草坪植物对生活垃圾堆肥基质的生理生态响应

以生活垃圾堆肥和土壤(对照)为基质,采用不同播种方式进行草坪建植,研究了堆肥基质对草坪植物光合特性和保护酶系统的影响.结果表明:堆肥能明显地提高草坪植物的净光合速率,第一峰值出现在9:00,在单播方式下,堆肥基质黑麦草、高羊茅分别比各自对照高出12.7%、11.4%;黑麦草与早熟禾混播、高羊茅与早熟禾混播分别比对照高出33.0%、29.6%.堆肥基质黑麦草单播、黑麦草与早熟禾混播表现出比对照较低的日平均蒸腾速率和较高的水分利用效率;而高羊茅单播、高羊茅与早熟禾混播,则呈现比对照较高的日平均蒸腾速率和相似的水分利用效率.以垃圾堆肥为草坪基质,黑麦草表现出高光合、低蒸腾的节水对策;而高羊茅则表现出高光合、高蒸腾的代谢特点.另外,堆肥基质也显著地提高了草坪植物叶片叶绿素含量,单播黑麦草和高羊茅叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于对照(P<0.05).堆肥基质还能显著增强草坪植物叶片POD、SOD和CAT活性,与对照相比差异均达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01),表明堆肥基质中草坪植物的抗逆境能力显著增强.     

垃圾堆肥复合菌剂对干旱胁迫下草坪植物生理生态特性的影响

从生活垃圾堆肥中提取有益微生物菌种,配成不同浓度的复合微生物菌剂（CM）,施入草坪基质,研究了复合微生物菌剂对干旱胁迫下草坪植物生理生态特性的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,接种过复合微生物菌剂的草坪植物叶片的丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于未接种菌剂的对照,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于对照。不同草坪植物品种生理生态特性在接种CM后对干旱胁迫的响应程度不同。即高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea L.）,当接种200倍稀释液的菌剂,叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性达到最大,分别是对照的8.13、1.53和2.46倍;而黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）则当接种100倍稀释液的菌剂,POD和CAT活性分别高出对照64.4%和56.1%,而SOD活性是对照的6.50倍。和对照相比,各接种菌剂处理的脯氨酸（Pro）含量、可溶性蛋白含量明显降低,离体叶片持水力却保持了较高的水平。上述结果表明,接种复合微生物菌剂后,植物能够通过自身的保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而有效缓解干旱胁迫对草坪植物的伤害,提高草坪植物的抗旱性,为干旱环境草坪植物的建植提供依据。     

城市垃圾堆肥及其复合肥对黑麦草草坪质量的影响

为加速城市生活垃圾堆肥农业资源化利用研究,避免重金属等有害物质进入食物链,利用盆栽试验,研究了垃圾堆肥及以其为原料研制而成的3种复合肥的不同施肥水平对土壤肥力,黑麦草生长及草坪质量的影响,以选取最佳的适合黑麦草生长的垃圾肥料及其施用量。共设空白、堆肥、化肥、复合肥1、复合肥2、复合肥3等6个处理,每个处理又分为高、中、低3种施肥水平,测试草坪生物指标的质量状况和土壤肥力。结果表明:与化肥比较,垃圾复合肥可以显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷的含量。垃圾复合肥明显促进了黑麦草的茎与根系的生长,提高了生物量,改善了叶片的色泽和整齐度,提高了草坪的密度和质量;促进了黑麦草对氮的吸收,尤其是生长后期,叶片中氮和叶绿素的含量明显高于化肥与空白处理,且差异显著。草坪质量综合评价以垃圾复合肥1的中量施肥处理为最好,黑麦草分蘖最高,地上生物量适度;除复合肥的高量施肥处理外,复合肥1的中量施肥处理茎叶中氮素和叶绿素含量最高,草坪品质最高。     

生活垃圾堆肥淋洗液培植无土草皮的生态特征

以生活垃圾堆肥淋洗液培植无土草皮,结果表明,垃圾堆肥淋洗液中有机质、全氮、有效磷及其它营养元素含量显著高于对照土壤淋洗液,能够充分满足草坪植物生长需要。高浓度淋洗液使黑麦草和高羊茅种子萌发高峰期推迟出现,但不影响发芽率,到萌发第11天,种子发芽率分别达到94％和92％以上。对黑麦草而言,80％的淋洗液可显著提高植株高度、地上生物量和叶绿素含量;对高羊茅,60％的淋洗液则为最佳浓度。当淋洗液培植的无土草皮进行田间铺坪90d时,黑麦草和高羊茅草皮地上生物量分别达到5．38g／块和7．89g／块,并显著高于对照草皮（P〈0．05）,而地下生物量和根长差异不显著。垃圾堆肥淋洗液改变了黑麦草和高羊茅植株地上／地下生物量的分配格局,使其根冠比降低,其分别为4．60和3．71,并明显低于对照。从坪用性状上看,铺坪后垃圾堆肥淋洗液培养的草皮叶色深绿,质地柔软光滑,明显优于土壤淋洗液培养的对照草皮。     

生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫多样性特征

通过城市生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫,研究了线虫数量、科属分类、营养类群等线虫多样性变化.结果表明,接种草坪土壤线虫 4 个月后,垃圾堆肥基质中共鉴定出线虫4科7属,包括植物寄生性线虫、食真菌线虫和食细菌线虫3个营养类群;垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中线虫总数明显少于土壤基质.在接种草坪线虫的土壤基质草坪建植体系中,植物寄生线虫为优势营养类群,盘旋线虫属仍为优势属,相对多度达到83.3%,显著高于本底土壤45.1%.在接种草坪土壤线虫的垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中,土壤本底中处于优势属的植物寄生类线虫如盘旋线虫属和螺旋线虫属基本消失了,表明垃圾堆肥基质对植物寄生类群的生长与繁殖表现出明显的抑制作用,优势属也发生了很大变化,食细菌类群的头叶属和丽突属成为优势属,相对多度分别为67.0%和14.0%.因此,从草坪土壤线虫危害角度来说,以垃圾堆肥作为草坪基质将会为草坪植物生长创造良好的基质环境.     

生活垃圾堆肥草坪中蚯蚓对植物生长和抗氧化酶系的影响

通过在添加蚯蚓的生活垃圾堆肥基质上培植黑麦草、高羊茅和早熟禾,测定了草坪植物生物量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,研究了蚯蚓活动对3种草坪植物生长和抗氧化酶系的影响。结果表明：蚯蚓活动使黑麦草、高羊茅的地上牛物量分别增加了3．53倍和12．17倍,地下生物量分别增加127．45％和148．94％,而早熟禾地上生物量减少42．37％。放入蚯蚓后,黑麦草和高羊茅的MDA含量分别减少了51．30％和87．52％,早熟禾增加了16．74倍。黑麦草、高羊茅和早熟禾的SOD和POD活性在放入蚯蚓后,分别有所下降,SOD活性分别下降了64．93％,13．38％和83．56％,POD活性分别下降41．15％,54．41％和34．09％。黑麦草CAT活性提高了5．61％,而高羊茅和早熟禾分别下降11．73％和33．23％。可见,生活垃圾堆肥草坪中蚯蚓活动对植物生长及抗氧化酶系的影响因植物种类而异。     

纳米铁联合氧化石墨烯对垃圾堆肥基质高羊茅生理生态的影响

通过室内盆栽试验,在生活垃圾堆肥中按质量比添加1%氧化石墨烯(GO)和不同比例的纳米铁(nZVI,1%、3%、5%),研究了GO和nZVI对高羊茅生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:单独添加GO及共同添加GO和nZVI促进了高羊茅种子萌发,发芽率和发芽指数均在GO+5%nZVI处理达到最大。除1%nZVI处理外,其他添加剂处理显著提高了高羊茅地上生物量和叶绿素含量,在GO+5%nZVI处理达到最大,较对照分别提高25%和31%。添加3%、5%nZVI显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,且随nZVI添加比例的增加而升高。与对照相比,单独添加nZVI以及联合GO处理过氧化氢酶(CAT)与丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,随nZVI添加比例的增加而减少,分别在GO+5%nZVI和GO+3%nZVI处理中达到最低,较对照分别降低52%和48%。高羊茅地上部重金属含量随nZVI添加比例的增加而降低,在共同添加GO和nZVI的处理中效果显著,均显著低于对照。可见,nZVI和GO两种材料对堆肥重金属具有固定作用,减少了植物对重金属的吸收,促进了草坪植物的生长。     

城市污泥堆肥用作草皮基质对草坪草生长的影响

研究了城市污泥堆肥生产草坪基质的应用效果。试验结果表明,城市污泥堆肥基质能明显提高黑麦草的地上和地下生物量和叶绿素含量,与不施化肥和施用化学的对照相比,城市污泥堆肥可以增加土壤有效态氮、磷含量,促进植物叶片对氮的吸收,提高草坪的质量。用经过无害化处理的城市污泥生产草坪基质,既可以解决城市污泥的出路,又可以降低草坪的生产成本,是一条经济可行的途径。     

污泥堆肥对草坪草生长及光合特征的影响

研究不同污泥堆肥施用量(0、0.8%、2%、6%和10%)对高羊茅、黑麦草和早熟禾3种草坪草生长及光合特征的影响.结果表明: 污泥堆肥施用量为6%时效果最好.随污泥堆肥施用量的增加,高羊茅、黑麦草和早熟禾的株高、单叶面积和单株生物量均显著增加,根冠比显著降低,其中,株高增幅分别为64.9%～180.8%、97.3%～200.9%和39.1%～156.5%,单叶面积增幅分别为91.3%～417.4%、186.4%～394.9%和164.6%～508.3%,单株生物量增幅分别为333.4%～867.6%、138.4%～445.1%和316.3%～669.2%.随污泥堆肥施用量的增加,高羊茅净光合速率(P_n)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)呈先增加后降低的趋势;早熟禾P_n、T_r和WUE逐渐增加,C_i呈先增加后降低的趋势;黑麦草P_n和WUE逐渐增加,但其C_i和T_r呈先增加后降低的趋势.污泥堆肥施用使3种草叶绿素a、b和(a+b)含量增加,施用量>6%后叶绿素a、b和(a+b)含量下降,但叶绿素a/b变化不明显.
     

城市垃圾堆肥对Cr污染土壤的修复效应

通过模拟土培试验和盆栽试验 ,研究垃圾堆肥对Cr污染土壤的修复效应 .结果表明 ,垃圾堆肥对于土壤中有效Cr含量的影响是通过有机质含量、Eh、pH、<0 0 1mm粘粒含量等理化因子的变化来实现的 ;有机质含量变化和Eh变化分别是旱地土壤和淹水土壤中的主要影响因素 ,对有效Cr的效应分别占贡献的 73 4 %、5 5 5 %;垃圾堆肥施入土壤后 ,土壤渗透性得到改善 ,土壤中的Cr因被还原、吸附而固定 ,迁移量减少 ;垃圾堆肥施入可以减少植株对Cr的吸收 ,旱地土壤中 ,施加垃圾肥可使生物产量增加 35 9%,植株体内Cr含量下降 48 9%,在淹水土壤中 ,这种效应更加显著 ,生物产量比旱地土壤高 86 3%,Cr含量低 2 3 8%;垃圾堆肥施入后 ,植株体内的其他重金属含量未超标 ,垃圾肥可以安全用于Cr污染土壤的修复 .     

The effects of spent mushroom compost and municipal solid waste compost on Phytophthora drechsleri in vivo and in vitro

Leached spent mushroom compost (SMC), municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and their extracts, were tested to suppress Phytophthora drechsleri in cucumber plants. The composts were mixed with sand-loam soil in sterile and non-sterile types and were used to assess suppressiveness against P. drechselri in greenhouse experiments. The extracts of composts, in both sterile and non-sterile types, were applied to evaluate their effect in suppression of pathogen in vitro. The results of the experiments showed that all applications rate of non-sterile SMC were significantly effective in the control of the pathogen. However the sterile SMC amendments did not have a positive effect on the pathogen suppression in vitro or in vivo, as it was expected. In greenhouse experiments, both composts were effective in controlling pathogen at the rate of 15%, but the treatments amended with higher rate of MSWC did not show a positive effect. The treatments amended with MSWC (15%) and SMC (25%) showed the most suppressive effect in controlling the pathogen. The extract of leached-SMC could inhibit P. drechselri in petri dish.     

EDTA-assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals by turfgrass from municipal solid waste compost using permeable barriers and associated potential leaching risk

A column experiment with horizontal permeable barriers was conducted to investigate phytoextraction of heavy metals by Lolium perenne L. from municipal solid waste compost following EDTA application, as well as to study the effects of L. perenne and permeable barriers on preventing metal from leaching. In columns with barriers, EDTA addition yielded maximum concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb of 155, 541 and 33.5 mg kg⁻¹ in shoot, respectively. This led to 4.2, 2.1 and 7.4 times higher concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb compared to treatment with no chelating agent, respectively. In treatments with 10 mmol kg⁻¹ EDTA, the barriers reduced leaching of Cu, Zn and Pb by approximately three times, respectively, resulting in leaching of total initial Cu, Zn and Pb by 27.3%, 25.2% and 28.8%, respectively, after four times’ irrigation. These results indicate that L. perenne and permeable barriers are effective to reduce leaching of heavy metals and minimize the risk of contaminating groundwater in EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation. Thus these findings highlight that turfgrass and permeable barriers can effectively prevent metal leaching.     

Effects of biodrying process on municipal solid waste properties

In this paper, the effect of biodrying process on municipal solid waste (MSW) properties was studied. The results obtained indicated that after 14 d, biodrying reduced the water content of waste, allowing the production of biodried waste with a net heating value (NHV) of 16,779 ± 2,074 kJ kg⁻¹ wet weight, i.e. 41% higher than that of untreated waste. The low moisture content of the biodried material reduced, also, the potential impacts of the waste, i.e. potential self-ignition and potential odors production. Low waste impacts suggest to landfill the biodried material obtaining energy via biogas production by waste re-moistening, i.e. bioreactor. Nevertheless, results of this work indicate that biodrying process because of the partial degradation of the organic fraction contained in the waste (losses of 290 g kg⁻¹ VS), reduced of about 28% the total producible biogas.     

Environmental assessment of energy production from municipal solid waste incineration

Background, Aims and Scope During the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW), energy is produced which can be utilized to generate electricity. However, electricity production from incineration has to be evaluated from the point view of the environmental performance. In this study, environmental impacts of electricity production from waste incineration plant in Thailand are compared with those from Thai conventional power plants. Methods The evaluation is based on a life cycle perspective using life cycle assessment (LCA) as the evaluation tool. Since MSW incineration provides two services, viz., waste management and electricity production, the conventional power production system is expanded to include landfilling without energy recovery, which is the most commonly used waste management system in Thailand, to provide the equivalent function of waste management. Results The study shows that the incineration performs better than conventional power plants vis-à-vis global warming and photochemical ozone formation, but not for acidification and nutrient enrichment. Discussion There are some aspects which may influence this result. If landfilling with gas collection and flaring systems is included in the analysis along with conventional power production instead of landfilling without energy recovery, the expanded system could become more favorable than the incineration in the global warming point of view. In addition, if the installation of deNO_x process is employed in the MSW incineration process, nitrogen dioxide can be reduced with a consequent reduction of acidification and nutrient enrichment potentials. However, the conventional power plants still have lower acidification and nutrient enrichment potentials. Conclusions The study shows that incineration could not play the major role for electricity production, but in addition to being a waste management option, could be considered as a complement to conventional power production. To promote incineration as a benign waste management option, appropriate deNO_x and dioxin removal processes should be provided. Separation of high moisture content waste fractions from the waste to be incinerated and improvement of the operation efficiency of the incineration plant must be considered to improve the environmental performance of MSW incineration. Recommendations This study provides an overall picture and impacts, and hence, can support a decision-making process for implementation of MSW incineration. The results obtained in this study could provide valuable information to implement incineration. But it should be noted that the results show the characteristics only from some viewpoints. Outlook Further analysis is required to evaluate the electricity production of the incineration plant from other environmental aspects such as toxicity and land-use.