牲畜废水对两种红树植物幼苗的影响

研究了淡水(盐度为0）和海水(盐度为30)两种盐水度条件下温室盆栽系统红树植物秋茄和榄对牲畜废水的生长和生理反应．结果表明,牧畜废水对秋茄和木榄的生长指标(包括高度、基径、叶片生成量、最大叶面积和相对生长率)有显著促进作用;盐度水平和废水的加入均对秋茄生物量的分配无明显影响,但废水使木榄的根生物量比和根／茎比减小而叶生物量比增加;两种盐度下废水处理组秋茄加绿素a、叶绿素b含量与相应对照组无显著差异,而木榄有比对照高的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量;废水处理组秋茄叶片电导率高于对照组,但木榄叶片电导率在淡水条件下与对照组无显著差异,在海水条件下甚至低于对照组;牲畜废水对秋茄和木榄的根系活力均无显著影响;在两种盐度条件下牲畜废水均导致秋茄茎和根POX活性的明显增强,而对叶POX活性则无显著影响,牲畜废水对木榄叶和茎POX活性无显著影响,而木榄根POX活性淡水条件下下降、海水条件下则升高;两种盐度条件下牲畜废水均使得木榄各器官的SOD活性显著下降,而对秋茄SOD活性基本无显著影响。     

几种红树植物幼苗中可溶性糖的含量

用Ｓｏｍｏｇｙｉ法测定了红海榄、木榄和秋茄３种红树植物幼苗的根、茎、叶和胚轴中可溶性糖的含量。同时．进行了加样回收率试验,回收率平均为１００．４８％,变异系数为２．１４％     

广西英罗湾红海榄和木榄两种红树群落小气候的初步研究(简报)

对广西莫罗湾红海榄和木榄两种红树群落内及空旷地气象要素的对比研究表明,红海榄和木榄两种群７月份３天内的日平均光照强度分别比空旷地（３６４２１　１ｘ）减少８１．９％和４９．８％;平均土温分别低１．８℃和２．３℃;平均风速分别降低６４．７％和６７．７％。红海榄群落内气温和相对湿度的日较差比空旷地和木榄群落内显著增大。     

盐度对两种红树幼苗生长的影响

应用系列盐度海水培养秋茄、木榄胚轴,结果表明,红树胚轴抽条高生长量与一定范围的盐度呈负相关,总的呈抛物线关系。盐度为8.75‰和4.38‰时,秋茄、木榄胚轴的抽条高生长量最大,在同等条件下,木榄生长比秋茄快。因此,选择最适盐范围的生境有利于快速营造红树林。     

天然红海榄支柱根空间结构研究

通过对红海榄及其支柱根的定位,利用角尺度、大小比数和最小距离3个参数对特呈岛不同群落的红海榄支柱根空间结构进行研究。结果表明,红海榄纯林、红海榄+白骨壤、红海榄+木榄混交林3种不同群落中红海榄支柱根的平均角尺度分别是0.772、0.692和0.636,大于均匀分布的取值范围［0.475,0.517］,属于聚集分布格局;支柱根的直径大小比数和高度大小比数均接近0.5,从直径大小比数来看,在参照支柱根与相邻支柱根的结构单元中,径级分布较均匀;高度大小比数和直径大小比数在描述红海榄各参照支柱根与相邻根之间的生长优势方面具有较强的一致性;3种群落中红海榄支柱根的最小距离分别是2.83、1.00和2.24 cm,平均距离分别是10.54、9.07和8.63 cm。3个结构参数量化了参照支柱根与其相邻根之间的空间关系,对红海榄的有效保护及合理利用具有一定的实际指导意义。     

红树植物改造桐花树次生灌木林效果的研究

通过对16a生的木榄、红海榄、海莲红树植物在桐花树次生灌木群落中进行人工改造的形成的新群落调查与分析,结果表明:海莲、红海榄和木榄都能成功在桐花树灌木林群落定居,其中以木榄的地径、树高生长量较大;红海榄、海莲的造林的株行距为1m×1m或0.8m×1m,木榄的株行距为1.5m×2m为宜;引入红树林乔木树种海莲、红海榄、木榄小苗16年后,桐花树密度呈不同程度的减少,其中木榄的引入较不利于桐花树次生灌木群落的发展;海莲、红海榄各自生物量或群落总生物量均比桐花树群落总生物量增加,以红海榄的生物量增加量最大,为桐花树群落总生物量的1.9倍;海莲、木榄具有良好的更新状况,特别在海莲群落中,平均每方米超过2株幼苗,说明该群落开始步入发育盛期,可以预见未来的15年内,可使红树林群落茂密复生。     

多刺裸腹溞在不同盐度下的种群增长参数及其驯化

在25±1℃及小球藻、酵母、牛粪+稻草+沃土3种食物条件下,研究了多刺裸腹溞在海水盐度为2‰、3‰、4‰、6‰和淡水5个浓度下的种群增长参数.实验表明无论投喂何种食物,在淡水至4‰盐度范围内,多刺裸腹溞种群的内禀增长率(rm无显著差异为0.725-1.070(d-1);净增殖率(Rn)以小球藻组平均数最高为55.13(ind.);世代时间(T)以酵母组最长,平均为5.38(d).6‰为多刺裸腹溞的生殖盐度上限.经过短期的海水驯化,其生殖的盐度上限可达9-10‰.     

盐胁迫下红树植物秋茄(Kandelia candel)热值变化的研究

 研究了盐胁迫强度对培养170d的秋茄(Kandelia candel)幼苗根、茎、叶和胚轴热值及灰分含量的影响。结果表明盐胁迫强度对胚轴的热值及灰分含量的影响不明显,而根、茎和叶的热值及灰分含量明显受基质盐度影响。低盐条件下,根、茎和叶的热值随盐胁迫强度的提高而提高,而高盐胁迫时又随盐胁迫强度的提高而下降,与根、茎和叶的最高热值相对应的基质盐度分别为15‰、25‰和30‰。盐度15‰左右是秋茄幼苗最适生长区。热值可作为植物抗盐性的生理指标之一。     

非胎生红树植物繁殖体特征及潮间带分带现象

研究了香港4种非胎生红树植物榄李(Lumnitzera racemosa(Jack．)Voigt．)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis(Drgand．)Ait．)、海漆(Excoecaria agallocha L．)和老鼠筋(Acanthus ilicifotius L．)的繁殖体特征和萌发技术,并分析了其在潮间带分带的决定因素。所有直接种植的新鲜榄李繁殖体均不能萌发,但经湿润贮藏35d和50d的繁殖体能萌发,说明该物种具有种子休眠的特性。榄李萌发率随盐度升高而下降,盐度高于25则不能萌发。银叶树繁殖体果壳的去除可加速其萌发。海漆和老鼠筋的繁殖体分别在2d和3d开始萌根。在繁殖体萌发方面,老鼠筋的耐盐性比榄李强。4种非胎生红树植物对潮间带不稳定环境的适应方式有：(1)繁殖体的寿命较长,如榄李和银叶树;(2)萌根速度快,如海漆和老鼠筋;(3)具有沉性繁殖体,如榄李。繁殖体的悬浮性是决定这4种非胎生红树植物潮间带分带的最重要因素：榄李因具有沉性繁殖体而自然分布于最靠海的区域,而银叶树、海漆和老鼠筋因具有浮性繁殖体而更靠陆岸分布。对于繁殖体悬浮性相同的物种,萌根速度是影响潮间带分带的重要因素：完整的银叶树繁殖体需要108d才能萌根,因而分布于最靠陆岸的区域,而海漆和老鼠筋因萌根速度快而在相对更靠海的区域分布。环境盐度、繁殖体大小、动物啃食和幼苗大小等因素则不能解释香港非胎生红树植物在潮间带的分带现象。     

非胎生红树植物繁殖体特征及潮间带分带现象

研究了香港4种非胎生红树植物榄李(Lumnitzeraracemosa(Jack.)Voigt.)、银叶树(Heritieralittoralis(Drgand.)Ait.)、海漆(Excoecaria agallocha L.)和老鼠簕(Acanthusilicifolius L.)的繁殖体特征和萌发技术,并分析了其在潮间带分带的决定因素.所有直接种植的新鲜榄李繁殖体均不能萌发,但经湿润贮藏35 d和50d的繁殖体能萌发,说明该物种具有种子休眠的特性.榄李萌发率随盐度升高而下降,盐度高于25则不能萌发.银叶树繁殖体果壳的去除可加速其萌发.海漆和老鼠簕的繁殖体分别在2 d和3 d开始萌根.在繁殖体萌发方面,老鼠簕的耐盐性比榄李强.4种非胎生红树植物对潮间带不稳定环境的适应方式有:(1)繁殖体的寿命较长,如榄李和银叶树;(2)萌根速度快,如海漆和老鼠簕;(3)具有沉性繁殖体,如榄李.繁殖体的悬浮性是决定这4种非胎生红树植物潮间带分带的最重要因素:榄李因具有沉性繁殖体而自然分布于最靠海的区域,而银叶树、海漆和老鼠簕因具有浮性繁殖体而更靠陆岸分布.对于繁殖体悬浮性相同的物种,萌根速度是影响潮间带分带的重要因素:完整的银叶树繁殖体需要108 d才能萌根,因而分布于最靠陆岸的区域,而海漆和老鼠簕因萌根速度快而在相对更靠海的区域分布.环境盐度、繁殖体大小、动物啃食和幼苗大小等因素则不能解释香港非胎生红树植物在潮间带的分带现象.     

Light-dependent photosynthetic characteristics indicated by chlorophyll fluorescence in five mangrove species native to Pohnpei Island,Micronesia

To investigate the adaptive capacity to strong light among mangrove species, we examined light-dependent properties of photosynthesis in relation to photoinhibition using chlorophyll fluorescence for sun-leaves of five mangrove tree species; Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Xylocarpus granatum. These species were classified into three groups; pioneer -S. alba and R. stylosa, intermediate -R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza and climax species -X. granatum. A further distinction can be made between the two intermediate species, the less shade-tolerant R. apiculata and the shade-tolerant B. gymnorrhiza. There was a clear association between successional status and light-saturated electron transport rate (ETR) where ETR was higher in S. alba and R. stylosa > R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza > X. granatum. Based on its lower initial slope of light-dependent ETR and lower ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) after a dark-adaptation, X. granatum appeared to suffer greater photoinhibition than other species. The response of qP, which represents PSII openness, to incident light indicates a ranking of tolerant capacity to photoinhibition of S. alba and R. stylosa > R. apiculata > B. gymnorrhiza and X. granatum. The difference in qP response between R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza might be attributed to the higher leaf absorptance and the lower degree of thermal dissipation indicated by the higher F'v/F'm in B. gymnorrhiza. It appears that the co-ordination of leaf absorptance, thermal dissipation and consumption of absorbed light energy through electron transport is important in the acclimation of mangrove species to exposed habitats.     

三种红树植物叶片的比较解剖学研究

研究了采自福建九龙江口的3种红树植物,秋茄(Kandeliacandel)、木榄(Bruguieragymnorrhiza)和红海榄(Rhizophorastylosa)的叶片结构并探讨了其生态学意义。结果表明,这3种红树植物叶片都具有适应海生环境的结构,较厚的角质层,表皮之内有内皮层,内皮层属贮水组织;气孔都分布在下表皮,下陷,并有大的孔下室;中脉有发达的维管束,其导管粗大。从叶片的横切面来看,秋茄叶片具有对称的结构,为等面叶;木榄和红海榄的叶片结构不对称,为异面叶。3种植物叶内都含有较丰富的单宁,以秋茄最高,红海榄次之,木榄最少。这些结构差异可为物种鉴定提供依据。     

Respiratory and osmoregulatory responses of the hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc), to salinity changes

Intertidal hermit crabs were stepwise acclimated to 10, 20, and 30‰ salinity (S) and 21 ± 1 °C. Hemolymph osmolality, sodium, chloride, and magnesium were isosmotic (isoionic) to ambient sea water at 30‰ and hyperosmotic (hyperionic) at 20 and 10‰ S, while hemolymph potassium was significantly hyperionic in all acclimation salinities. Total body water did not differ significantly at any acclimation salinity. Oxygen uptake rates were higher in summer-than winter-adapted crabs. No salinity effect on oxygen consumption occurred in winter-adapted individuals. Summer-adapted, 30‰ acclimated crabs had a significantly lower oxygen consumption rate than those acclimated 10 and 20‰ S. Crabs exposed to 30 10 30‰ and 10 30 10‰ semidiurnal (12 h) and diurnal (24.8 h) fluctuating salinity regimes showed variable osmoregulatory and respiratory responses. Hemolymph osmolality followed the osmolality of the fluctuating ambient sea water in all cases, but was regulated hyperosmotically. Hemolymph sodium, chloride, and magnesium concentrations were similar to hemolymph osmolality changes. Sodium levels fluctuated the least. Hemolymph potassium was regulated hyperionically during all fluctuation patters, but corresponded to sea water potassium only under diurnal conditions. The osmoregulatory ability of Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) resembles that reported for several euryhaline brachyuran species. The time course of normalized oxygen consumption rate changed inversely with salinity under semidiurnal and diurnal 10 30 10‰ S fluctuations. Patterns of 30 10 30‰ S cycles had no effect on oxygen consumption rate time course changes. The average hourly oxygen consumption rates during both semidiurnal fluctuations were significantly lower than respective control rates, but no statistical difference was observed under diurnal conditions.     

广东湛江保护区红树林种群的生物量及其分布格局

本文研究了广东湛江红树林自然保护区高桥镇红寨村及德耀村海滩红树植物的种群分布格局与生物量。结果表明：５年生桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、秋茄群落、１０年生木榄群落、３０年生红海榄群落的总生物量分别为５５４７５ｇ／ｍ２、１６３７０１ｇ／ｍ２、６２６４４８ｇ／ｍ２、４１３８４３ｇ／ｍ２、９６１０２０ｇ／ｍ２;其中地下部分生物量占总生物量的比例依次为３２２８％、４５４５％、４１３１％、２９８５％和２８２９％。计算得Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多样性指数为２２３２。种群的分布格局中桐花树、白骨壤、红海榄和秋茄种群为集群分布,而木榄种群为随机分布。     

Responses of the sand dollar <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scaphechinus mirabilis</Emphasis> to extreme environmental changes

The survival ability of the adult sand dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis (Agassiz) in varying environments was studied. In an experiment on a hard substrate, 88% of the animals survived for 40 days (August–September) during variation of sea water temperature from 21.0 to 16.5°C and variation of salinity from 33.3 to 31.5‰. At 17°C, the salinity tolerance range was 34–24‰. At the same temperature. 100% of the animals remained alive for 14 days within a salinity range from 34 to 18‰; at 16 and 14‰ the ratio of surviving sea urchins was 30 and 20% respectively. Thus, S. mirabilis has considerable adaptive capabilities and is able to survive for a long time under extreme environmental changes.     

Acetylcholinesterase activity of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor: effects of temperature and salinity

In order to estimate the potential use of the mean wholebody acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity from the ragworm Nereis diversicolor for the biological assessment of pollution by anticholinesterase agents in estuarine areas, we measured the effects of the main abiotic factors (i.e. temperature and salinity) on AChE activity. We report here that AChE activity tends to decrease in individuals sampled in tanks at a salinity of 30‰ as temperature increases. No tendencies in the evolution of AChE activity were observed in individuals sampled in tanks at a salinity of 15‰. In contrast, salinity seems to have a greater effect on AChE activity than temperature. At a temperature of 12°C, a salinity of 30‰ provokes a significant transient increase of AChE 2 days after the beginning of the maintenance period compared with a salinity of 15‰. The effects are short-term stress effects. We noticed only a transient increase of AChE activity between 2 days for individuals maintained in tanks at temperature of 20°C and salinity of 15 and 30‰, respectively, and 8 days for individuals maintained in tanks at salinity of 30‰ and at a temperature of 12°C after the beginning of the maintenance period, confirming the more pronounced effect of salinity over temperature.     

牛蒡抗虫活性及抗虫成分的初步研究

在水温(23±0.5)℃、pH 7.0～8.0、溶解氧＞5 mg· L-1的条件下,研究孵化过程中不同盐度对拟目乌贼胚胎发育和孵化率的影响.结果表明,拟目乌贼卵透明略带奶油色,近椭圆形,短径为0.596～1.758 cm,长径为1.452～3.136 cm,刚产出的卵重约2g;孵化完成时,卵膜内的重量达到4.5g.在盐度为28‰时,经过28～30 d孵化,卵的短径和长径平均分别增加了0.601、0.615 cm,孵化率为57.0％;盐度为23‰时,卵的长径和短径也相应增加,增幅分别为0.567、1.263 cm,孵化率为13.5％;盐度为33‰时,经过28～30 d孵化,卵短径平均增长0.150 cm,而长径却缩短了0.141 cm,孵化率为9.5％;在盐度为13‰、18‰、38‰和43‰条件下,胚胎停止发育,孵化率为0.结果表明,拟目乌贼属于狭盐性种类,盐度变化对拟目乌贼胚胎发育和孵化有直接影响.     

Effects of salinity on the respiration and heart rate of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L., and the black chiton, Katherina tunicata (Wood)

The rate of oxygen consumption of stepwise acclimated Mytilus edulis L. increased linearly from 30 to 10‰ salinity (S) while that of Katherina tunicata (Wood) was not significantly different between 10 and 30‰ S. Heart rate was 21–22 and 17–18 beats m^?1 in Mytilus edulis and Katherina tunicata, respectively, and no difference was found in the heart rate of either species acclimated stepwise to 10, 20 or 30‰ S. The average oxygen consumption rate of Mytilus edulis exposed to 12 h, 30-10-30 and 10-30-10‰ S cycles of fluctuating salinity was significantly lower than the respective control rate: there was a similar response during the 30-10-30‰ S cycle in Katherina tunicata. The respiration rate of Mytilus edulis and Katherina tunicata declined as salinity deviated from the control salinity and increased as salinity returned to the control salinity. The rate of oxygen consumption by K. tunicata varied directly with the ambient salinity during the 10-30-10‰ S cycle. The average heart rate of Mytilus edulis was significantly lower during cyclic changes in salinity than at the respective control salinities; a similar relationship existed for Katherina tunicata during the 10-30-10‰ S cycle. Heart rate of Mytilus edulis varied in a parallel manner with oxygen consumption during both cycles. Katherina tunicata heart rate was relatively constant and could not be fitted to a regression line during the 10-30-10‰ S cycle. The normalized heart rate increased to 113% of control at 10‰ S of the 30-10-30‰ S cycle and returned to the control rate by 12 h. The oxygen consumption and heart rate of these two species are not directly coupled to regulation of water volume because different responses are observed with respect to salinity although there is poor water volume regulation in both species.