异翅负蝗配子发生过程中c-kit蛋白表达动态

应用免疫组织化学和生物统计分析相结合的方法,对异翅负蝗Atractomorp haheteroptera Bei Bienko配子发生过程中c-kit特异表达特点和动态进行研究。结果表明,(1)精子发生过程中,精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和成熟精子中均有不同程度的c-kit蛋白表达,精巢末端还有较粗大的阳性颗粒分布;(2)卵子发生过程中,第1~6阶段卵母细胞中有不同程度的c-kit蛋白特异性表达,但随着卵黄发生的开始逐渐消失;(3)此外,滤泡细胞、输卵管和受精囊的腺细胞中有c-kit蛋白颗粒的存在;(4)从c-kit蛋白季节动态变化看,精子发生和卵子发生中的阳性表达都随着时间的延续出现下降的态势。因此,c-kit蛋白的特异性表达提示该蛋白参与配子发生过程的阶段性调控,具有重要的生理作用。     

大垫尖翅蝗配子发生过程中c-kit蛋白特异性表达

应用免疫组织化学和生物统计分析相结合的方法,对大垫尖翅蝗Epacromius coerulipes (Ivan.)配子发生过程中c-kit蛋白特异表达特点和动态进行研究.结果表明:(1)精子发生过程中,精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和成熟精子中均有不同程度的c-kit蛋白表达,精巢末端还有较粗大的阳性颗粒分布;(2)卵子发生过程中,第1～6阶段卵母细胞中有不同程度的c-kit蛋白特异性表达,但随着卵黄发生的开始逐渐消失;(3)滤泡细胞、输卵管和受精囊的腺细胞中有c-kit蛋白颗粒的存在.     

精子发生过程中的相关基因

在哺乳动物精子发生过程中, 原生殖细胞发育成为精原细胞, 再发育为精母细胞, 精母细胞经过两次减数分裂成为圆形精细胞, 这些圆形精细胞经过细胞变态形成精子。精子发生过程经历了复杂的细胞分化阶段, 这一阶段受许多因素的调控作用, 其中生精细胞内的基因调节起着决定作用。精子发生中的重要基因与一系列精子发生过程中阶段性的细胞事件密切相关, 例如减数分裂重组、联会丝复合物的形成、姊妹染色体的结合、减数分裂后精子的变态以及减数分裂周期中的关键点和必需因子等。生精细胞许多特异基因的阶段特异性表达, 参与了精子发生这一特殊的细胞分化过程。近年来随着基因克隆、表达和功能研究技术的发展和应用, 发现了许多与精子发生相关的基因, 而且有的被证明在精子发生过程中具有重要作用。文章较全面综述了这一研究领域的一些进展, 着重讨论了与精子发生相关的周期蛋白基因、原癌基因、无精子因子基因、细胞骨架基因、热休克基因、核蛋白转型基因、中心体蛋白基因和细胞凋亡相关基因等。     

秀丽线虫精子发生和精子受精的研究进展

秀丽线虫精子发生过程包括减数分裂和精子活化两个阶段, 通过早期特异基因的表达和后期蛋白分子的翻译后修饰, 精原细胞发育成为具有运动能力的精子。其受精阶段包括精子运动、精子竞争、精卵信号通讯以及精卵融合等过程。通过突变体筛选目前已经获得了一些影响精子发生或受精的突变体, 并且对其中一些突变体进行了基因克隆和功能分析的研究。这些研究不仅对于阐明精子发生和受精的机理具有重大的理论意义, 而且对男性不育的治疗和男性无毒避孕药物的研发可能提供重要的依据。文章阐述了目前在线虫精子发生和精子受精两个方面的研究进展。     

秀丽白虾精子发生的研究

利用透射电镜观察秀丽白虾的精子发生,并根据染色质及细胞形态的变化将精子发生的全过程划分为五个时期,即精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子。在精子发生过程中,细胞器经历了由少到多,到最后解体特化的过程。晚期精细胞中出现单个中心粒,但在成熟精子中消失。棘突由片层复合体衍生物汇集并延伸而成。染色质在精原细胞中为部分异固缩,在精母细胞中高度凝聚为染色体,在精细胞及精子中为均匀非致密态。减数分裂同步率较高。成熟精子中帽状体和棘突构成顶体复合体。     

秀丽白虾精子发生的研究

利用透射电镜观察秀丽白虾的精子发生，并根据染色质及细胞形态的变化将精子发生的全过程划分为五个时期，即精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子。在精子发生过程中，细胞器经历了由少到多，到最后解体特化的过程。晚期精细胞中出现单个中心粒，但在成熟精子中消失。棘突由片层复合体衍生物汇集并延伸而成。染色质在精原细胞中为部分异固缩，在精母细胞中高度凝聚为染色体，在精细胞及精子中为均匀非致密态。减数分裂同步率较高。成熟精子中帽状体和棘突构成顶体复合体。     

组蛋白磷酸化修饰与精子发生

组蛋白磷酸化是组蛋白氨基酸残基的磷酸化修饰,是一类重要的翻译后修饰,与有丝分裂和减数分裂的染色质压缩、染色质功能调节、转录的激活与抑制、DNA损伤修复以及物质代谢等多种机制相关。文章对国内外近10年多种代表性生物精子发生(孢子形成)的相关文献进行总结,论述了组蛋白磷酸化在精子发生中调控蛋白质作用因子的结合位点、调控减数分裂过程中的DNA复制与重组、保障正确的染色质重塑、对减数分裂后的成熟精子核的完全包装等重要功能。这些发现加深了人们对于组蛋白及其翻译后修饰在精子发生及分化中作用的理解。     

精子发生转录调控机制的研究进展

精子发生过程中的转录调控是由一系列基因表达和调控事件组成的复杂过程,影响精子的形成、质量和功能。转录调控过程介导与精子形成密切相关的基因,包括精子特异性基因、组蛋白基因和其他转录因子的基因表达。这些基因的表达和沉默受到转录因子、表观遗传修饰和非编码RNA等多种机制的调控。此外,转录调控在精子发生的不同阶段起着不同的作用,包括精原干细胞的自我更新和分化、精母细胞的减数分裂和精子细胞的变形成熟。深入理解精子发生中的转录调控机制对于研究精子形成的生物学过程、解析生育障碍的病理机制以及开发生育问题相关的治疗方法具有重要的意义。     

九种蝗虫精子发生过程中c-kit蛋白特异性表达比较分析(英文)

c-kit蛋白在昆虫和哺乳动物生殖细胞发育中发挥着重要作用。本研究通过免疫组织化学法和生物统计方法,比较分析了隶属于直翅目蝗总科的9种蝗虫精子发生过程中c-kit蛋白表达差异。结果显示,蝗虫精子发生过程中c-kit蛋白均出现阶段特异性表达,并且在9种蝗虫种间c-kit蛋白表达出现显著差异。     

精子发生过程中组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化

精子发生(Spermatogenesis)这一高度复杂的独特分化过程包括精原细胞发育为精母细胞、单倍体精细胞的形成和精子成熟,并以阶段特异性和睾丸特异性基因的表达、有丝分裂和减数分裂以及组蛋白向鱼精蛋白的转变为特征。表观遗传修饰在减数分裂重组、联会复合物的形成、姊妹染色体的结合、减数分裂后精子的变态、基因表达阻遏和异染色质形成过程中发挥着重要作用。其中具有一定组成形式、起抑制作用和/或激活作用的组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化标记,不仅保证了正确的染色体配对和二价染色体的成功分离,并且精确调节减数分裂特异性基因的适时表达。精子发生过程中组蛋白甲基化和/或乙酰化错误会直接影响表观遗传修饰的建立和维持,导致生精细胞异常甚至引发不育。文章旨在对精子发生过程中组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化表观遗传修饰的动态变化及其相关酶的调节机制进行综述,为进一步研究精子发生的表观遗传调控,预防男性不育疾病的发生提供基础资料。     

Temporal expression of c-kit in spermatogenesis of two grasshopper species

Two species of grasshoppers, Calliptamus abbreviatus （Ikonn.） and Shirakiacris shirakii （I. Bol.）, were collected randomly in the Siping area of Jilin Province, China. By using immunohistochemical methods and statistical analysis, we observed and compared the temporal expression of c-kit protein in four representative stages of spermatogenesis of the two grasshoppers, namely： spermatogonia; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; and mature sperm. Results showed that there was c-kit positive temporal expression at each stage of spermatogenesis, but there were different positive expression levels： （i） weak positive expression of c-kit protein appeared in spermatogonia and the positive granules were thinner; （ii） strong positive expression of c-kit protein existed in primary spermatocyte and positive granules became biggest among all developmental stages; （iii） c-kit positive expression stayed stronger in secondary spermatocyte while positive granules became thinner; （iv） there was a strong positive expression of c-kit and thinner positive granules in mature sperm, which distributed on head and tail; （v） the biggest c-kit positive granules had been found massing at the end of spermary; and （vi） significant differences of c-kit positive expression existed in spermatogenesis between two species of grasshoppers. The results indicated that c-kit protein may play a crucial role in spermatogenesis and even retain the physiological action of sperms and fertilization in grasshoppers.     

New insights to the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) mechanism during spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complicated and highly ordered process which begins with the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells and ends with the formation of mature sperm. After meiosis, several morphological changes occur during spermatogenesis. During spermatogenesis, many proteins and organelles are degraded, and the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) plays a key role in the process which facilitates the formation of condensed sperm. UPP contains various indispensable components: ubiquitin, ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, ubiquitin ligase enzyme E3 and proteasomes. At some key stages of spermatogenesis, such as meiosis, acrosome biogenesis, and spermatozoa maturation, the ubiquitin-related components (including deubiquitination enzymes) exert positive and active functions. Generally speaking, deficient UPP will block spermatogenesis which may induce infertility at various degrees. Although ubiquitination during spermatogenesis has been widely investigated, further detailed aspects such as the mechanism of ubiquitination during the formation of midpiece and acrosome morphogenesis still remains unknown. The present review will overview current progress on ubiquitination during spermatogenesis, and will provide some suggestions for future studies on the functions of UPP components during spermatogenesis.     

花胫绿纹蝗和疣蝗配子发生时原癌基因c-kit特异性表达比较研究

应用免疫组织化学和生物统计分析相结合的方法,对花胫绿纹蝗Aiolopus tamulus (Fabricius)和疣蝗Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg)配子发生过程中原癌基因c-kit特异表达进行了比较研究。结果表明：（1）精子发生过程中,精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和成熟精子中均有不同程度的c-kit蛋白表达,精巢末端还有较粗大的阳性颗粒分布;（2）卵子发生过程中,第1～6阶段卵母细胞中有不同程度的c-kit蛋白特异性表达,但随着卵黄发生的开始逐渐消失;（3）2种蝗虫配子发生过程中c-kit表达存在种间差异。     

短额负蝗配子发生过程中蓖麻凝集素受体的分布

利用凝集素细胞化学方法对短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar配子发生过程中蓖麻凝集素（Ricinus communis agglutinin-Ⅰ,RCA-Ⅰ）受体分布进行了定位研究,旨在认识昆虫配子发生过程中β-半乳糖复合物的分布规律及意义。结果表明： 在短额负蝗精子发生过程中,RCA-Ⅰ在各期生精细胞膜上均有明显的阳性反应,变形期及成熟期精子头部为中强度阳性反应。卵子发生中,各阶段卵母细胞均为阳性反应,在卵母细胞生长期阳性反应达峰值,随着卵黄颗粒的逐渐形成,阳性反应逐渐减弱,成熟卵子中卵黄膜上重新出现中强度阳性反应。结果提示短额负蝗配子发生过程中β-半乳糖复合物的高度表达和修饰变化与其配子发生密切相关。     

五种棺头蟋核型的比较研究

报道了中国5种棺头蟋的核型：石首棺头蟋Loxoblemmus equestris, 2n=17, XO(♂);小棺头蟋L. aomoriensis, 2n=11, XO(♂); 哈尼棺头蟋L. haani, 2n=11, XO(♂);多伊棺头蟋L. doenitzi, 2n=11, XO(♂)和窃棺头蟋L. detectus, 2n=11,XO(♂)。并应用核型似近系数及进化距离对这5种蟋蟀作了聚类分析,得出5种蟋蟀的演化方向为石首棺头蟋→小棺头蟋→哈尼棺头蟋→多伊棺头蟋→窃棺头蟋。     

COMPARATIVE SPERMATOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF DONAX (BIVALVIA) FROM SOUTH AFRICA

The fine structure of the sperm and spermatogenesis in threespecies of Donax (D. madagascariensis, D. sordidus and D. serra)are described. Although the morphology of the sperm of all speciesis very similar, each has unique features. Donax madagascariensisand D. sordidus reportedly hybridize in regions of sympatryand their spermatozoa are morphologically closer to one anotherthan to D. serra. All sperm are of the primitive type with ahead(about 2 µmu; long), mid-piece of four mitochondria andtail. The head comprises a barrel-shaped nucleus which is cappedby a small, complex acrosome. The structure of the acrosomeis typical of heterodont bivalves. During spermatogenesis thepattern of nuclear chromatin condensation is granular. Glycogenfirst appears in the cytoplasm of spermatids, and in the maturesperm is sited in the mid-piece and base of the acrosome. (Received 15 May 1989; accepted 25 June 1989)     

Gametogenesis in the Genus Hydra

This paper comments on the induction of gametogenesis, on microscopicaland electronmicroscopical aspects of spermatogenesis and oogenesisand on fertilization in the genus Hydra. Spermiogenesis doesnot present any peculiarities. The ripe sperm contains no detectableacrosoinc. Egg-formation involves phagocytosis of entire oogoniaby growing oocytes. Several oocytes merge to a single oocyte,in which one nucleus becomes the germinal vesicle. The egg shellis formed only when the egg is fertilized. Various factors suchas the synchronization of gametogenesis, the length of sexualperiods, continuous release of sperm and the long life spanof sperm are considered to guarantee the fertilization of theeggs.     

A new family of adenylyl cyclase genes in the male germline of Drosophila melanogaster

We describe the cloning and characterization of a new gene family of adenylyl cyclase related genes in Drosophila. The five adenylyl cyclase-like genes that define this family are clearly distinct from previously known adenylyl cyclases. One member forms a unique locus on chromosome 3 whereas the other four members form a tightly clustered, tandemly repeated array on chromosome 2. The genes on chromosome 2 are transcribed in the male germline in a doublesex dependent manner and are expressed in postmitotic, meiotic, and early differentiating sperm. These genes therefore provide the first evidence for a role for the cAMP signaling pathway in Drosophila spermatogenesis. Expression from this locus is under the control of the always early, cannonball, meiosis arrest, and spermatocyte arrest genes that are required for the G₂/M transition of meiosis I during spermatogenesis, implying a mechanism for the coordination of differentiation and proliferation. Evidence is also provided for positive selection at the locus on chromosome 2 which suggests this gene family is actively evolving and may play a novel role in spermatogenesis. Received: 26 September 1999 / Accepted: 27 October 1999     

GLD-3 and control of the mitosis/meiosis decision in the germline of Caenorhabditis elegans

Germ cells can divide mitotically to replenish germline tissue or meiotically to produce gametes. In this article, we report that GLD-3, a Caenorhabditis elegans Bicaudal-C homolog, promotes the transition from mitosis to meiosis together with the GLD-2 poly(A) polymerase. GLD-3 binds GLD-2 via a small N-terminal region present in both GLD-3S and GLD-3L isoforms, and GLD-2 and GLD-3 can be co-immunoprecipitated from worm extracts. The FBF repressor binds specifically to elements in the gld-3S 3′-UTR, and FBF regulates gld-3 expression. Furthermore, FBF acts largely upstream of gld-3 in the mitosis/meiosis decision. By contrast, GLD-3 acts upstream of FBF in the sperm/oocyte decision, and GLD-3 protein can antagonize FBF binding to RNA regulatory elements. To address the relative importance of these two regulatory mechanisms in the mitosis/meiosis and sperm/oocyte decisions, we isolated a deletion mutant, gld-3(q741), that removes the FBF-binding site from GLD-3L, but leaves the GLD-2-binding site intact. Animals homozygous for gld-3(q741) enter meiosis, but are feminized. Therefore, GLD-3 promotes meiosis primarily via its interaction with GLD-2, and it promotes spermatogenesis primarily via its interaction with FBF.