一种从非变性聚丙烯凝胶中回收小片段DNA的方法

利用高分辨率的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳是分离、纯化特异性小片段DNA的首选方法,也是开展后续多种分子生物学试验的前提。本试验比较了改良煮沸法(液氮研磨+煮沸+低温浓缩)、煮沸法及直取法回收小片段DNA,以回收样品模板进行第二次PCR扩增,结果表明:改良方法回收的DNA的纯度高,特异性好,回收率与经典煮沸法相当。在保证回收产物的特异性时,用低温浓缩法替代乙醇/醋酸钠共沉淀也具有可行性及一定的创新性。     

碳酸钙沉淀法回收琼脂糖凝胶中DNA的探讨

采用碳酸钙沉淀法回收琼脂糖凝胶中的DNA,达到分离纯化目的,回收后的DNA可用于重组、PCR等研究。首先将含有目的DNA的琼脂糖凝胶用Nal溶液融解,然后加入cacl2,和NaHCO3,生成CaCO3,沉淀,DNA与cac03形成复合物,通过离心分离出沉淀复合物,利用稀酸溶解沉淀,再用无水乙醇沉降,即可回收目标DNA。利用该方法回收了质粒、毛白杨和转基因羊基因组DNA,同收率为20％～50％,0D260／OD280,为1．7～19,最大回收了21kb片段,最小回收250bp片段,回收后的DNA样品进行了PCR扩增和限制性内切酶反应,PCR可以扩增出目的片段,同时限制性内切酶可以将回收后的DNA切开,表明DNA质量良好。利用碳酸钙沉淀法可以回收琼脂糖凝胶中的DNA,此法简单、易行,较为有效。     

纵纹腹小鸮DNA指纹谱探针的筛选和初步应用

以人工合成的微卫星序列 (GTG) 5,(GT) 8,(CAC) 5和人源小卫星 33 1 5作引物 ,扩增纵纹腹小的基因组DNA ,产生多态性DNA片段 ,回收了 8个表现个体特异性的片段。当用小的基因组总DNA探针与它们杂交时 ,其中 2个表现阳性 ,说明PCR方法扩增出的高变异产物含有重复序列。用含重复序列的个体特异性PCR产物作探针 ,与无关个体小基因组DNA的HaeⅢ酶切产物进行DNA印迹 ,获得了变异性较高的DNA指纹图谱。且通过对京白鸡家系分析表明 ,用小基因组DNA的PCR产物分离制备的探针所获得的DNA指纹图带能够稳定的遗传。因此 ,高变异的PCR产物可以有效地用作DNA指纹探针。     

一种有效回收短片段PCR产物的方法

目的:为了有效地回收小于200bp的短片段PCR产物。方法:研究了在-20℃条件下,用无水乙醇和3mol/l醋酸钠共沉淀短片段的PCR产物的方法。结果和结论:用这种共沉淀PCR产物的方法,它能够有效地回收小于200bp以下的DNA片段,并且回收到的片段能够有效的进行酶切反应和T-载体连接反应。这种方法也能够回收酶切后的短DNA片段,并对后来的连接反应没有影响。这种共沉淀回收短片段DNA方法相对于其他方法来不仅具有可行性,而且有经济和操作简单的优点。     

单链DNA纯化对变性PAGE凝胶银染片段回收效率的提高

为了提高变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）银染后片段回收的效率,本实验在传统的煮沸法的基础上加入单链DNA纯化的步骤对水稻基因组CCGG为点甲基化敏感限制性酶切多态性（MSAP）分析片段进行回收,并对加入该步骤后的再扩增的效率与传统煮沸法进行了比较。实验结果显示,加入单链DNA纯化步骤后的回收效率比传统煮沸法提高了约6倍。改进后的方法可以有效地用于扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）以及MSAP等差异显示PAGE凝胶银染DNA片段的回收。     

PCR-DGGE研究微生物种群中多条带产生原因分析

鸡肠道微生物菌群经PCR-DGGE分析,回收PCR-DGGE分析胶上的一条DNA片段,回收的DNA片段再重复进行2次PCR-DGGE分析,以及分别用PCR反复循环扩增和PCR高保真酶扩增后再进行DGGE分析等方法研究PCR-DGGE分析中多条带产生原因。结果显示PCR-DGGE分析中多条带产生原因可能是作PCR扩增模板的DNA混杂有少量其他DNA片段,多条带现象不易被消除。DGGE分析胶上的DNA片段测序时,将该DNA片段回收、PCR扩增后克隆,提取多个阳性克隆菌的质粒DNA片段,分别与其原目的DNA片段进行DGGE分析,在DGGE分析胶上选取与原目的DNA片段处于同一电泳位置的质粒DNA测序,提高测序的准确性。     

纵纹腹小HaoDNA指纹谱探针的筛选和初步应用

以人工合成的微卫星序列（GTG）5,（GT）8,（CAC）5和人源小卫星33.15作引物,扩增纵纹腹小Hao的基因组DNA,产生多态性DNA片段,回收了8个表现个体特异性的片段,当用小Hao的基因组总DNA探针与它们杂交时,其中2个表现阳性,说明PCR方法扩增出的高变异产物含有重复序列,用含重复序列的个体特异性PCR产物作探针,与无关个体小Hao基因组DNA的HaeⅢ酶切产物进行DNA印迹,获得了变性性较高的DNA指纹图谱,且通过对京白鸡家系分析表明,用小Hao基因组DNA 的PCR产物分离制备的探针所获得的DNA指纹图带能够稳定的遗传,因此,高变异的PCR产物可以有效地用作DNA指纹探针。     

用透析膜从琼脂糖胶中回收DNA片段

分离与回收DNA片段是基因操作的重要环节之一。本文介绍了一个用透析膜从琼脂糖胶中回收 DNA 片段的改进方法。利用本法回收DNA片段洗脱容易、节约时间、回收率在80％ 左右。回收的 DNA片段可用于酶切反应、连接反应和用缺口位移反应制备32p标记DNA探针。     

利用高效的大片段DNA回收方法改良Fosmid文库的构建

外源DNA插入片段为40 kb左右的Fosmid文库在基因组学研究中有广泛的应用,但长期以来,40 kb外源片段的分离与纯化依赖于传统的切胶并电洗脱至透析袋的方法,难以得到足够量的DNA片段,极大降低Fosmid文库构建的成功率。通过改进全自动核酸/蛋白质回收系统SageELF的操作流程,建立一种简单、便捷、高效地回收40 kb左右DNA片段的方法,并用其成功地构建高质量的Fosmid文库。从文库中随机挑选的25个单克隆,经过测序及酶切分析,发现该文库中插入的DNA片段大小为37.9±5.2 kb。以上结果表明,利用改良的操作方法回收40 kb基因组DNA,操作简捷、高效,片段大小精准;另外,用该DNA片段构建的Fosmid文库,插入片段比较集中,有利于后续的基因组学分析。     

一种从琼脂糖凝胶中同步回收DNA和琼脂糖的方法

介绍一种从琼脂糖凝胶同步回收DNA和琼脂糖的方法。利用0.25 mol/L异硫氰酸胍溶液(p H 8.0)溶解含有目的 DNA片段的的凝胶条,胶条溶解后,静置冰上10 min再加入预冷的异丙醇,琼脂糖呈颗粒状析出,通过离心即可初步分离DNA和琼脂糖。上清液用异丙醇沉淀回收DNA片段,利用50%PEG溶液沉淀琼脂糖。分别对0.2 kb、1 kb和10 kb长度的DNA片段进行回收,回收率分别为19.44%、36.40%、13.49%,回收的DNA纯度高,电泳条带清晰。琼脂糖均回收率为62.52%,回收琼脂糖脱水后的状态为白色颗粒。该方法切实可行,回收成本低廉,回收的DNA和琼脂糖可用于后续实验。     

Selection and Characterization of Dunaliella salina Mutants Defective in Haloadaptation

A technique for selection of Dunaliella mutants defective in their capacity to recover from osmotic shocks has been developed. The selection is based on physical separation of mutants on density gradients. This technique takes advantage of the fact that Dunaliella cells, when exposed to osmotic shocks, initially change volume and density due to water gain or loss and subsequently recover their volume and density by readjusting their intracellular glycerol. Eight mutants that do not recover their original density following hyperosmotic shocks have been isolated. The mutants grow similar to wild type cells in 1 molar NaCl, and recover like the wild type from hypotonic shocks but are defective in recovering from hypertonic shocks. A partial characterization of one of the mutants is described.     

Cloning of methylated transforming DNA from Neurospora crassa in Escherichia coli.

An arg-2 mutant of Neurospora crassa was transformed to prototrophy with a pBR322-N. crassa genomic DNA library. Repeated attempts to recover the integrated transforming DNA or segments thereof by digestion, ligation, and transformation of Escherichia coli, with selection for the plasmid marker ampicillin resistance, were unsuccessful. Analyses of a N. crassa transformant demonstrated that the introduced DNA was heavily methylated at cytosine residues. This methylation was shown to be responsible for our inability to recover transformants in standard strains of E. coli; transformants were readily obtained in a strain which is deficient in the two methylcytosine restriction systems. Restriction of methylated DNA in E. coli may explain the general failure to recover vector or transforming sequences from N. crassa transformants.     

六种回收纯化差异显示PCR产物方法的比较

目的:建立mRNA差异显示PCR产物回收纯化方法。方法:采用了6种方法对干旱东亚砂藓mRNA差异显示技术的特异PCR产物进行分离回收纯化。结果:6种不同回收方法,显示不同的结果。结论:冻融法简单、方便、经济、有效,对东亚砂藓构建的mRNA差异显示技术中特异条带进行回收,具有有效性和可靠性。     

圈卷产色链霉菌分化关键基因——saw1的克隆及酶切分析

链霉菌是现代生物学研究中一种重要的微生物,它有两个突出的特征:其一,有无与伦比的合成次生代谢产物的能力,世界上所知数千种抗生素的70％由其产生。其二,有一个复杂的发育分化的生命周期,是微生物分化研究的一个最好的模式材料。链霉菌分化主要为形态分化和生理分化,两者彼此独立又相互关联,构成复杂的分化调控网络,研究分化基因的调控不但有重要的理论意义,而且可用于控制抗生素的生物合成,因此弄清合成途径的分子机制,也有潜在的应用价值。圈卷产色链霉菌是从我国东北土     

Effects of drought and subsequent rewatering on Rumex obtusifolius leaves of different ages: reversible and irreversible damages

Solute leakage from leaves can be high, especially under abiotic stress. As climate models project higher drought risks for future summers in Central Europe, the more frequent and more severe drought stress periods might cause increased leakage. Solute leakage under drought and subsequent rewatering was tested in the weed Rumex obtusifolius. A strong increase in leakage from leaves was found in response to drought. Older leaves leaking high amounts of solutes after 17 days of drought were not able to recover and died. However, younger leaves leaking smaller amounts at the end of the drought period were able to recover during a subsequent rewatering period. The results show that the ability of leaves to recover from damage after a drought stress phase must be accounted for because it is an important factor for overall plant performance and finally for competition with other species in the field, particularly under drought conditions.     

The Effects of Mechanical Stimulation on Some Electrical Properties of Axons

Rapid, short duration mechanical compression of lobster giant axons by a crystal-driven stylus produces a depolarization and an increase in membrane conductance which develop immediately with compression but take several seconds to recover. The conductance increase occurs even when the depolarization is prevented electrically. If sodium is removed from the external medium or if procaine is added to it, compression produces almost no depolarization. Small bundles of myelinated frog fibers are depolarized by rapid compression but recover very rapidly (milliseconds); "off" responses are occasionally seen. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanoelectric transducer behavior of an axon membrane.     

Rapid Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems

Background

Recent reports on the state of the global environment provide evidence that humankind is inflicting great damage to the very ecosystems that support human livelihoods. The reports further predict that ecosystems will take centuries to recover from damages if they recover at all. Accordingly, there is despair that we are passing on a legacy of irreparable damage to future generations which is entirely inconsistent with principles of sustainability.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We tested the prediction of irreparable harm using a synthesis of recovery times compiled from 240 independent studies reported in the scientific literature. We provide startling evidence that most ecosystems globally can, given human will, recover from very major perturbations on timescales of decades to half-centuries.

Significance/Conclusions

Accordingly, we find much hope that humankind can transition to more sustainable use of ecosystems.     

mRNA差异显示技术中特异条带回收方法的比较

目的：建立简化的mRNA差异显示技术中特异条带的回收方法。方法：用单个小鼠早期发育的胚胎构建mRNA差异显示技术,用一步法和煮沸法分别从银染的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中回收差异显示的特异条带,并进行再扩增、回收、克隆及酶切鉴定。结果：两种不同的回收方法经过mRNA差异显示技术程序环节,证明其具有相同的实验效果。结论：应用简化的一步法和煮沸法对单胚构建的mRNA差异显示技术中的特异条带进行回收,具有有效性和可靠性。     

Effects of preparation method, age, and plating technique of thin agar layer media on recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 injured by sodium chloride

The thin agar layer (TAL) method was experimentally tested to determine its ability to recover Escherichia coli O157:H7 injured by sodium chloride (NaCl). Cells grown in Brain Heart Infusion broth with 0%, 5%, or 7.5% (w/v) NaCl were spread and spiral plated onto Tryptic Soy agar (TSA), MacConkey Sorbitol agar (MSA), and TSA/MSA TAL combinations. Generally, TSA recovered more injured cells than TAL (p < or =0.05), and TAL recovered more cells than MSA (p < or =0.05). Preparation mode (two vs. three layers) and age (0, 1, or 7 days) of TAL had negligible effect on resuscitation of injured cells (p > 0.05). TAL, which is conventionally used to recover heat, cold, and acid-injured foodborne pathogens, may be used to recover NaCl-injured E. coli O157:H7.     

Xylem embolism refilling and resilience against drought-induced mortality in woody plants: processes and trade-offs

Understanding which species are able to recover from drought, under what conditions, and the mechanistic processes involved, will facilitate predictions of plant mortality in response to global change. In response to drought, some species die because of embolism-induced hydraulic failure, whilst others are able to avoid mortality and recover, following rehydration. Several tree species have evolved strategies to avoid embolism, whereas others tolerate high embolism rates but can recover their hydraulic functioning upon drought relief. Here, we focus on structures and processes that might allow some plants to recover from drought stress via embolism reversal. We provide insights into how embolism repair may have evolved, anatomical and physiological features that facilitate this process, and describe possible trade-offs and related costs. Recent controversies on methods used for estimating embolism formation/repair are also discussed, providing some methodological suggestions. Although controversial, embolism repair processes are apparently based on the activity of phloem and ray/axial parenchyma. The mechanism is energetically demanding, and the costs to plants include metabolism and transport of soluble sugars, water and inorganic ions. We propose that embolism repair should be considered as a possible component of a ‘hydraulic efficiency-safety’ spectrum. We also advance a framework for vegetation models, describing how vulnerability curves may change in hydrodynamic model formulations for plants that recover from embolism.