开垦对绿洲农田碳氮累积及其与作物产量关系的影响

以新疆策勒绿洲近百年来不同开垦年限农田为研究对象,采用空间序列换算时间序列的方法,研究绿洲农田开垦过程中土壤有机碳和全氮密度、碳氮比(C/N)及速效氮含量的垂直变化特征,并探讨了农田土壤碳氮变化与作物产量的关系。结果表明:荒漠土壤开垦后,显著增加了表层土壤(0-20 cm)有机碳和全氮密度,随开垦年限延长对深层土壤(40-200 cm)有机碳密度也有一定的影响,如在开垦30 a左右时下降了36.4%,但在100 a左右时则增加了52.0%。耕层土壤C/N随开垦年限延长而明显增加,深层土壤除100 a农田外其它均有不同程度下降;不同土层C/N与速效氮含量呈负相关关系,仅在开垦初期(0-10 a)达到显著水平。不同年限农田的玉米产量存在显著差异,且和有机碳及全氮密度(0-200 cm)均呈显著正相关;棉花除100和10 a农田产量差异较小外,在其它农田间均达显著水平,但和有机碳及全氮密度无明显相关性。由此可见,在现有投入条件下,提高土壤碳氮累积量对增加玉米产量仍有十分重要作用,但对棉花产量的影响不明显。     

江苏省不同农业区土壤线虫群落分布特征

调查了江苏省不同农业区农田土壤线虫群落多样性,分析了土壤线虫数量和群落结构与土壤环境因子的关系,并探讨了土壤线虫对土壤健康的生物指示作用.结果表明： 农田土壤线虫共鉴定出2纲7目19科41属.6个农业区的土壤线虫的密度、群落组成均具有一定的差异性.沿海农业区的线虫数量最多(每100 g干土400条),显著高于徐淮、宁镇扬和沿江农业区(P＜0.05),而沿江农业区的土壤线虫数量最少(每100 g干土232条),这可能是由于土壤质地、年均降雨量和年均气温等因素的差异造成的.地理位置相近的农业区线虫优势属相似.相关性分析结果显示,土壤线虫数量与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾和速效磷均呈显著正相关关系;RDA分析表明,土壤全氮含量、速效磷及pH对线虫群落种属组成影响较大.分析江苏省农田土壤线虫群落空间分布特征,可为农田土壤生态系统健康状况评价提供数据支撑.     

艾比湖流域小尺度农田土壤养分的空间分布和盐渍化风险评价

为了解绿洲经济迅速发展背景下新疆典型尾闾绿洲-艾比湖流域小尺度农田土壤的养分和盐渍化状况,对该地区典型农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等养分元素的空间分布、影响因素以及盐渍化风险状况进行了评价。结果表明:(1)农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量均较高。所有土壤样点中总盐分含量属于高度变异,其他指标属于低度变异。(2)半方差函数分析表明土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的空间变异性主要受施肥和灌溉等随机性因素的影响;而有机质和总盐分含量的空间变异性则受植被覆盖和土壤质地等结构性因素以及施肥、灌溉等随机性因素的共同影响。(3)空间分析表明,总体看农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较高区域主要分布在中部和北部,受施肥、灌溉方式和植被盖度等因素的影响;而盐分含量较高区域主要分布在研究区南部和边缘区域,主要受地形、土壤质地和植被盖度的影响。(4)相关分析表明农田土壤中有机质、速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮和总盐分含量呈显著的负相关关系。盐渍化风险评估表明土壤中总盐分含量属于低度到中度的盐渍化风险,不会对主要作物棉花的生长产生危害,但应改进灌溉方式和种植制度,同时采用增施有机肥、进行秸秆还田等措施促进棉花作物的稳产、高产。     

西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间变异特征

基于网格(20 m×20 m)取样,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法,研究了西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间异质性和分布格局.结果表明:峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分含量为中等和强变异,变异性大小顺序为:速效磷全钾有机质碱解氮全氮全磷速效钾,pH值表现为弱变异,有机质表现为中等程度的变异;不同土壤养分具有良好的空间自相关性,其自相关函数均表现出由正相关向负相关方向发展,拐点为80~100 m,其中全钾和速效磷的Moran I较小,其他指标较大;不同土壤养分的空间变异特征不同,全钾和速效磷最佳拟合模型为指数模型,块金值与基台值的比值[C0/(C0+C)]和变程(A)很小,分形维数(D)较高,空间相关性强烈;其他土壤养分指标的最佳拟合模型均为球状模型,C0/(C0+C)、A和D均呈中等程度的空间相关;Kriging分析表明,pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮呈凹型分布,速效磷和速效钾呈斑块状分布.植被、地形、人为干扰和高异质性的微生境是造成峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分格局差异的主要因素.     

基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以河北省遵化市为例

基于地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计学研究了河北省遵化市土壤表层(0～20cm)碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、速效磷和有机质等5种养分要素的空间变异规律.应用GIS能够将系统变量的属性数据同地理数据相结合,使大区域范围内进行地统计学分析变得较为方便.研究表明,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、有机质变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型,速效钾的理论模型表现为指数模型和有基台值的线性模型的套合结构;碱解氮、全氮、速效磷、有机质的空间变异主要是由随机性因素引起的,但程度有所差异,全氮和有机质由随机性因素引起的空间异质性程度较高,碱解氮和速效磷较低;速效钾的空间变异则主要是由结构性因素引起;5种养分要素的空间自相关程度都属于中等的空间自相关,但空间变异的尺度范围不同,碱解氮和速效磷变异尺度基本相近,为5和5.5km;全氮较大,为14.5km;有机质为8.5km;速效钾的变异尺度有两个,0～3.5km主要以指数模型为主,3.5～25.5km范围内以有基台值的线性模型为主.5种养分要素的各向同性的范围不同,碱解氮和速效磷在整个范围(0～28km)都表现出各向同性,全氮和有机质的其次,为0～10km;速效钾的较小,为0～8km.     

基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究--以河北省遵化市为例

基于地理信息系统 (GIS)和地统计学研究了河北省遵化市土壤表层 ( 0～ 2 0cm )碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、速效磷和有机质等 5种养分要素的空间变异规律 .应用GIS能够将系统变量的属性数据同地理数据相结合 ,使大区域范围内进行地统计学分析变得较为方便 .研究表明 ,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、有机质变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型 ,速效钾的理论模型表现为指数模型和有基台值的线性模型的套合结构 ;碱解氮、全氮、速效磷、有机质的空间变异主要是由随机性因素引起的 ,但程度有所差异 ,全氮和有机质由随机性因素引起的空间异质性程度较高 ,碱解氮和速效磷较低 ;速效钾的空间变异则主要是由结构性因素引起 ;5种养分要素的空间自相关程度都属于中等的空间自相关 ,但空间变异的尺度范围不同 ,碱解氮和速效磷变异尺度基本相近 ,为 5和5 .5km ;全氮较大 ,为 14 .5km ;有机质为 8.5km ;速效钾的变异尺度有两个 ,0～ 3 .5km主要以指数模型为主 ,3 .5～ 2 5 .5km范围内以有基台值的线性模型为主 .5种养分要素的各向同性的范围不同 ,碱解氮和速效磷在整个范围 ( 0～ 2 8km )都表现出各向同性 ,全氮和有机质的其次 ,为 0～ 10km ;速效钾的较小 ,为 0～ 8km .     

不同土地利用类型下氮、磷在土壤剖面中的分布特征

在北京市东南郊大兴区采取了44处0～20cm,20～40cm,40～60cm,60～80cm,80～100cm5个不同深度的土壤剖面样品。按土地利用类型,采样点可分为农田、菜地、果园、林地、草地。土壤剖面中,由表层向深层,pH值升高,有机质、速效磷、全磷、硝态氮、全氮降低,且在20～40cm处有较大变化。表层土壤受土地利用影响,不同土地利用类型的土壤性质差别较大,尤以菜地土壤,pH为8.01低于其他类型土壤的平均值8.27,有机质、速效磷、全磷、硝态氮、全氮都高于其他类型的土壤,分别是其他类型土壤的110%～198%,355%～1629%,162%～224%,724%～1540%,130%～248%,速效磷和硝态氮远高于其他土壤。深层土壤性质差异不大,各项土壤性质差异随深度而变小,但菜地80～100cm处,硝态氮含量为18.8mgkg-1,是同深度其他类型土壤的175%～389%。土壤中硝态氮的积累情况,菜地>农田、果园、林地>草地。磷的积累与氮不同,速效磷在0～20cm大量积累,不同类型的土壤,速效磷积累差异显著,在40～60cm处,菜地速效磷含量是其他利用类型土壤的161%～602%;在80～100cm处,不同利用类型的土壤中速效磷无显著性差异。这一情况表明,菜地的过量施用氮、磷肥导致了土壤中的磷和氮大量积累,并以速效磷、硝态氮的形态向下淋溶并在深层土壤中积累。硝态氮在80～100cm的积累仍相当严重,有继续向下淋溶的可能,速效磷的淋溶在80～100cm处已较为微弱,其淋溶过程主要在0～60cm处。对速效磷和硝态氮的累积进行多元线性回归分析,发现速效磷与全磷含量有着良好的线性相关性,而与有机质和全氮含量关系不大。硝态氮则受土壤中pH、有机质和全氮3因素的共同影响。     

黄花甸子流域土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾的空间变异

选择赤峰市敖汉旗黄花甸子流域为研究对象,以实地取样数据为基础,结合空间自相关、半变异函数及克里格插值方法,分析流域内全氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间变异特征。结果表明:全氮、速效磷和速效钾总体上均呈岛状分布,全氮和速效磷呈现较为分散的斑点状的肥岛状分布;速效钾呈现明显的岛状分布。3种养分的空间自相关性均随着滞后距离的增加而降低,并存在明显的正、负相关区域,并分别与其空间聚集和空间孤立区域相对应。速效磷的C0/(C+C0)为17.21%,具有强烈空间相关性。全氮、速效钾的C0/(C+C0)分别为27.03%和44.99%,属于中等程度的空间相关性。空间自相关距离与变程均表现为全氮速效磷速效钾。不同土地利用方式下各养分含量总体表现为农地林地草地。人为活动是影响研究区养分空间变异的主要原因。     

毛乌素沙漠-黄土高原过渡带土壤养分空间异质性

毛乌素沙漠-黄土高原过渡带土壤养分的空间异质性和生态学过程,对沙荒地整治的机理研究具有重要的意义。以毛乌素沙漠-黄土过渡带为研究区,结合布点取样和室内分析,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法对其全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量的空间异质性进行分析。结果表明,(1)土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾的平均含量分别为0.39 g/kg、9.65 mg/kg和106.84 mg/kg。3种养分的变异系数为40.54%—84.62%,均属于中等程度变异,其中全氮变异系数最大,速效钾变异系数最小。(2)半方差分析结果显示,3种养分空间变异性的最佳拟合模型均为高斯模型,空间自相关性均随着滞后距离的增加而呈下降趋势。3种养分空间变异性的块金值/基台值比值在0.09%—32.82%,全氮、有效磷具有强烈的空间相关性,结构性因素对变异起主导作用;速效钾具有中等强度的空间相关性,结构性因素和随机性因素共同对变异起主导作用。(3)克里金插值图显示3种养分含量均表现为随着地势的降低而逐渐升高的趋势,全氮含量整体呈斑点状分布,插值图较破碎,有效磷和速效钾含量整体呈条带状分布,连续性较好。(4)毛乌素沙漠-黄土过渡带土壤养分的空间变异性与地形、地貌、植物分布以及非自然因素都有关,但是以地形因素的影响为主。开展沙漠-黄土过渡带土壤养分空间异质性特征研究,为开展沙荒地整治工程,生态系统修复提供了理论依据。     

两种农作体系施肥对土壤质量的影响

不同农作体系施肥措施差异引起的土壤环境质量变化 ,会进一步影响该体系的生产力并对大气和水体环境产生潜在影响。选取中国北方两种重要的集约化种植体系 (大棚蔬菜和小麦 -玉米轮作体系 ) ,研究了经过长期施肥后 ,0～ 30 cm土壤有机质、全氮、微量元素与重金属的差异以及 0～ 90 cm土壤剖面的硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾、p H和电导率的变化。结果表明 ,大棚菜地氮、磷、钾化肥投入量达 N 2 82 3、P 92 8和 K 92 5 kg/(hm2 · a) ,分别为小麦 -玉米轮作农田的 4 .7、10 .1和 2 3.4倍。大棚菜地还施用了大量的有机肥。菜地土壤养分大量积累 ,尤其是硝态氮和速效磷 ,0～ 90 cm土层二者分别达 1389.8kg N/hm2和 132 1.1kg P/hm2 ,为农田的 5 .6和 8.4倍。速效钾和铵态氮累积量分别为 1817.3kg K/hm2 和 10 0 .4 kg N/hm2 ,为农田的2 .2倍和 1.8倍。同时 ,大棚菜地土壤中的养分还存在严重的淋溶现象。大棚菜地有机质、全氮和有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量分别为农田的 1.3、1.4、1.2、1.3、1.3和 1.4倍。镉含量为农田的 3.8倍。镉与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关 ,可见 ,磷肥的大量投入是镉在土壤中累积的主要原因。大棚菜地各层土壤 p H均明显低于农田相应土层 p H,而 0～ 30 cm和 30～ 6 0 cm土层的电导率则     

Control of ticks of ruminants, with special emphasis on livestock farming systems in India: present and future possibilities for integrated control—a review

India is predominantly an agricultural country with about 70% of her population dependent on income from agriculture. Although India accounts for a significant share of world’s livestock resources, livestock production is greatly affected by ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs). Therefore, India represents a particularly interesting scenario for the study of TTBDs. Herein, we review the problems and opportunities for the integrated control of ticks of ruminants with special emphasis on livestock farming systems in India. Developments discussed in the review in the area of tick vaccines and other tick control measures should have an impact on the future of Indian livestock production.     

Cultural determinants of population stability in the Havasupai Indians

The Havasupai are a small tribe who have traditionally practiced very productive agriculture in a highly fertile, well-watered canyon. The agricultural subsistence base was formerly supplemented by hunting and gathering in adjacent areas which before significant American encroachment were plentifully supplied with desired game and wild vegetal products. Under these circumstances it would be expected that the tribe would be characterized by an expanding population. However, the population has been stable throughout historic times, approximately 200 years. In order to determine the significant factors responsible for the maintenance of population stability, all available information regarding Havasupai fertility, morbidity, mortality, and emigration was examined. An analysis of these data indicates that the population balance has been maintained primarily through cultural practices which limit fertility. Among the most important of these practices are the age at marriage, the age span differential between spouses, the high number of unmarried adults to be found in the population at any given time, the spermatocidal effect of the steam lodge, and perhaps the practice of infanticide and induced abortion.     

昆虫对全球气候变暖的响应

过去的100年全球地表平均温度显著上升,全球气候变暖对生物的影响引起世界范围内的广泛关注。和其他生物一样,昆虫也受到了气候变暖的影响,如繁殖发育速度增快、遗传变异、种群多样性降低、分布区扩大、种群爆发、外来入侵、种群灭绝等等。全球变暖引起的昆虫响应对农林业以及人类健康存在潜在风险,因此本文主要从物候、分布区、生长发育及繁殖、形态、行为与生理、分子水平这些方面综述全球气候变暖背景下昆虫如何响应,并讨论了目前研究动态和未来的研究方向,意在为气候变化条件下昆虫科学管理策略(如种群监控、模型预测、风险评估、遗传多样性、抗性遗传等)提供指导意义。     

Rhizobacterial mediation of plant hormone status

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are commonly found in the rhizosphere (adjacent to the root surface) and may promote plant growth via several diverse mechanisms, including the production or degradation of the major groups of plant hormones that regulate plant growth and development. Although rhizobacterial production of plant hormones seems relatively widespread (as judged from physico-chemical measurements of hormones in bacterial culture media), evidence continues to accumulate, particularly from seedlings grown under gnotobiotic conditions, that rhizobacteria can modify plant hormone status. Since many rhizobacteria can impact on more than one hormone group, bacterial mutants in hormone production/degradation and plant mutants in hormone sensitivity have been useful to establish the importance of particular signalling pathways. Although plant roots exude many potential substrates for rhizobacterial growth, including plant hormones or their precursors, limited progress has been made in determining whether root hormone efflux can select for particular rhizobacterial traits. Rhizobacterial mediation of plant hormone status not only has local effects on root elongation and architecture, thus mediating water and nutrient capture, but can also affect plant root-to-shoot hormonal signalling that regulates leaf growth and gas exchange. Renewed emphasis on providing sufficient food for a growing world population, while minimising environmental impacts of agriculture because of overuse of fertilisers and irrigation water, will stimulate the commercialisation of rhizobacterial inoculants (including those that alter plant hormone status) to sustain crop growth and yield. Combining rhizobacterial traits (or species) that impact on plant hormone status thereby modifying root architecture (to capture existing soil resources) with traits that make additional resources available (e.g. nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilisation) may enhance the sustainability of agriculture.     

桂滇黔脆弱生境草地农业系统持续性研究

广西、云南、贵州三省交界地区 ,由于特定的地质、地貌、气候、生物和人类活动等因子的综合作用 ,使这里的原始喀斯特森林自然地理景观 ,逐步演变成了现代的土地石漠化、物种简单化、生境脆弱化现状[1,2 ]。对于这样的脆弱生态环境如果不采取有效的控制措施 ,在现有高度密集的人口压力下 ,就会不可避免地导致其环境进一步恶化和当地经济的贫困化[3]。近年来有些研究指出[4～ 7],草地农业对于恢复和改善退化土地的生产性能 ,提高大农业系统的生物学效率具有良好的作用。尤其在我国西南贫困山区 ,发展草地农业有利于促进当地农村环境、资源、…     

Fertilizers and biological nitrogen fixation as sources of plant nutrients: Perspectives for future agriculture

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has an assured place in agriculture, mainly as a source of nitrogen for legumes. Legumes are currently grown mostly as a source of vegetable oil and as food for humans and animals, but not as nitrogen source.Other crops with BNF capability may be eventually be developed eventually. Such crops will also need mineral fertilizers to maintain a good status of soil nutrients, but their possible effects to the environment is also a concern. Fertilizers, however, will remain a necessary and sustainable input to agriculture to feed the present and increasing human population. It is not a case of whether BNF is better or worse than mineral fertilizers because both plays an important role in agriculture.     

Genomics at the origins of agriculture,part two

Agricultural expansion was such a momentous event that cultural or genetic evidence of its impact should be apparent. Abundant evidence indicates that agriculture was introduced into Europe at least 9,000 years ago. The primary issue remains whether agriculture spread by contact or by farmers moving into Europe. If agriculture was brought by farmers moving into foragers' territory, then genetic evidence should be apparent in the genes of modern Europeans. If foragers weredisplaced, then European genetic profiles should reflect the source population from the Near East. If there was interbreeding with the foragers who had a distinct genetic profile, then the genes of the Europeans descendants should reflect this admixture, with a clinal distribution of traits radiating from the Near East. These scenarios have been the focus of decades of debates between anthropologists and geneticists. In addition, genomic studies have been applied to pathogens in order to explore the link between agriculture and infectious disease.     

Plastid biotechnology for crop production: present status and future perspectives

The world population is expected to reach an estimated 9.2 billion by 2050. Therefore, food production globally has to increase by 70% in order to feed the world, while total arable land, which has reached its maximal utilization, may even decrease. Moreover, climate change adds yet another challenge to global food security. In order to feed the world in 2050, biotechnological advances in modern agriculture are essential. Plant genetic engineering, which has created a new wave of global crop production after the first green revolution, will continue to play an important role in modern agriculture to meet these challenges. Plastid genetic engineering, with several unique advantages including transgene containment, has made significant progress in the last two decades in various biotechnology applications including development of crops with high levels of resistance to insects, bacterial, fungal and viral diseases, different types of herbicides, drought, salt and cold tolerance, cytoplasmic male sterility, metabolic engineering, phytoremediation of toxic metals and production of many vaccine antigens, biopharmaceuticals and biofuels. However, useful traits should be engineered via chloroplast genomes of several major crops. This review provides insight into the current state of the art of plastid engineering in relation to agricultural production, especially for engineering agronomic traits. Understanding the bottleneck of this technology and challenges for improvement of major crops in a changing climate are discussed.     

The effect of maternal care on child survival: a demographic, genetic, and evolutionary perspective

Models of population dynamics generally assume that child survival is independent of maternal survival. However, in humans, the death of a mother compromises her immature children's survival because children require postnatal care. A child's survival therefore depends on her mother's survival in years following her birth. Here, we provide a model incorporating this relationship and providing the number of children surviving until maturity achieved by females at each age. Using estimates of the effect that a mother's death has on her child's survival until maturity, we explore the effect of the model on population dynamics. Compared to a model that includes a uniform child survival probability, our model slightly raises the finite rate of increase lambda and modifies generation time and the stable age structure. We also provide estimates of selection on alleles that change the survival of females. Selection is higher at all adult ages in our model and remains significant after menopause (at ages for which the usual models predict neutrality of such alleles). Finally, the effect of secondary caregivers who compensate maternal care after the death of a mother is also emphasized. We show that allocare (as an alternative to maternal care) can have a major effect on population dynamics and is likely to have played an important role during human evolution.     

Indian publishing: enduring the boom

There has been a boom in the publication of Indian plant science research in recent years, defying national trends in other sciences and outperforming the international trends in plant science publications. This boom augurs well for India considering the importance of agriculture to her economy and the crucial need for science-based solutions to break the yield barriers. However, sustaining it requires tackling the problems of funding, infrastructure, manpower and other policy issues.