新疆金龟甲的区系组成及食性(鞘翅目：金龟甲总科)

初步查明,新疆金龟甲昆虫计有154种,分隶于2科、13亚科、47属**。区系组成含中亚细亚、中央亚细亚、欧洲—西伯利亚、地中海、特有种、泛古北种和全北种等多种成分,其中以中亚细亚种类最多,达74种,约占48.5%。结合区系组成的分析,提出了新疆昆虫地理区划的划分意见。新疆金龟甲成虫的食性可分为粪食型、腐食型、角质物食型、尸食型、植食型和绝食型,其中粪食型达75种,约占49%,具有重要生态意义;植食型55种,约占36%,具有重要经济意义。     

金龟甲性信息素的化学成分及其应用

金龟甲Scarabaeoidae性信息素研究主要集中在丽金龟亚科Rutelinae和鳃金龟亚科Melolonthinae。丽金龟亚科金龟甲的性腺由臀板和腹片顶端的上皮细胞组成,其性信息素成分主要是脂肪酸衍生物;而鳃金龟亚科金龟甲的性腺可以从腹部外翻,性信息素成分主要是氨基酸衍生物和萜烯类化合物。一些存在地理或季节隔离的物种具有结构相同的性信息素成分,但手性不同。在某些种类中,性信息素成分的手性对映体可能具有行为拮抗作用。本文综述了金龟甲性信息素的化学结构与应用的新进展。     

巴基斯坦角顶叶蝉亚科两新纪录属（半翅目：叶蝉科）

报道巴基斯坦角顶叶蝉亚科1新纪录属Changwhania Kwon和1新纪录亚属Limotettix(Scleroracus)Van Duzee,并记述2新纪录种Changwhania ceylonensis Baker,1925 n.rec.和Limotettix(Scleroracus)cacheolus n.rec.。     

中国金蝇亚科幼虫研究

一、前言 作者(1958)及范滋德(1965)曾先后对我国的金蝇亚科成蝇作过研究,已知有8种;通过近年来的调查,得知维氏裸金蝇、乌足锡蝇以及安定金蝇等均为华南、西南等部分地区颇为习见的蝇种。至于本亚科幼虫,作者通过采集与饲养的方法获得3属7种,对该类幼虫的描述,虽散见于国内、外文献,但每有描述方法不一,或各龄期不全等不足之处,故本文对该亚科幼虫有重作系统描述的必要,且其中安定金蝇与乌足锡蝇的幼虫尚属首次报导。     

对金龟甲幼虫高毒的苏芸金杆菌日本变种

从日本土壤中分离到一株形成芽孢的细菌,属于苏芸金杆菌日本变种(鞭毛抗原H_(23))。该菌伴孢内容物呈球形到卵形,对鞘翅目金龟甲铜黄异丽金龟、大绿金龟甲、大豆金龟、日本金龟的幼虫显示高毒,而对鳞翅目、双翅目、直翅目的幼虫和鞘翅目叶甲成虫无毒。目前,生态学研究证明,苏芸金杆菌(Bt)广泛存在于世界各地的土壤中,并具有不同的杀虫特性。这些报道认为,土     

暗黑鳃金龟甲幼虫肠道细菌分离及鉴定

目的从微生态学角度研究暗黑鳃金龟甲幼虫营养生理活动,探讨其肠道菌群的构成,为其资源开发及生物防治提供理论依据。方法按传统分离方法,从暗黑鳃金龟甲幼虫肠道环境中分离纯化获得10个细菌菌株,对其菌体形态、染色反应、培养性状、生理生化反应进行了系统研究。结果研究结果表明,上述10个细菌菌株分别属于鲁氏耶尔森菌（Yersinia．ruckeri）、侧胞芽胞杆菌（Bacilluslaterosporus）、坚强芽胞杆菌（Bacillus．firmus）、放线杆菌属（Actinobacillus）、飞虫杀雄菌（Arsenophonusllasoniae）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、气单胞菌Aeromonas）、沙门菌属（Sal—moneUa）、短芽胞杆菌（Bacillusbrevis）、变形菌属（Proteus）。结论通过对暗黑鳃金龟甲幼虫肠道细菌的鉴定,其肠道细菌在培养性状、生理性状、生理生化测定等方面存在较多差异。     

金龟甲基因组DNA RAPD反应条件的优化

以华北大黑鳃金龟[Holotrichia oblita (Faldermann)]和矮臀鳃金龟(H.ernesti Reitter)为供试材料,对DNA模板、Mg2+、dNTPs浓度、淬火和循环内延伸时间及循环数进行优化.提出了金龟甲RAPD分析的最佳反应体系,即25 μL体系中含DNA模板1.2 ng·μL-1、Mg2+ 2. 5 mmol·L-1、dNTPs 0. 25 mmol·L-1;并确定最适淬火时间为40 s,循环内延伸时间为2 min;最佳循环数为40.     

金龟甲广谱引诱剂配方筛选及田间评价

【目的】为了探讨国内外已经报道的金龟甲性信息素或植物源引诱剂对河南花生产区金龟甲的诱捕效果,以便实现"地下害虫地上治理"的目标。【方法】作者于2016年6月2日至8月31日,在驻马店和许昌两个地区,比较了10种候选引诱剂的诱捕效果。【结果】暗黑鳃金龟是两个地区占绝对优势的种类。暗黑鳃金龟性信息素二元成分R-(-)-芳樟醇与L-异亮氨酸甲酯组成的3个配方(1︰4、1︰5、1︰7),平均累计诱捕量显著大于其他候选引诱剂及对照空白诱捕器,但3种不同配比的捕获量之间没有显著性差异。【结论】在以暗黑鳃金龟为优势种的花生产区,我们推荐采用1︰4的R-(-)-芳樟醇︰L-异亮氨酸甲酯作为活性成分,以500?L的总剂量混入0.5%的琼脂胶载体中,于6月13日至7月23日之间即该金龟甲成虫的发生盛期实施大田诱捕。     

河南省新乡地区金龟甲发生动态及影响因子分析

为明确河南省新乡地区农田地下害虫优势种群组成、发生动态及影响因子,本研究于2015-2021年间利用虫情测报灯对该地区的金龟甲进行了监测。结果表明铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为河南新乡小麦-玉米/花生1年2熟制农田地下害虫的优势种群,且暗黑鳃金龟的年度诱虫量及其在混合种群中的占比呈逐年增加趋势。金龟甲的发生在不同年份呈现单峰或双峰,暗黑鳃金龟发生盛期表现出明显的隔日出土现象即双倍节律。相较于暗黑鳃金龟发生期的6月中旬至9月上旬,铜绿丽金龟的发生期相对较短,在6月下旬至8月下旬。同时暗黑鳃金龟高峰日也晚于铜绿丽金龟,其中高峰日最多差22 d。金龟甲的发生与环境降雨、湿度、温度相关。本研究为新乡地区乃至黄淮海农田地下害虫的危害预警和综合治理提供数据支撑。     

不同食料对两种金龟甲繁殖力的影响

在室内研究了榆树、樱桃树、核桃树、板栗树、苹果树、柿树、红叶碧桃树、花生叶片对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky和铜绿丽金龟Anomqla corpulenta Motschulsky成虫寿命和繁殖力的影响.结果表明,不同食料对两种金龟甲成虫的寿命、产卵期、产卵量有显著影响.取食后使暗黑鳃金龟产生后代由高至低的食料顺序是:榆树叶＞碧桃叶＞板栗叶＞樱桃叶＞花生叶＞核桃叶＞柿叶＞苹果叶,使铜绿丽金龟产生后代由高至低的食料是:核桃叶＞板栗叶＞樱桃叶＞榆叶.在供试的8种食料中,榆树叶片是暗黑鳃金龟成虫的最适宜食料,取食后的寿命、产卵期和产卵量分别为41.5 d、43.0 d和6.2粒/♀;在供试的4种食料中,铜绿丽金龟成虫的最适宜食料是核桃叶片,取食后的寿命、产卵期和产卵量分别为20.9 d、25.0 d和46.8粒/♀.     

Pakistan santonica

This anthelmintic drug, consisting of dried unexpanded flower heads of several species of Artemisia native to widely separated areas in both the Old and New Worlds, has heretofore been commercially obtained principally from A. Cina of Turkestan. Today A. maritima of West Pakistan has supplanted the Russian source as the principal supplier.     

Poverty and blindness in Pakistan: results from the Pakistan national blindness and visual impairment survey

Objective To explore the association between blindness and deprivation in a nationally representative sample of adults in Pakistan.Design Cross sectional population based survey.Setting 221 rural and urban clusters selected randomly throughout Pakistan.Participants Nationally representative sample of 16 507 adults aged 30 or above (95.3% response rate).Main outcome measures Associations between visual impairment and poverty assessed by a cluster level deprivation index and a household level poverty indicator; prevalence and causes of blindness; measures of the rate of uptake and quality of eye care services.Results 561 blind participants (<3/60 in the better eye) were identified during the survey. Clusters in urban Sindh province were the most affluent, whereas rural areas in Balochistan were the poorest. The prevalence of blindness in adults living in affluent clusters was 2.2%, compared with 3.7% in medium clusters and 3.9% in poor clusters (P<0.001 for affluent v poor). The highest prevalence of blindness was found in rural Balochistan (5.2%). The prevalence of total blindness (bilateral no light perception) was more than three times higher in poor clusters than in affluent clusters (0.24% v 0.07%, P<0.001). The prevalences of blindness caused by cataract, glaucoma, and corneal opacity were lower in affluent clusters and households. Reflecting access to eye care services, cataract surgical coverage was higher in affluent clusters (80.6%) than in medium (76.8%) and poor areas (75.1%). Intraocular lens implantation rates were significantly lower in participants from poorer households. 10.2% of adults living in affluent clusters presented to the examination station wearing spectacles, compared with 6.7% in medium clusters and 4.4% in poor cluster areas. Spectacle coverage in affluent areas was more than double that in poor clusters (23.5% v 11.1%, P<0.001).Conclusion Blindness is associated with poverty in Pakistan; lower access to eye care services was one contributory factor. To reduce blindness, strategies targeting poor people will be needed. These interventions may have an impact on deprivation in Pakistan.     

Successful Community Midwives in Pakistan: An Asset-Based Approach

In response to the low levels of skilled birth attendance in rural Pakistan, the government introduced a new cadre of community midwives (CMWs) in 2006. Assessments to-date have found that these CMWs have yet to emerge as significant providers for a number of sociocultural, geographic and financial reasons. However, a small number of CMWs have managed to establish functional practices in the private sector in conservative, infrastructure-challenged rural contexts. With an objective to highlight “what are the successful CMWs doing right given their context?” this paper adopts an asset-based approach to explore the experiences of the Pakistani CMWs who have managed to overcome the barriers and practice. We drew upon ethnographic data that was collected as part of a larger mixed methods study conducted in 2011–2012 in districts Jhelum and Layyah, Pakistan. Thirty eight CMWs, 45 other health care providers, 20 policymakers, 78 women, 35 husbands and 23 older women were interviewed. CMW clinics and practices were observed. Our data showed that only eight 8 out of 38 CMWs sampled were active providers. Poverty as a push factor to work and intrinsic individual-level characteristics that enabled the CMWs to respond successfully to the demands of the midwifery profession in the private sector emerged as the two key themes. Household poverty pushed the CMWs to work in this perceived low-status occupation. Their families supported them since they became the breadwinners. The successful CMWs also had an intrinsic sense of what was required to establish a private practice; they exhibited professionalism, had strong business sense and provided respectful maternity care. The study provides insight into how the program might improve its functioning by adapting its recruitment criteria to ensure selection of right candidates.     

Birth spacing in Pakistan

Life table analysis was applied to data from the 1975 Pakistan Fertility Survey to identify child spacing differentials between population subgroups. Women in urban areas had shorter birth intervals than their rural counterparts from parities 1-6; only after parity 7 was this differential reversed. Similarly, women with some education had shorter birth intervals at the earlier parities than uneducated women. While overall family size is relatively homogeneous in Pakistan, women of more modern backgrounds seem to space their children more closely than traditional women. Age at marriage appears to play an important role not only in determining the length of the 1st interval, but also that of subsequent intervals. An unexpected finding was that ever users of contraception had distinctly more rapid spacing of their births than never users. The median interval to 1st birth was shortest in North West Frontier Province, but similar in Punjab and Sind. Multiple classification analysis revealed that some differentials in child spacing by education, residence, and province persisted even after other variables were controlled. Cohort of mother had an independent effect, with younger cohorts having shorter birth intervals. However, the variable that had the strongest effect on length of interval (aside from the 1st interval) was breastfeeding duration. It is likely that increasing urbanization and improved levels of education among women will lead to high levels of marital fertility associated with shorter birth intervals. Even though these trends tend to increase the age at marriage, they are associated with shorter durations of breastfeeding. In the longer term, greater use of contraception among women in the modern sector may partially counteract the fertility increasing effect of reduced birth intervals.     

Uncivil society: the politics of HIV activism in Pakistan

This article presents an ethnography of the Association of the People Living with HIV in Pakistan, established under the auspices of UNAIDS, international NGOs, and the government's AIDS control department as an attempt to strengthen ‘civil society’. It was initially run by formerly marginalized HIV‐positive leaders of community‐based organizations (CBOs), until a young university‐educated HIV‐positive man from America was selected as its national co‐ordinator. One of the ways in which this new entrant undermined the dominance of long‐established leaders of the ‘PLHIV’ (People Living with HIV) sector was to democratize the Association by attempting to hold country‐wide elections among HIV‐positive people and de‐linking the Association from the CBOs. The resulting tug of war between the pioneers of HIV activism and a privileged newcomer with a savvy agenda revealed the politics of community, the importance of numbers, the ideal of democracy, and the breaking down of monopolies. This article explores how the Association became a site of contested claims instead of serving its envisaged purpose of bringing HIV‐positive people together on a common platform and agenda for a shared good. I argue that the recent literature that examines the activism of HIV‐positive people in terms of ‘biological citizenship’, or their organizations as spaces where people are subjectivated as ‘therapeutic citizens’ with a potential for world‐wide solidarity, must be reconsidered in light of the local histories and sociologies of HIV, and would benefit from a greater appreciation of the activists’ moral complexity.