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Humans and mice lacking angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) have pan-hypolipidemia. ANGPTL3 inhibits two intravascular lipases, LPL and endothelial lipase, and the low plasma TG and HDL-cholesterol levels in ANGPTL3 deficiency reflect increased activity of these enzymes. The mechanism responsible for the low LDL-cholesterol levels associated with ANGPTL3 deficiency is not known. Here we used an anti-ANGPTL3 monoclonal antibody (REGN1500) to inactivate ANGPTL3 in mice with genetic deficiencies in key proteins involved in clearance of ApoB-containing lipoproteins. REGN1500 treatment consistently reduced plasma cholesterol levels in mice in which Apoe, Ldlr, Lrp1, and Sdc1 were inactivated singly or in combination, but did not alter clearance of rabbit 125I-βVLDL or mouse 125I-LDL. Despite a 61% reduction in VLDL-TG production, VLDL-ApoB-100 production was unchanged in REGN1500-treated animals. Hepatic TG content, fatty acid synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation were similar in REGN1500 and control antibody-treated animals. Taken together, our findings indicate that inactivation of ANGPTL3 does not affect the number of ApoB-containing lipoproteins secreted by the liver but alters the particles that are made such that they are cleared more rapidly from the circulation via a noncanonical pathway(s). The increased clearance of lipolytic remnants results in decreased production of LDL in ANGPTL3-deficient animals.  相似文献   

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces heat by burning TGs that are stored within intracellular lipid droplets and need to be replenished by the uptake of TG-derived FA from plasma. It is currently unclear whether BAT takes up FA via uptake of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), after lipolysis-mediated liberation of FA, or via a combination of both. Therefore, we generated glycerol tri[3H]oleate and [14C]cholesteryl oleate double-labeled TRL-mimicking particles with an average diameter of 45, 80, and 150 nm (representing small VLDL to chylomicrons) and injected these intravenously into male C57Bl/6J mice. At room temperature (21°C), the uptake of 3H-activity by BAT, expressed per gram of tissue, was much higher than the uptake of 14C-activity, irrespective of particle size, indicating lipolysis-mediated uptake of TG-derived FA rather than whole particle uptake. Cold exposure (7°C) increased the uptake of FA derived from the differently sized particles by BAT, while retaining the selectivity for uptake of FA over cholesteryl ester (CE). At thermoneutrality (28°C), total FA uptake by BAT was attenuated, but the specificity of uptake of FA over CE was again largely retained. Altogether, we conclude that, in our model, BAT takes up plasma TG preferentially by means of lipolysis-mediated uptake of FA.  相似文献   

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Manipulation of viral genomes is essential for studying viral gene function and utilizing viruses for therapy. Several techniques for viral genome engineering have been developed. Homologous recombination in virus‐infected cells has traditionally been used to edit viral genomes; however, the frequency of the expected recombination is quite low. Alternatively, large viral genomes have been edited using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) plasmid system. However, cloning of large viral genomes into BAC plasmids is both laborious and time‐consuming. In addition, because it is possible for insertion into the viral genome of drug selection markers or parts of BAC plasmids to affect viral function, artificial genes sometimes need to be removed from edited viruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a common DNA virus with a genome length of 152 kbp, causes labialis, genital herpes and encephalitis. Mutant HSV is a candidate for oncotherapy, in which HSV is used to kill tumor cells. In this study, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat‐Cas9 system was used to very efficiently engineer HSV without inserting artificial genes into viral genomes. Not only gene‐ablated HSV but also gene knock‐in HSV were generated using this method. Furthermore, selection with phenotypes of edited genes promotes the isolation efficiencies of expectedly mutated viral clones. Because our method can be applied to other DNA viruses such as Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegaloviruses, vaccinia virus and baculovirus, our system will be useful for studying various types of viruses, including clinical isolates.  相似文献   

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成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白9〔clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9),CRISPR/Cas9〕基因编辑技术的发现源于真细菌和古细菌中CRISPR/Cas系统介导的适应性免疫机制研究。该技术利用特异性向导RNA识别靶点基因,引导核酸内切酶Cas9对其切割,并通过同源重组或非同源末端连接完成对目的DNA的编辑。某些病毒感染机体后,可将其基因组整合到宿主细胞基因组中或潜伏于组织中而无法被彻底清除,从而引起持续性感染。本文参考2013年以来CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术的最新相关研究报道,重点综述其在人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)、人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV )、乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)、 Epstein-Barr病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)等致瘤病毒感染相关疾病研究中的应用,并概括其作用于这些病毒的有效靶点。  相似文献   

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11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) converts inactive 11-keto derivatives to active glucocorticoids within tissues and may play a role in the metabolic syndrome (MS). We used an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to knock down 11β-HSD1 in livers of C57BL/6J mice consuming a Western-type diet (WTD). 11β-HSD1 ASO-treated mice consumed less food, so we compared them to ad libitum-fed mice and to food-matched mice receiving control ASO. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 directly protected mice from WTD-induced steatosis and dyslipidemia by reducing synthesis and secretion of triglyceride (TG) and increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation. These changes in hepatic and plasma lipids were not associated with reductions in genes involved in de novo lipogenesis. However, protein levels of both sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1 and fatty acid synthase were significantly reduced in mice treated with 11β-HSD1 ASO. There was no change in hepatic secretion of apolipoprotein (apo)B, indicating assembly and secretion of smaller apoB-containing lipoproteins by the liver in the 11β-HSD1-treated mice. Our results indicate that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by ASO treatment of WTD-fed mice resulted in improved plasma and hepatic lipid levels, reduced lipogenesis by posttranslational regulation, and secretion of similar numbers of apoB-containing lipoproteins containing less TG per particle.  相似文献   

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CRISPR/Cas系统的出现极大推动了基因编辑领域的进步,特别是CRISPR/Cas9系统,已成为生物医学研究的核心工具。长非编码RNA(lncRNA)在基因调控、细胞分化和多种疾病的发展过程中发挥关键作用,尤其在癌症研究中,lncRNA作为癌症生物标志物和治疗靶点,具有重要的应用前景。然而,由于lncRNA普遍具有低丰度和保守性差等特点,限制了传统手段对其功能的研究。CRISPR/Cas9技术为lncRNA的研究提供了一个高效、灵活且精确的工具,显著加速了该领域的进展。本文首先回顾了CRISPR/Cas9系统的基本原理及其在基因编辑中的广泛应用,包括CRISPR敲除、敲入、干扰和激活等多种功能系统。这些技术不仅可以筛选特定生物过程中的关键lncRNA,还能够用于基因功能研究,探索其在疾病中的作用。本文重点分析了CRISPR/Cas9技术在研究lncRNA功能和调控机制,以及其在肿瘤研究中的关键应用。此外,文章还总结了通过CRISPR/Cas9进行全基因组筛选以识别功能性lncRNA的方法,并探讨了这些lncRNA在癌症细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭以及耐药性中的作用。CRISPR/Cas9敲除系统可以高效敲除lncRNA基因,揭示其在基因调控中的具体功能。同时,CRISPR激活和干扰技术为非编码基因的研究提供了新的思路,通过调控lncRNA的表达水平,进一步探索其在癌症等疾病中的临床应用。文章还探讨了CRISPR技术在未来lncRNA研究中的潜力,尤其是在解决基因组复杂性、靶向效率和脱靶效应等技术难题方面的进展。综上所述,CRISPR/Cas9技术不仅为研究lncRNA提供了强有力的工具,也为未来开发新的癌症诊断和治疗手段提供了新的思路和机会。  相似文献   

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Recanalization therapy by intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular therapy is critical for the treatment of cerebral infarction. However, the recanalization treatment will also exacerbate acute brain injury and even severely threatens human life due to the reperfusion injury. So far, the underlying mechanisms for cerebral ischaemia‐reperfusion injury are poorly understood and effective therapeutic interventions are yet to be discovered. Therefore, in the research, we subjected SK‐N‐BE(2) cells to oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGDR) insult and performed a pooled genome‐wide CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR‐associated protein 9) knockout screen to discover new potential therapeutic targets for cerebral ischaemia‐reperfusion injury. We used Metascape to identify candidate genes which might involve in OGDR resistance. We found that the genes contributed to OGDR resistance were primarily involved in neutrophil degranulation, mitochondrial translation, and regulation of cysteine‐type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process and response to oxidative stress. We then knocked down some of the identified candidate genes individually. We demonstrated that MRPL19, MRPL32, MRPL52 and MRPL51 inhibition increased cell viability and attenuated OGDR‐induced apoptosis. We also demonstrated that OGDR down‐regulated the expression of MRPL19 and MRPL51 protein. Taken together, our data suggest that genome‐scale screening with Cas9 is a reliable tool to analyse the cellular systems that respond to OGDR injury. MRPL19 and MRPL51 contribute to OGDR resistance and are supposed to be promising targets for the treatment of cerebral ischaemia‐reperfusion damage.  相似文献   

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  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白〔clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated protein, CRISPR/Cas〕是原核生物在进化过程中形成的获得性免疫系统,能抵抗噬菌体、质粒及可移动遗传因子等外源性DNA或RNA的入侵。目前,在多种葡萄球菌基因组中均发现CRISPR序列存在,其间隔序列通常与葡萄球菌的噬菌体或接合性质粒具有同源性,可能对葡萄球菌的毒力、耐药性传递和生物膜形成等生理学特性有影响。本文在简单介绍细菌CRISPR/Cas系统的基础上,对葡萄球菌CRISPR/Cas系统的构成、防御机制等进行综述。  相似文献   

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Objective: Viscerally obese individuals are frequently characterized by a proatherogenic condition. A missense mutation (A54T) in the fatty acid binding protein type 2 (FABP2) gene has been associated with insulin resistance and obesity. This study examined the effect of this mutation on lipoprotein levels in viscerally obese hyperinsulinemic condition. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 217 men were assigned to one of two groups based on their FABP2 A54T polymorphism. Results: The two genotypic groups showed no difference in either physiological characteristics or lipoprotein/lipid profile, before or after statistical adjustment for age. From this initial sample, 50 men accepted to have their postprandial lipid response assessed and 10 T54/A54 heterozygotes were then individually matched for visceral adipose tissue accumulation and fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) levels with 10 A54/A54 homozygotes. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐TG levels were significantly increased in the fasting state as well as 4 hours after the test meal (p = 0.04 and p = 0.0008, respectively) in men bearing the A54T mutation. In addition, the area under the curve of postprandial HDL‐TG levels was also significantly higher among T54/A54 heterozygotes than among A54/A54 homozygotes (p = 0.04). Interestingly, fasting TG concentrations in large TG‐rich lipoproteins (large‐TRL; Sf > 400) were correlated with HDL‐TG levels at 4 (r = 0.74, p = 0.01) and 8 hours (r = 0.73, p = 0.01) after the test meal in T54/A54 heterozygotes only. Discussion: The FABP2 A54T missense mutation may contribute to the TG enrichment of HDL in the postprandial state that, in turn, may alter the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease.  相似文献   

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CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) systems provide bacteria and archaea with adaptive immunity to repel invasive genetic elements. Type I systems use ‘cascade’ [CRISPR-associated (Cas) complex for antiviral defence] ribonucleoprotein complexes to target invader DNA, by base pairing CRISPR RNA (crRNA) to protospacers. Cascade identifies PAMs (protospacer adjacent motifs) on invader DNA, triggering R-loop formation and subsequent DNA degradation by Cas3. Cas8 is a candidate PAM recognition factor in some cascades. We analysed Cas8 homologues from type IB CRISPR systems in archaea Haloferax volcanii (Hvo) and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Mth). Cas8 was essential for CRISPR interference in Hvo and purified Mth Cas8 protein responded to PAM sequence when binding to nucleic acids. Cas8 interacted physically with Cas5–Cas7–crRNA complex, stimulating binding to PAM containing substrates. Mutation of conserved Cas8 amino acid residues abolished interference in vivo and altered catalytic activity of Cas8 protein in vitro. This is experimental evidence that Cas8 is important for targeting Cascade to invader DNA.  相似文献   

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AKT,又称为蛋白质激酶B(protein kinase B, PKB),在细胞增殖和代谢过程中发挥关键作用。AKT有3种亚型:AKT1、AKT2和AKT3,这3种亚型对小鼠胚胎干细胞(mouse embryonic stem cells, mESCs)多能性和分化的影响尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨AKT亚型缺失对小鼠胚胎干细胞自我更新和分化的影响。本文利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术建立AKT的3种亚型基因敲除的细胞系,通过蛋白质印迹(Western blot)、流式细胞术、qRT-PCR、CCK-8、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AP)染色和RNA-seq对其表型和分子变化进行分析。Akt的3种亚型基因敲除的细胞系构建成功,Akt1和Akt2的缺失会抑制小鼠胚胎干细胞的增殖,Akt任意一种亚型的缺失不会影响多能性基因在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平的表达,但在拟胚体形成过程中,Akt的3种亚型的缺失均会影响3个胚层基因的mRNA水平表达。转录物组分析结果表明,与野生型mESCs相比,Akt1、Akt2和Akt3缺失后分别有995、547和429个差异表达基因(|log2FC|≧1,P<0.05),这3种亚型调控的差异表达基因存在部分重叠。综上,Akt的3种亚型的独立缺失不影响小鼠胚胎干细胞干性的维持,但是他们对于分化至关重要。Akt的3种亚型可以共同调控基因的表达,同时也保留了各自的调控特异性。本研究为理解Akt的3种亚型在干细胞生物学中的独特和重叠作用提供了基础,突显了它们在维持干细胞功能和分化中的重要性。  相似文献   

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《Journal of lipid research》2017,58(7):1453-1461
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《Journal of lipid research》2016,57(6):1074-1085
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【背景】成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列相关蛋白(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein,CRISPR/Cas9)已被广泛证实是高效、强大的第三代基因编辑工具,在发现功能基因等领域取得了重要进展,但至今尚无利用该方法挖掘猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)宿主基因的报道。【目的】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统在全基因组范围内筛选PEDV复制相关基因,并进行候选基因的初步验证,为培育抗PEDV种猪提供科学参考。【方法】通过CRISPR/Cas9技术构建人肝癌细胞系(Huh-7)全基因组敲除文库,利用PEDV感染Huh-7文库细胞,随后经过高通量测序筛选影响PEDV复制的关键宿主因子,结合基因干扰和检测病毒效价等相关试验对影响PEDV复制的候选基因进行初步验证。【结果】构建了CRISPR/Cas9系统在全基因组范围内筛选PEDV复制相关基因的方法,将富集程度排名靠前的整合素α11(integrin α11,ITGA11)、哺乳动物复制蛋白A2(replication protein A2,RPA2)、驱动蛋白家族成员2A(kinesin family member 2A,KIF2A)、诱导髓系白血病细胞分化蛋白1(induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein 1,MCL1)、多聚ADP核糖化酶1[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1,PARP1]和囊泡单胺转运蛋白(vesicular monoamine transporter,SLC18A1)基因进行了验证;采用siRNA对上述基因分别进行干扰后,结果与对照组相比,干扰ITGA11可显著降低PEDV猪源靶向细胞IPEC-J2中PEDV-NmRNA、蛋白表达水平及子代病毒滴度。【结论】基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的全基因组敲除文库可作为挖掘PEDV复制相关功能基因的有效工具,ITGA11基因可作为一种制备抗PEDV猪种潜在的靶基因。  相似文献   

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