分和酶活性均发生了明显的变化,以在花针期受到的影响最大,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾和土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性均显著降低;到花生结荚初期和结荚末期,两种物质对土壤养分、酶活性的抑制作用有减弱趋势.初始含量相同时,肉桂酸的化感作用相对较强.高浓度(80 mg·kg^-1干土)对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸处理分别使每盆花生荚果产量降低了45.9%、52.8%,单株结果数降低了46.2%、48.9%.     

Growth Responses and Allocation of Assimilates of Rice Seedlings by Paclobutrazol and Gibberellin Treatment

Paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1h-1,2,4-trizol-1-yl)penten-3-ol] effectively decreased vegetative growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings and increased the chlorophyll content. The number of veins in a leaf, the calculated number of stomata per leaf, and the length of guard cells were not altered by the paclobutrazol treatment, suggesting an effect on cell elongation. The allocation pattern of carbohydrates was changed by either gibberellin (GA) or paclobutrazol treatment. GA₃ induced more shoot growth and less accumulation of starch than the control and paclobutrazol-treated seedlings. Photosynthetic ability was not affected by either paclobutrazol or GA₃ treatment. Paclobutrazol-treated plants allocated a smaller amount of photosynthates for vegetative shoot growth and stored more as starch in the crowns than the control and GA₃-treated plants. The same starch degrading activity in the crown tissue of paclobutrazol-treated seedlings as in control plants suggests that the accumulated starch is utilized in a normal activity for growth including leaf emergence, tiller formation, and root production, resulting in improved seedling quality. Received May 30, 1996; accepted December 10, 1996     

干旱与渍涝对砂姜黑土玉米根系干重变化及其分布的影响

砂姜黑土主要分布于黄淮海平原的南部(淮北平原、沂河平原和胶莱平原等)和南阳盆地,面积约4×106ｈａ,其中河南省125×106ｈａ[1],是面积较大的中低产田。其低产的主要原因可归结为“旱、涝、僵、薄”,根本原因在于其不良的水分物理特性[2～4]。而关于旱、涝灾害对作物根系的影响还未见报道。砂姜黑土区地势平坦,土层深厚,光、热、水等自然资源比较丰富,具有适宜作物生长发育的有利条件。因而,充分了解和掌握旱、涝灾害对作物根系的影响,因时制宜灌溉、排涝和耕作,对提高该区粮食产量具有重要意义。为此,于1997～1998年探讨了干旱与渍涝对砂…     

渍水对油菜苗期生长及生理特性的影响

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