HIF-1α信号通路在肿瘤细胞调控中的研究进展

缺氧诱导因子(HIF-1α)是肿瘤细胞生长过程中重要的调控因子,研究其作用机制有利于实现对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用。HIF-1α可引起多种基因转录,使肿瘤细胞耐受低氧环境,进而使癌症患者在治疗过程中产生耐受反应,最终影响治疗效果,甚至放弃治疗。因此,以HIF-1α为靶点是治疗肿瘤的重要手段和方法。本文对HIF-1α的基本概况及其主要信号通路(PI3K通路、HSP90通路及MAPK通路)以及不同通路抑制剂(如LY294002、17AAG、PD98059、U0126、SB203580、SP600125等)进行综述,并对HIF-1α的应用前景进行展望。     

缺氧缺糖诱导心肌细胞损伤中Notch信号对HIF-α及自噬相关基因Beclin1,LC3Ⅰ,LC3Ⅱ表达的影响

目的:探讨在缺氧缺糖诱导心肌细胞损伤的模型中Notch信号对低氧诱导因子(HIF-1α)及自噬相关的基因Beclin1,LC3Ⅰ,LC3Ⅱ的影响。方法:利用低氧培养箱与低糖DMEM培养基建立缺氧缺糖细胞(OGD)模型,细胞分为正常对照组,缺氧缺糖组(OGD group),缺氧缺糖+NC siRNA组(OGD+NC siRNA group),缺氧缺糖+Notch1 siRNA组(OGD+Notch1 siRNA group),缺氧缺糖+HIF-1αsiRNA组(OGD+HIF-1αsiRNA group),利用Western blot检测Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1αsiRNA的干预效果;利用Western blot检测Notch1 siRNA对模型细胞中HIF-1α表达的影响;利用CCK-8实验检测Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1αsiRNA对心肌细胞活性的影响;利用Western blot检测Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1αsiRNA对自噬相关的基因Beclin1,LC3Ⅰ,LC3Ⅱ的影响。结果:HIF-1αsiRNA可有效敲低模型心肌细胞HIF-1α的表达,而Notch1 siRNA可有效敲低模型心肌细胞中Notch1与HIF-1α的表达;Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1αsiRNA可降低缺氧缺糖细胞模型中心肌细胞的活性,且二者的作用之间没有统计学差异(P>0.05);Western blot结果显示Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1αsiRNA可降低模型细胞中自噬相关的基因Beclin1,LC3Ⅰ,LC3Ⅱ的表达,降低LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ的比率。结论:Notch1通过正向调节模型细胞HIF-1α的表达,进而提高缺氧缺糖诱导的自噬,发挥对心肌的保护作用。     

HIF-1活性调控机制的研究进展

低氧是癌症等多种疾病发生与发展的重要诱因,低氧诱导因子1则是低氧条件下最重要的转录调节因子,对其下游基因的转录与表达发挥关键作用,故阐明其活性的分子调节机制对探索新的抗癌方案,提高癌症诊疗水平有重要意义。低氧诱导因子1的活性受多水平、多机制的共同调节。本文从传统的氧依赖机制、蛋白水解依赖机制、最新的癌相关遗传因子及功能改变调节机制等角度出发,综述了迄今为止低氧诱导因子1活性调节研究领域的最新成果,以期为其更好应用于癌症诊疗提供参考。     

Wnt信号通路抑制因子SFRP1在肿瘤中的研究进展

定位于染色体8p11.2上的分泌型卷曲相关蛋白1(secreted frizzled related protein 1,SFRP1)基因,是近来发现的新的抑癌基因。因其编码Wnt信号通路抑制因子SFRP1,SFRP1基因失活可导致Wnt信号转导途径的紊乱,影响肿瘤的发生发展。近年来国内外对SFRP1在恶性肿瘤的失活机制进行了一系列的研究,现对这方面的工作进展进行综述。     

调控纤连蛋白表达的信号通路

纤连蛋白(fibronectin,Fn)作为细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)中重要的黏附分子之一,通过与细胞膜上的整合素受体结合,在调节细胞黏附、迁移、增殖等过程中发挥着重要作用。Fn的异常表达与伤口愈合、肿瘤转移、组织器官纤维化等密切相关。Fn的表达受到复杂的细胞信号通路网络调控,其中包括MAPK、TGF-β1/Smad、PKC、JAK/STAT及JNK/NF-κB/NADPH/ROS等。该文对调控Fn表达的信号通路及分子作一综述,旨在全面了解Fn参与机体对环境变化的适应机制及与Fn表达异常相关疾病的分子机理。     

缺氧缺糖诱导心肌细胞损伤中Notch信号对HIF-α及自噬相关基因Beclin1,LC3I,LC3II表达的影响*

目的: 探讨在缺氧缺糖诱导心肌细胞损伤的模型中Notch信号对低氧诱导因子(HIF-1α)及自噬相关的基因Beclin1,LC3I,LC3II的影响。方法: 利用低氧培养箱与低糖DMEM培养基建立缺氧缺糖细胞(OGD)模型,细胞分为正常对照组,缺氧缺糖组(OGD group),缺氧缺糖+ NC siRNA组(OGD + NC siRNA group),缺氧缺糖+ Notch1 siRNA组(OGD + Notch1 siRNA group),缺氧缺糖+ HIF-1α siRNA组(OGD + HIF-1α siRNA group),利用Western blot检测Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1α siRNA的干预效果;利用Western blot 检测Notch1 siRNA对模型细胞中HIF-1α表达的影响;利用CCK-8实验检测Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1α siRNA对心肌细胞活性的影响;利用Western blot检测Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1α siRNA对自噬相关的基因Beclin1,LC3I,LC3II的影响。结果: HIF-1α siRNA可有效敲低模型心肌细胞HIF-1α的表达,而Notch1 siRNA可有效敲低模型心肌细胞中Notch1与HIF-1α的表达;Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1α siRNA可降低缺氧缺糖细胞模型中心肌细胞的活性,且二者的作用之间没有统计学差异(P＞0.05);Western blot结果显示Notch1 siRNA与HIF-1α siRNA可降低模型细胞中自噬相关的基因Beclin1,LC3I,LC3II的表达,降低LC3II/LC3I的比率。结论: Notch1通过正向调节模型细胞HIF-1α的表达,进而提高缺氧缺糖诱导的自噬,发挥对心肌的保护作用。     

Notch1信号通路激活在低氧诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞血管形成中的作用

目的观察低氧条件下HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch信号通路在人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）血管生成中的作用。 方法将HUVEC进行常氧和低氧[二氯化钴（CoCl2）,200 μmol/L]诱导,再将常氧和低氧处理的HUVEC应用Notch1信号通路的抑制剂DAPT （30 μmol/L,24 h）和激活剂JAG-1 （30 μmol/L,24 h）干预。通过体外小管形成实验观察低氧对HUVEC血管生成能力的影响。应用RT-PCR和Western blot检测HUVEC中低氧诱导因子-1α （HIF-1α）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、基质金属蛋白酶-9 （MMP-9）和Notch1信号分子（Notch1、Dell4和JAG-1）的mRNA和蛋白表达。通过Transwell迁移实验和伤口愈合实验观察低氧、DAPT、JAG-1对HUVEC迁移能力的影响。应用MTT法检测低氧及Notch1对HUVEC增殖的影响。两组间比较采用t检验,采用析因设计方差分析低氧和DAPT以及低氧和JAG-1对HUVEC迁移能力、距离、小管形成能力和细胞增殖的交互作用。 结果与常氧组比较,低氧组小管总长[（8.18±0.62）mm比（15.43±1.32）mm]增高,差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。与常氧组比较,低氧组的HIF-1α、VEGF、MMP-9、Notch1、Dell4和JAG-1的mRNA相对表达量和蛋白相对表达量（1.01±0.03比4.43±0.35,1.02±0.03比3.55±0.28,0.98±0.04比3.24±0.25,1.01±0.03比3.22±0.25,0.99±0.02比2.89±0.22,1.02±0.04比2.43±0.19,0.98±0.01比3.13±0.24,0.98±0.02比2.67±0.21,0.97±0.03比2.45±0.19,1.01±0.03比2.44±0.19,1.00±0.04比2.30±0.18,1.03±0.05比2.27±0.18）均升高,差异有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。Transwell迁移实验和伤口愈合实验显示,低氧条件下,DAPT干预使HUVEC的迁移能力降低,JAG-1干预使HUVEC的迁移能力升高（P均< 0.05）。小管形成和MTT法测定显示,低氧条件下,DAPT干预使HUVEC的小管形成能力和细胞增殖能力降低,JAG-1干预使HUVEC的小管形成能力和细胞增殖能力升高（P均< 0.05）。析因设计的方差分析结果显示,低氧和JAG-1对迁移细胞数、小管形成和细胞增殖能力交互作用具有协同作用（P < 0.05）。 结论低氧可通过激活HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch1信号通路提高HUVEC的血管生成能力、迁移能力和细胞增殖能力。     

HIF-1α在骨组织细胞代谢及骨疾病中的调控作用

低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)是调节细胞对低氧应答的关键因子,可在氧含量降低时被激活,能够调节氧代谢、糖酵解等多种生理活动.骨代谢主要包括骨形成和骨吸收作用,均受到氧浓度等多种因素的调控.HIF-1α在细胞代谢、骨组织生理及病理过程的调控中起着重要的作用,能够增加骨组织的低氧耐受能力,调节骨形成和矿化过程.该文主要...     

靶向Ras信号通路抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

Ras信号通路在肿瘤的发生发展中有着重要作用,该通路与肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移、凋亡等关系密切,但目前没有确定的靶向药物在临床上使用。近年来,靶向Ras信号通路的抑制剂研究火热,并且在临床试验中取得了很好疗效。该文围绕着Ras信号通路,重点介绍了Ras信号通路与肿瘤的关系、靶向Ras信号上下游的抑制剂、针对Ras蛋白的共价抑制剂研发进展以及联合用药策略,总结了相关抑制剂的最新进展。该文指出了靶向Ras信号通路面临的诸多挑战,改进抑制剂的结构、明确具体机制以及联合治疗策略将是未来研究大方向。     

肾细胞癌组织中PTEN和HIF-1alpha的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨PTEN和HIF-1alpha在肾细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法：随机选取2012 年1 月~2016 年1 月我院留样的 90例肾细胞癌组织（肾癌组）、90例癌旁非癌组织（癌旁组）,另选取30例非癌正常肾组织作为正常组,利用免疫组化法检测组织 中PTEN 和HIF-1alpha的表达,并分析其与肾细胞癌临床特征的关系。结果：PTEN 主要表达在细胞浆,HIF-1alpha主要表达在细胞核, PTEN、HIF-1-alpha在三组间的表达均有统计学差异（P<0.05）;PTEN高表达阳性率与Robson 分期、Fuhrman 分级、有无淋巴结转移、 有无远处转移有关（P<0.05）,HIF-1alpha高表达阳性率与Robson分期、病理分型、Fuhrman 分级、有无淋巴结转移、有无远处转移有 关（P<0.05）;PTEN表达与肾细胞癌Robson 分期和Fuhrman 分级均呈负相关（r= -0.581 , -0.442 ,P<0.05）;HIF-1-alpha表达与肾细胞癌 Robson分期和Fuhrman 分级均呈正相关（r= 0.597 ,0.489, P<0.05）;PTEN与HIF-1-alpha表达呈负相关（r=-0.435,P<0.05）。结论：PTEN 和HIF-1alpha的表达与肾细胞癌的临床分期、组织学分级以及淋巴结和远处转移等具有明显关联性,可作为提示肾细胞癌的进展的 指标。     

TGF-beta1、HIF-1alpha、VEGF在胃癌组织及癌旁组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究TGF-beta1（转化生长因子-beta1）、HIF-1alpha（低氧诱导因子-1alpha）、VEGF（血管内皮生长因子）在胃癌组织及癌旁组织中 的表达及临床意义。方法：选取于我院就诊的160 例胃癌手术患者切除的组织,采用免疫组化技术检测手术切除的胃癌组织中的 TGF-beta 1、HIF-1alpha及VEGF的表达,分析其与患者临床病理参数的关系。结果：免疫组化结果显示：TGF-beta1、HIF-1alpha及VEGF 在胃 癌组织中的表达均高于癌旁组织,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;TGF-beta1、HIF-1alpha及VEGF 的表达均与肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移及 浸润深度有关（P<0.05）;VEGF的表达分别与TGF-beta1、HIF-1alpgha的表达呈相关关系（P<0.05）。结论：TGF-beta1、HIF-1alpha及VEGF在胃 癌组织中的表达与胃癌的病理学特征有关,检测TGF-beta1、HIF-1alpha及VEGF的表达将有助于临床诊治胃癌患者。     

Aldose reductase inhibition prevents hypoxia-induced increase in hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by regulating 26 S proteasome-mediated protein degradation in human colon cancer cells

The development of intratumoral hypoxia, a hallmark of rapidly progressing solid tumors, renders tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We have recently shown that inhibition of aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of lipid aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates, prevents human colon cancer cell growth in culture as well as in nude mouse xenografts by inhibiting the NF-κB-dependent activation of oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory and carcinogenic markers. However, the role of AR in mediating hypoxic stress signals is not known. We therefore investigated the molecular mechanisms by which AR inhibition prevents the hypoxia-induced human colon cancer cells growth and invasion. Our results indicate that AR inhibition by the pharmacological inhibitor fidarestat or ablation by AR-specific siRNA prevents hypoxia-induced proliferation of HT29, SW480, and Caco-2 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced increase in the level of HIF-1α in colon cancer cells was significantly decreased by AR inhibition. During hypoxic conditions, treatment of HT29 cells with the AR inhibitor fidarestat significantly decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, a down target of HIF-1α, at both mRNA and protein levels and also prevented the activation of PI3K/AKT, GSK3β, Snail, and lysyl oxidase. Furthermore, inhibition of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation by AR inhibition was abolished in the presence of MG132, a potent inhibitor of the 26 S proteasome. In addition, AR inhibition also prevented the hypoxia-induced inflammatory molecules such as Cox-2 and PGE2 and expression of extracellular matrix proteins such as MMP2, vimentin, uPAR, and lysyl oxidase 2. In conclusion, our results indicate that AR mediates hypoxic signals, leading to tumor progression and invasion.     

Hypoxia enhances CXCR4 expression favoring microglia migration via HIF-1alpha activation

Migration toward pathological area is the first critical step in microglia engagement during the central nervous system (CNS) injury, although the molecular mechanisms underlying microglia mobilization have not been fully understood. Here, we report that hypoxia promotes stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) induced microglia migration by inducing the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression. Exposure to hypoxia significantly enhanced CXCR4 expression levels in N9 microglia cell. Then, cell migration induced by SDF-1, a CXCR4-specific ligand, was observed accelerated. Blockade of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation by inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway abrogated both of hypoxia-induced CXCR4 up-regulation and cell-migration acceleration. These results point to a crucial role of Hypoxia-HIF-1α-CXCR4 pathway during microglia migration.     

Hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1alpha and its target genes in umbilical venous endothelial cells of Tibetans and immigrant Han

The better adaptation of native Tibetans to hypoxia is thought to be partly due to improved umbilical circulation, which results in reduced pre- and postnatal fatalities. We hypothesized that the difference in umbilical circulation between native Tibetans and other high-altitude inhabitants was due to differences in the expression of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1) and its target genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of hypoxia on the expression of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, and iNOS in cultured umbilical venous endothelial cells (UVECs) from native Tibetans and immigrant Hans. UVECs were collected and cultured under hypoxic (0.5% oxygen) or normoxic conditions for 2, 4, 12 and 24 h. The mRNA levels of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and iNOS and the protein level of HIF-1alpha were determined with RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. In both immigrant Han and Tibetans, HIF-1alpha mRNA was constitutively expressed under normoxic condition, and remained constant after hypoxic exposure. In contrast, HIF-1alpha protein was undetectable under normoxic condition, but underwent dynamic changes in response to hypoxia. It was induced at 4 h, peaked at 12 h, and remained elevated at 24 h. Concurrent with the induction of HIF-1alpha protein, the mRNA levels of VEGF and iNOS were also up-regulated whereas that of eNOS was down-regulated. The lack of a hypoxia-related difference in the expression of HIF-1alpha and its target genes suggests that HIF-1alpha does not play a critical role in high altitude adaptation. Alternative mechanisms may be responsible for the better adaptation of native Tibetans.     

MicroRNA-18a通过HIF-1-alpha调控缺氧引起的人肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖

目的：研究microRNA-18a (miR-18a) 对缺氧引起的人肺动脉平滑肌细胞(human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, hPASMCs)增殖的调控作用及其可能机制。方法：体外培养hPASMCs,分为未转染组、miR-18a 模拟物对照组、miR-18a 模拟物组、 miR-18a 抑制剂对照组、miR-18a 抑制剂组、siRNAcontrol组、siHIF-1-alpha组、miR-18a 抑制剂和siHIF-1-alpha共转染组。分别于常氧(21% O2)和低氧(3%O2)作用24小时。采用CCK-8 法检测细胞的增殖情况,萤光素酶报告基因系统验证缺氧诱导因子-1-alpha(HIF-1alpha)是 否为miR-18a 的靶基因,并通过western-blot 以及实时荧光定量PCR 技术检测相关蛋白和基因的表达。结果：缺氧可促进 hPASMCs 增殖,使miR-18a 表达减少;miR-18a 模拟物可抑制hPASMCs 增殖,而miR-18a 抑制剂可促进hPASMCs 增殖;抑制 miR-18a 可使HIF-1-alpha的表达上调。同时抑制miR-18a 和HIF-1-alpha,可使miR-18a 对hPASMCs 增殖调控的能力消失。结论：缺氧通 过抑制miR-18a,上调HIF-1-alpha的表达,促进hPASMCs增殖。