白喉毒素A片段的表达纯化与单克隆抗体制备

白喉毒素 (Diphtheriatoxin ,DT)A片段 (DTA)是白喉毒素的酶活性区 ,也是DT类免疫毒素的关键结构域。DTA蛋白及其单克隆抗体在免疫毒素的毒性机理、检测与纯化研究等方面具有重要价值。通过在E .coli中表达了DTA ,经Q SepharoseFF和Ni²⁺ Sepharose两步层析纯化 ,得到纯度约为 90 %的融合蛋白。以DTA为抗原免疫BalB c小鼠 ,获得了分泌抗DTA特异单抗的杂交瘤细胞株 3B6和 3B9。单抗为IgG1亚型 ,滴度达 1∶10⁶ 以上 ,与DTA的结合可被抗DT马血清竞争抑制。抗DTA单抗用于免疫印迹试验 ,或制备成免疫亲和柱纯化基于DT的重组免疫毒素 ,均获得较好效果 ,为免疫毒素的研究奠定了良好基础     

抗CD20嵌合抗体片段F(ab′)2突变体在大肠杆菌中的高效分泌表达

构建抗CD20嵌合抗体片段F(ab′)₂ 突变体 ,研究其在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及其表达产物的生物学活性。采用PCR法构建抗CD20嵌合抗体片段F(ab′)₂ 突变体 ,并用双脱氧终止法测定DNA序列 ;采用 19L发酵罐高密度发酵抗CD20嵌合抗体片段F(ab′)₂ 突变体 ,采用亲和色谱和分子筛色谱法纯化表达产物 ,并用SDS-PAGE和薄层激光扫描鉴定纯化产物 ;采用活细胞间接免疫荧光法测定纯化产物与靶细胞的结合活性 ;MTT法测定纯化产物对Raji细胞的生长抑制作用 ,并研究其作用机理。DNA序列测定结果表明 ,抗CD20嵌合抗体片段F(ab′)₂ 突变体已成功构建 ,表达可溶性产物的产量达 360mg L ,具有与Raji细胞 (CD20⁺)结合的活性 ,并抑制Raji细胞的生长 ,其作用机理为诱导Raji细胞凋亡。此突变体有望成为治疗非何杰金氏B细胞淋巴瘤的药物。     

黄瓜花叶病毒2b蛋白C末端无抑制局部RNA沉默的活性

目的:黄瓜花叶病毒 (Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV) 编码的2b蛋白具有RNA沉默抑制子的功能,其C末端氨基酸序列非常保守。为了明确2b蛋白C末端保守序列在RNA沉默抑制中的作用,构建了CMV Q株系野生型2b及其C末端缺失突变体2b^delC的植物瞬时表达载体。通过农杆菌共渗滤法对野生型2b及其C末端突变体的沉默抑制子活性进行了分析。结果与结论:烟草接种叶片中野生型2b及其C末端突变体的Western blot检测表明,野生型2b蛋白与其C末端突变体在植物中积累水平变化不大,说明2b蛋白C末端氨基酸残基在维持2b蛋白在植物细胞中的稳定性方面无作用。在整株、细胞和分子水平上分别比较了野生型2b及其突变体2b^delC对共表达GFP的表达量影响,结果表明在所有的测定结果中二者均无明显地差异,说明2b蛋白C末端94-111位氨基酸在抑制局部RNA沉默上无生物学活性,讨论推测C末端应不存在与小RNA结合的结构域。     

克隆毒素源性大肠杆菌K88ac抗原基因

E.coli79-l454(08：K88ac K31：H^-)是北京生物制品检定所从上海郊区腹泻的仔猪分离到的野生型毒素源性大肠杆菌,该菌产生K88ac抗原,产生热敏感毒素(LT)和热稳定毒素(sT)。发酵棉子糖,抗四环素,含有50Md的大质粒。用碱变性法提取,以线性cscl-EB密度梯度离心法纯化大质粒,用HindⅢ酶消化,回收6.5Md的片段,与载体pBR322连接,转化到E.coliRRl,选出Ap¹Tc²的转化子,用玻片凝集,琼艚扩散。K88ac抗血清致敏的绵羊红细胞反向间接血凝,被动溶血,ELISA等方法检测K88ac抗原均为阳性的重组体,其中一株命名为E.coliRR1(pMM031),酶切图谱表明除含pBR322 DNA的片段外,还台有约为6．5Md的片段,此片段是HindⅢ酶消化大质粒DNA产生的第二条片段,含有为K88ac抗原基因编码的遗传决定子。用LT基因探针菌落原位杂交,Y—l肾细胞试验等方法检测结果表明重组体不产生LT;用乳鼠试验及STb基因探针杂交均是阴性,说明重组体不产生ST。由此可见重组体产生K88ac抗原,但无毒性,有可能用作疫苗栋,也可以与其他因子配伍构建成更好的活疫苗株。     

嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白基因ompTS的高效表达及其免疫原性

根据嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白基因ompTS的核苷酸序列设计引物,运用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增出与预期大小相符的基因片段。将此基因片段克隆至质粒pRSET A的BamHI和EcoRI位点,构建重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,经IPTG诱导获得高效表达,SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳表明在39.9kD处出现超强特异带,占总蛋白的51％。以 Ni-NTA-Conjugate抗体进行Western blot分析证明该399kD的蛋白为所表达的融合蛋白。纯化融合蛋白注射雄性新西兰大白兔可诱导产生特异抗体。ELISA和Western blot检测结果显示,该抗体与表达的融合蛋白和从嗜水气单胞菌中提取的36.9 kD外膜蛋白均呈阳性反应,表明所表达的融合蛋白仍保持原有外膜蛋白的免疫原性,为此融合蛋白作为疫苗的候选成份提供理论基础。     

钙蛋白酶的结构及活性调节

钙蛋白酶广泛存在于各组织,广泛表达的钙蛋白酶有两种,钙蛋白酶Ⅰ和钙蛋白酶Ⅱ,它们激活所需的Ca^2＋浓度不同.这两种酶都有大、小两个亚基,分子质量分别为80 ku和30 ku.大亚基有4个结构域,小亚基由2个结构域构成.新近还发现了几种组织特异表达的钙蛋白酶.钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白是钙蛋白酶的内源抑制蛋白,它由5个结构域组成,其中4个为重复序列,均具有独立抑制钙蛋白酶活性的功能.体内钙蛋白酶活性受到严格调控,贴膜反应可以降低钙蛋白酶对Ca^2＋的依赖性,膜磷脂头部所带的磷酸基团与激活作用有关,自溶也可以降低对Ca^2＋的依赖,而钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白则起专一的抑制作用.     

HeLa细胞端粒酶的分离纯化及其蛋白质组分的研究

根据端粒酶含有蛋白质组分和RNA组分的特点,采用寡核苷酸亲和纯化法从HeLa细胞蛋白粗提物中分离纯化人类端粒酶,纯化产物以TRAP法检测其延伸端粒活性,并采用RNA印迹法进行鉴定,然后从纯化产物中分离蛋白质组分,以SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测其蛋白质亚基成分,可见到4种蛋白质亚基成分,与蛋白质分子质量标准比较,有两条位置接近212.2 ku,一条接近116.0 ku,一条接近42.7 ku.结果表明,蛋白质寡核苷酸亲和纯化法一步性分离纯化HeLa细胞端粒酶可得到端粒酶活性片段.     

盐穗木病程相关蛋白HcPR10抗血清的制备及鉴定

病程相关蛋白(PRs)在植物抗病抗逆过程中发挥重要作用。盐穗木病程相关蛋白基因HcPR10(GenBank:KF673356)来自盐穗木(Halostachys capsica)在600 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下的盐抑制差减文库。为探究盐穗木病程相关蛋白HcPR10发挥生物学功能的机制,该研究通过体外表达和纯化HcPR10重组蛋白制备特异性的HcPR10多克隆抗体。并采用双酶切构建原核重组表达载体pET28a-HcPR10,转化至大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21诱导表达,通过正交分析优化重组蛋白可溶性诱导表达的条件,利用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化融合蛋白,免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体,基于纯化获得的His-HcPR10重组蛋白和转HcPR10拟南芥总蛋白,分别利用ELISA和Western Blotting检测抗血清效价和特异性。结果表明:成功构建重组表达载体pET28a-HcPR10; 正交结果显示诱导温度27 ℃,诱导转速200 r·min^-1,IPTG浓度0.7 mmol·L^-1,诱导时间6 h条件下可诱导表达大量可溶性目的蛋白; ELISA检测抗HcPR10血清效价达1:243 000,Western Blotting印迹结果显示制备的抗血清可以与重组蛋白和转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中异源表达的HcPR10蛋白特异性结合。该研究获得了效价高、特异性强的盐穗木病程相关蛋白HcPR10抗血清,为进一步研究HcPR10的亚细胞定位及生物学功能奠定了基础。     

人肾液泡型H＋－ATPase 58kD亚基基因的表达

在大肠杆菌中表达了人肾液泡型H^＋-ATPase 58kD亚基的基因,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)得到了58kD亚基的编码片段.直接将PCR产物连接到PET载体上表达.SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和蛋白质印迹分析表明58kD亚基的基因得到高效表达.表达产物可达细菌细胞质蛋白的50%.     

西瓜花叶病毒HC-Pro基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达与功能研究

利用RT-PCR方法扩增出西瓜花叶病毒HC-Pro的基因,长度为1371bp,并构建了真核表达质粒pPIC9K-WHC。将重组质粒经SalⅠ单酶切后电转化Pichia pastoris GS115菌株,经PCR鉴定与G418、MD和MM培养基筛选,获得Mut⁺/His⁺表型高拷贝转化子。经1%甲醇诱导5d后,SDS-PAGE检测发酵液上清,在66kD处有一特异蛋白条带表达。Western blot 鉴定表明,表达蛋白可以和HC-Pro蛋白抗血清发生结合反应。Far-Western blot 证明该蛋白能与西瓜花叶病毒CP蛋白结合,支持了HC-Pro蛋白协助传毒的“桥梁”学说。     

Isolation ofEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by affinity chromatography: Characterization of subunits

This paper describes the isolation ofEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) by affinity chromatography on an anti-cholera toxin immunoglobulin-Sepharose column, and the subunit composition of crude and affinity-isolated LT. LT and its subunits were assayed with ganglioside (G_M1)-ELISA, immunodiffusion, skin toxicity, and broken cell adenylate cyclase activation methods. The results show that the immunoaffinity method, applied to LT of different strains and batches, yielded about 100-fold purification with approximately 50% recovery of LT antigen. LT was shown to contain a G_M1-ganglioside binding subunit as well as another subunit which does not bind to G_M1 but activates adenylate cyclase. Immunodiffusion tests showed that the two LT subunits were immunologically related to but not identical with, respectively, the B and A subunits of cholera toxin. The LT “A” and “B” subunits were present in similar proportions in the affinity-isolated and crude LT preparations, but in the purified fraction they had only partially reassociated into holotoxin.     

Identification ofEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by means of a ganglioside immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA) procedure

A sensitive, quantitative method for determination ofEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is presented. The assay is based on the specific binding of LT to polystyrene-adsorbed G_M1 ganglioside and subsequent enzyme immunological demonstration of the bound toxin. Enterotoxin titers determined with this G_M1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method agreed closely with those obtained with the adrenal cell bioassay. The G_M1-ELISA procedure was capable of demonstrating LT in allE. coli overnight cultures that gave positive adrenal cell results. The simplicity and high reproducibility of the described method should make it well suited for routine laboratory diagnosis of LT enterotoxigenicE. coli strains.     

Molecular Comparison of Plasmids Encoding Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Isolated from Escherichia coli Strains of Human Origin

The molecular properties of enterotoxin (Ent) plasmids from 12 Escherichia coli strains of human origin were examined. Ten strains belonged to the O78 serogroup, and the remainder were of serogroup O7 or O159. Eleven plasmids coded for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), and one coded for heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and LT. The results of restriction enzyme digests and deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation experiments showed that all of the Ent plasmids were related, and supported the subdivision of the LT plasmids into three groups based on their genetic properties (M. M. McConnell et al., J. Bacteriol. 143: 158–167, 1980). Within group 1, two plasmids from South African strains were indistinguishable but differed in EcoRI and HindIII digests from the LT plasmid that originated from an Ethiopian strain. The three plasmids had >70% homology. The two non-autotransferring group 2 plasmids identified in O78.H11 strains from Bangladesh were indistinguishable. The group 3 plasmids were from strains belonging to serogroups O7 and O78 isolated in Bangladesh, India, and Thailand. They shared >95% homology but showed slight differences in fragment patterns when treated with EcoRI and HindIII. There was 60 to 70% homology between the plasmids of groups 1 and 3, and the group 2 plasmid had 40 to 50% homology with members of these two groups. The autotransferring Ent plasmids had up to 40% homology with R factors of incompatibility groups FI, FII, and FIV.     

Comparison of the glycolipid-binding specificities of cholera toxin and porcineEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: identification of a receptor-active non-ganglioside glycolipid for the heat-labile toxin in infant rabbit small intestine

The binding specificities of cholera toxin andEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin were investigated by binding of¹²⁵I-labelled toxins to reference glycosphingolipids separated on thin-layer chromatograms and coated in microtitre wells. The binding of cholera toxin was restricted to the GM1 ganglioside. The heat-labile toxin showed the highest affinity for GM1 but also bound, though less strongly, to the GM2, GD2 and GD1b gangliosides and to the non-acid glycosphingolipids gangliotetraosylceramide and lactoneotetraosylceramide. The infant rabbit small intestine, a model system for diarrhoea induced by the toxins, was shown to contain two receptor-active glycosphingolipids for the heat-labile toxin, GM1 ganglioside and lactoneotetraosylceramide, whereas only the GM1 ganglioside was receptor-active for cholera toxin. Preliminary evidence was obtained, indicating that epithelial cells of human small intestine also contain lactoneotetraosylceramide and similar sequences. By computer-based molecular modelling, lactoneotetraosylceramide was docked into the active site of the heat-labile toxin, using the known crystal structure of the toxin in complex with lactose. Interactions which may explain the relatively high toxin affinity for this receptor were found.Abbreviations CT cholera toxin - CT-B B-subunits of cholera toxin - LT Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin - hLT humanEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin - pLT porcineEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin - EI electron ionization     

Efficient production of heat-labile enterotoxin mutant proteins by overexpression of dsbA in a degP-deficient Escherichia coli strain

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) mutants containing Val⁶⁰→Gly or Ser¹¹⁴→Lys substitutions in the A subunit do not produce the A subunit efficiently in E. coli. These mutants accumulate mostly the B pentamer devoid of the A subunit in the periplasmic space. Here we show that overproduction of the periplasmic chaperone DsbA, which is involved in disulfide bond formation, in a strain deficient in the periplasmic protease DegP allows efficient production of the mutant LT molecules. Our results suggest that the formation of the oligomeric toxin is influenced by DsbA, which helps protein folding, and by DegP, which removes the folded intermediates that can be untoxic for the cell. Received: 30 October 1996 / Accepted: 8 January 1997     

Mechanism of action of choleragen andE. coli heat-labile enterotoxin: activation of adenylate cyclase by ADP-ribosylation

Summary Choleragen exerts its effects on cells through the activation of adenylate cyclase. The initial event appears to be the binding of the B subunit of the toxin to ganglioside G_M1 on the cell surface, following which there is a delay prior to activation of adenylate cyclase. Patching and capping of the toxin on the cell surface, perhaps involved in the internalization of the enzymatically active subunit, may be occuring during this time. The activation of adenylate cyclase, which is catalyzed by the A₁ peptide of choleragen, does not require the B subunit or ganglioside G_M1. The A₁ peptide catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to an amino acid, probably arginine, in a 42 000 dalton membrane protein. This protein appears to be the GTP-binding component (or G/F factor) of the adenylate cyclase system and is cruical to the regulation of cyclase activity by hormones such as epinephrine. ADP-ribosylation of the G/F factor is enhanced by GTP and, in some systems, by a cytosolic factor. GTP is also required for stabilization and optimal catalytic function of the choleragen-activated cyclase. Calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein, is necessary for expression of catalytic activity of the toxin-activated adenylate cyclase in brain and other tissues. The ADP-ribosyltransferase activity required for activation of the cyclase is an intrinsic property of the A₁ peptide of choleragen which is expressed only after the peptide is released from the holotoxin by reduction of a single disulfide bond. In the absence of cellular components, choleragen catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of small guanidino compounds such as arginine as well as peptides and proteins that contain arginine. It is assumed, therefore, that the site of ADP-ribosylation in the natural acceptor protein is an arginine or similar amino acid. When guanidino compounds are not present as ADP-ribose acceptors, choleragen hydrolyzes NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide at a considerably slower rate. E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is very similar to choleragen in structure and function. It consists of two types of subunits, A and B, with sizes comparable to those of the A and B subunits of choleragen. Binding of LT to the cell surface is enhanced by prior incorporation of G_M1 but not other gangliosides; the oligosaccharide of G_M1 specifically interacts with LT and its B subunit. The A subunit of LT exhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase activity following activation by thiol to release the A₁ peptide. The A subunit of LT can be isolated in an ‘unnicked’ form and thus requires, in addition to reduction by a thiol, proteolytic cleavage to generate the active A₁ peptide. Like choleragen, LT uses guanidino compounds as model ADP-ribose acceptors and catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of a 42 000 dalton protein in cell membrane prepatations. ADP-ribosyltransferases that use arginine as ADP-ribose acceptors are not restricted to bacterial systems; such an enzyme has been purified to apparent homogeneity (>500 000-fold) from turkey erythrocytes. Based on a subunit molecular weight of 28 000, its turnover number with arginine as the ADP-ribose acceptor is considerably higher than that of either toxin. Although with low molecular weight guanidino derivatives the substrate specificity of the enzyme is similar to that of choleragen, with protein substrates it clearly differs. The physiological role of the turkey erythrocyte transferase remains to be established.     

LT（K63／R72）, a New Mutant of Escherichia coli Heat-labile Enterotoxin, Exhibits Characteristics More Similar to LT（K63） than LT（R72）

LT(K63), a non-toxic mutant and LT(R72), a low toxic mutant of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin are frequently used mucosal adjuvants. In many cases, the adjuvanticity of LT(K63) is lower than that of LT(R72), but LT(K63), which induces a mixed Th1/Th2 response, exhibits a higher level of protection than LT(R72) which induces a polarized Th2-type response. To utilize the advantages of both adjuvants, a doublemutation LT(K63/R72) was generated and purified. The characterization results showed that there was no significant difference in production rate and immunogenicity between wild type LT and LT mutants. The results also showed that the toxicity and the trypsin sensitivity of LT(K63/R72) are between that of LT(K63)and LT(R72). Using HPLC, when samples in an OHpak SB-800 column were eluted by denatural buffer(TEAN containing 10 mg/ml SDS), we found the stability of LT(K63/R72) was higher than that of LT(R72)and lower than that of LT(K63). Through further analyzes, we found that LT(K63/R72) exhibits characteristics more closely related to LT(K63) than LT(R72).     

Galactose-binding site in Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT)

The galactose-binding site in cholera toxin and the closely related heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli is an attractive target for the rational design of potential anti-cholera drugs, in this paper we analyse the molecular structure of this binding site as seen in several crystal structures, including that of an LT: galactose complex which we report here at 2.2 Å resolution. The binding surface on the free toxin contains several tightly associated water molecules and a relatively flexible loop consisting of residues 51–60 of the B subunit. During receptor binding this loop becomes tightly ordered by forming hydrogen bonds jointly to the G_M1 pentasaccharide and to a set of water molecules which stabilize the toxin: receptor complex.     

Thermo-osmoregulation of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Expression by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Abstract:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli causes diarrhea by producing several virulence factors including heat-labile enterotoxin (LT). LT is maximally expressed at 37°C. The histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) appears to inhibit LT expression by binding to a downstream regulatory element (DRE) at low temperatures. An hns⁺ E. coli strain, X7026, carrying an LT–beta-galactosidase translational fusion plasmid (pLT-lac) was shown to be responsive to varying amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) as well as sucrose or lithium chloride. Maximal responsiveness to the various osmolytes was obtained with cells grown at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions. Temperature-osmotic upshift experiments demonstrate LT expression is thermo-osmoregulated. pLT-lac was tested in an hns strain or its congenic hns⁺ strain for its response to NaCl. LT expression is elevated in the hns strain regardless of NaCl concentration and retains its osmoresponsiveness. The response of the DRE deletion plasmid (pLT-lacNC) to NaCl is similar to that of the undeleted plasmid.     

Acquisition and maintenance of enterotoxin plasmids in wild-type strains of Escherichia coli

Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) may produce a heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), a heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) or both enterotoxins. Certain serogroups are represented more frequently than others in ETEC isolated from humans. The transfer of three plasmids encoding enterotoxin production (Ent) to 22 non-toxigenic E. coli strains of many different O:H serotypes was studied. The Ent plasmids encoded ST (TP276), or LT (TP277), or ST + LT (TP214), and all carried antibiotic-resistance determinants. Twenty-one recipient strains acquired TP214, 18 acquired TP277 and 14 acquired TP276. Strains of those serotypes to which ETEC in diarrhoeal studies commonly belong neither acquired nor maintained Ent plasmids with a higher frequency than strains of those serotypes to which ETEC rarely belong. The recipient strains, with one exception, all expressed ST, or LT, or ST and LT, when they had acquired the appropriate plasmid; a non-motile strain belonging to O serogroup 88 expressed LT but failed to express ST when it acquired TP214 or TP277.