Effect of inoculation of a TOL plasmid containing mycorrhizosphere bacterium on development of Scots pine seedlings, their mycorrhizosphere and the microbial flora in m-toluate-amended soil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of introduced bacteria containing a contaminant degrading plasmid on the growth and survival of pine seedlings and mycorrhizosphere microbial flora in contaminated soil. The Pseudomonas fluorescens strain OS81, originally isolated from fungal hyphae in contaminated soil, was supplied with the TOL plasmid pWW0::Km (to generate OS81(pWW0::Km)) and inoculated in humus-soil microcosms with and without pine seedlings mycorrhized with Suillus bovinus. After 3 months of regular treatment with m-toluate (mTA) solutions, the introduced catabolic plasmid was found to be disseminated in the indigenous bacterial population of both mycorrhizosphere and soil uncolonized by the fungus. Transconjugants were represented by bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia and their number correlated positively with the concentration of mTA applied. Indigenous mTA degrading bacteria with low similarity to Burkholderia species were also enriched in microcosms. They were mostly associated with mycorrhizal soil or fungal structures and virtually absent in microcosms without pines. The total number of Tol(+) bacteria was higher in mycorrhizospheric soil compared with bulk soil. Inoculation with P. fluorescens OS81(pWW0::Km) had a positive effect on the development of roots and fungus in contaminated soil. Both inoculation with the P. fluorescens OS81(pWW0::Km) and mTA contamination as well as the presence of mycorrhized pine roots and fungal hyphae had an effect on the microbial community structure of soil as measured by carbon source oxidation patterns. However, the impact of mTA on the microbial community was more prominent. The study indicates that an effect on plant and fungal development can be obtained by manipulating the mycorrhizosphere. Both introduction of the bacterium carrying the degradative plasmid and the plasmid itself are likely to have a positive effect not only on the organisms involved, but also on bioremediation of contaminated soil, a factor that was not directly monitored here.     

Structure and activities of ectomycorrhizal and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of Fagus sylvatica under ozone and pathogen stress in a lysimeter study

The aim was to study the influence of abiotic (elevated ozone) or biotic stress (Phytophthora citricola) or their combination on soil biological components and processes in the rhizosphere of young beech trees. Ectomycorrhizal and overall microbial community composition was studied at two soil depths in a lysimeter experiment with 7 year old trees of Fagus sylvatica. As a functional parameter, potential enzyme activities were measured in mycorrhizosphere soil and on excised mycorrhizal tips. The degree of mycorrhization, structure and potential enzymatic activities of mycorrhizal communities were only slightly influenced by treatments. Soil enzyme activities were depressed under elevated ozone and stimulated by P. citricola under ambient but not under elevated ozone. Overall microbial community composition (PLFA) and ectomycorrhizal diversity changed with depth. PLFA analyses not only suggested a reaction of the microbial community to elevated ozone but also indicated an increase in plant stress related components. No influence of the biotic stress on ectomycorrhizal or overall microbial community structure was detected. Changes in the mycorrhizosphere community structure and function due to ozone may be explained by the quality of plant derived carbon.     

Biological preparations with different mechanism of action for protecting potato against fungal diseases

Mycological analysis throughout the vegetation period of potato (Solanum tuberosum) made it possible to study in detail the structure of micromycete community, to determine typical dominant (frequency, more than 60%), typical common (frequency, 30 to 60%), typical rare (frequency, 10 to 30%), and casual (frequency, less than 10%) species and to estimate changes in the microorganism community caused by plant protection preparations with different mechanisms of action. It was shown that, as a result of occurrence of resistant forms, synthetic preparations against fungal pathogens of potato (such as TMTD, Ridomil gold MC, and Cupricol) were only slightly more effective than biological preparations (Trichodermin and AgroChit), with the former considerably changing the natural saprophytic mycological community. An increase in the soil pool of Trichoderma harzianum as a result of application of a biological preparation based on this antagonistic fungus correlated with its effectiveness against the soil pathogen Fusarium sp., which causes root rots. A chitosan-based elicitor preparation more effectively suppressed the development of early (Alternaria sp. and Macrosporium sp.) and late (Phytophthora sp.) blights of leaves and had a weaker effect on the soil microflora.     

Soil Bacterial Diversity Responses to Root Colonization by an Ectomycorrhizal Fungus are not Root-Growth-Dependent

The hypothesis tested in this present study was that the ectomycorrhizosphere effect on the bacterial community was not root-growth-dependent. The impacts of ectomycorrhizal infection (Pisolithus albus COI007) and a chemical fertilization to reproduce the fungal effect on root growth were examined on (1) the structure of bacterial community and (2) fluorescent pseudomonad and actinomycete populations in the mycorrhizosphere of Acacia auriculiformis using both culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. A. auriculiformis plants were grown in disinfested soil in pots with or without addition of the ectomycorrhizal fungus or N/P/K fertilization (to reproduce the fungal effect on root growth) for 4 months and then transferred to 20-L pots filled with nondisinfested sandy soil. The fungal and fertilizer applications significantly improved the plant growth after 4-month culture in the disinfested soil. In the nondisinfested cultural substrate, these positive effects on plant growth were maintained. The total soil microbiota was significantly different within the treatments as revealed from DNA analysis [denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)]. The structure of fluorescent pseudomonad populations was also affected by fungal and fertilizer applications. In contrast, no qualitative effect was observed for the actinomycete communities within each treatment, but fungal inoculation significantly decreased the number of actinomycetes compared to the fertilizer application treatment. These results show that the mycorrhizosphere effect is not root-growth-dependent but is mainly due to the presence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus and more particularly to the extramatrical mycelium.     

广西凭祥红锥-马尾松混交林菌根际微生物群落结构

以广西凭祥红锥-马尾松混交林中红锥和马尾松为研究对象,采集林下外生菌根和根际土壤,利用高通量测序分析该混交林下的菌根际微生物群落结构.结果 表明,红锥、马尾松菌根际优势真菌为红菇属Russula、被孢霉属Mortierella、乳菇属Lactarius、鹅膏属Amanita、拟锁瑚菌属Clavulinopsis、丝盖伞...     

不同丛枝菌根真菌侵染对土壤结构的影响

为了定量化比较研究接种丛枝菌根真菌后,根际、菌根际和菌丝际土壤结构的变化,采用四室分根装置,比较中性紫色土接种不同AM真菌后,菌根际、根际、菌丝际和非根际土壤平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和大于0.25mm团聚体总量(R_0.25)的变化。结果表明:接种3个菌种后菌丝际EEG和有机质含量均呈高于菌根际的趋势。菌丝密度和易提取球囊霉素相关蛋白(EEG)与MWD、GMD和R_0.25呈显著正相关,菌根际和菌丝际土壤水稳性R_0.25与菌丝密度显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.777和0.671。接种G. mosseae的菌根际土壤R_0.25值显著高于其它分室土壤,而接种G.etunicatum的菌丝际土壤R_0.25值显著高于其它分室土壤。试验结果在一定程度上说明不同菌种对土壤结构均有不同程度的影响,反映了丛枝菌根真菌生态功能的多样性。     

樟翠尺蛾种群动态与植物群落结构及气候因子的关系

在昆虫种群的研究中,Ｇｉｅｉｒ和Ｃｌａｒｋ等曾经提出生命系统的基本概念[1,2],认为生命系统由一个对象种群和作用于这个种群的环境所组成。控制昆虫种群增长的有密度制约因子(如食源)和非密度制约因子(如气候环境)。昆虫和植物之间的关系,历来是生态学研究的重要领域。通过长期的定点监测,研究某种昆虫种群动态与各种生态因子之间的关系,不仅可揭示动物和植物及环境之间互相影响的关系,对保护生物学理论的某些方面将有所发展,而且可为林业生产和环保工作提供如何应用生态学原理控制虫害,保护生物多样性和维护生态平衡的理论依据。樟翠尺…     

Impact of lime, nitrogen and plant species on fungal community structure in grassland microcosms

A microcosm-based approach was used to study impacts of plant and chemical factors on the fungal community structure of an upland acidic grassland soil. Seven plant species typical of both unimproved and fertilized grasslands were either left unamended or treated with lime, nitrogen or lime plus nitrogen. Fungal community structure was assessed by a molecular approach, fungal automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (FARISA), while fungal biomass was estimated by measuring soil ergosterol content. Addition of nitrogen (with or without lime) had the largest effect, decreasing soil pH, fungal biomass and fungal ribotype number, but there was little corresponding change in fungal community structure. Although different plant species were associated with some changes in fungal biomass, this did not result in significant differences in fungal community structure between plant species. Addition of lime alone caused no changes in fungal biomass, ribotype number or community structure. Overall, fungal community structure appeared to be more significantly affected through interactions between plant species and chemical treatments, as opposed to being directly affected by changes in individual improvement factors. These results were in contrast to those found for the bacterial communities of the same soils, which changed substantially in response to chemical (lime and nitrogen) additions.     

Butterfly community composition and conservation in and around a primary woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan

A study was conducted in and around the Aokigahara primary woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan, to clarify butterfly community structure along the environmental gradients of human disturbance, shade, and plant species richness, with a view to formulating conservation strategies for the community. The composition and abundance of butterfly species were recorded during 1999 along transects in three habitats: woodland, woodland edge and open land. Two sites were selected for each habitat. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that community structure was correlated with both disturbance and shade. However, neither relationship was significant when disturbance and shade were analyzed as covariables (partial CCA), suggesting that the combined effect of the two variables played an important role in determining community structure. In contrast, CCA showed no significant relationships between butterfly community structure and plant or hostplant species richness. Correlation analyses between species characteristics and the CCA scores showed that species occurring in more disturbed habitats were more voltine, had a wider hostplant range and were associated with lower shade tolerance than those occurring in less disturbed habitats, and species occurring in darker habitats with higher shade tolerance. Generally, the structure and characteristics of the butterfly community could be understood well in terms of the habitat templet theory. To conserve endangered species on the Red List of Japan, and to maintain butterfly diversity in and around the woodland, this study suggests a need not only to conserve the primary woodland area, but most importantly to maintain the surrounding forest edge including areas of semi-natural grassland.     

Soil micromycete diversity in the hypersaline Dead Sea coastal area,Israel

In the present study, a soil microfungal community was examined over a one-year period (1999–2000) at the western shore of the Dead Sea. A total of 78 species from 40 genera were isolated. The most prominent features of mycobiota of the territory studied were: (i) the prevailing number of melanin-containing micromycetes (46 species, 65.5 % of the total isolate number); (ii) a large share of teleomorphic Ascomyceta (26 species, 18.5 % of isolates); (iii) combination of true soil and plant surface inhabiting species; (iv) spatial and temporal variation of the mycobiota composition; (v) very low fungal density (nearly 500-fold lower than in the Judean Desert soil). These features are formed under the extremely stressful xeric and oligotrophic conditions in which the Dead Sea coastal micromycete community exists. Nine species (Alternaria alternata, A. raphani, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium pullulans, Chaetomium globosum, Ch. murorum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, and Stachybotrys chartarum) were considered a characteristic micromycete complex for the Dead Sea coastal habitat based on the spatial and temporal occurrence of these species. Many of the micromycetes isolated, including almost all the species listed above, are known to be distributed worldwide occurring in different soil types. This confirms the conclusion of many mycologists working in areas with saline and arid soils that there is no halo-and thermophilous mycobiota characteristic for those soils.     

不同生态条件下油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)菌根根际土壤微生物群落

利用BIOLOG代谢指纹方法分析了陕南商南和陕北安塞不同生态条件下油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落。结果表明,安塞油松和商南油松菌根根际微生物对糖类和氨基酸类碳源较易利用,商南油松菌根根际微生物总体上代谢碳源的种类和活性远大于安塞油松,而且对同类碳源的代谢商南油松的AWCD比安塞油松均高出2倍多。安塞油松菌根根际微生物以氨基酸类代谢群为优势类群,商南油松以糖类代谢群为优势类群。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明商南油松和安塞油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落有明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类,其次是羧酸类和氨基酸类。商南油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落AWCD极显著高于安塞油松（P〈0．01）,细菌数量显著高于安塞油松（P〈0．05）,Shannon指数和丰富度指数达极显著性差异（P〈0．01）,商南油松和安塞油松菌根侵染率差异不显著,但菌根生物量差异达极显著水平（P〈0．01）。相关性分析表明,菌根生物量与丰富度指数、AWCD呈极显著正相关,与Shannon指数呈显著正相关,但是与菌根侵染率相关性不显著。在商南温暖潮湿丘陵区油松菌根根际微生物活性、群落大小和多样性高于安塞油松,在安塞黄土高原干旱区微生物群落稳定性强于商南油松。     

The structure of micromycete complexes in permafrost and cryopegs of the arctic

A comparative study of the structure of micromycete complexes has been performed. The samples of micromycetes were taken by boring from unique habitats: cryopegs (lenses of non-freezing hypersaline water in ancient permafrost horizons) and permafrost Arctic sediments of different age enclosing these cryopegs. The possibility of characterizing the above habitats by the structure of specific complexes of microscopic fungi using qualitative and quantitative indices at extremely low numbers of these organisms was demonstrated.     

What is the effect of soil use on ant communities?

Studies on ant communities in agroecosystems have contributed to the knowledge of the effect of agricultural activities on biological communities. The aim of this study is to explain the effect of soil use on ant communities. We tested the hypothesis that there was a decrease in ant species richness and a change in the species composition at habitats with more intense soil use. We collected ants using sardine baits, subterranean traps and direct sampling at four habitats with different soil use (secundary forest, Acacia forestry, initial stage of succession and mixed crops). The ant species richness did not decrease with intensity of soil use. In successional habitat the species numbers collected using sardine baits and subterranean traps were significantly different. Species composition of communities had a pronounced variation, with the epigaeic and hypogaeic ant faunas of the habitat with high intense soil use (mixed crops) had low similarity with ant communities of the three other habitats. The predator species were restricted to habitats with low intensity of soil use. Then, species composition could better reflect the functional changes on ant communities than species richness. Our data can help to choose the component of ant community that better reflect the response of biodiversity to agricultural impacts.     

长白山地低山区土壤动物群落特征及其对环境因子变化的响应

为探讨长白山地低山区土壤动物群落特征及其对环境因子变化的响应,分别于2014年春季(5月)、夏季(7月)及秋季(9月)对长白山地低山区的次生针阔叶混交林、次生落叶阔叶林、蒙古栎林和耕地土壤动物进行研究。研究表明,4个生境共获土壤动物58类,30445只,隶属3门6纲22目52科(亚目)。各生境大型、中小型土壤动物具有一定的差异性,且各生境季节变化不同。总体来看,耕地生境土壤动物密度与类群数明显低于其它3个生境,大型土壤动物的密度季节变化较显著,中小型土壤动物的密度和类群数的季节波动均较大。次生落叶阔叶林生境大型、中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于其它3个生境,耕地最低。中小型土壤动物多样性指数、丰富度指数季节波动较大,春季、夏季与秋季之间差异性较大,大型土壤动物季节波动较小。通过对大型、中小型土壤动物与13种环境因子进行Pearson相关分析可知,大型土壤动物对土壤温度和土壤湿度具有正向响应,其密度、类群数与土壤温度具有显著正相关关系,中小型土壤动物的密度、类群数对土壤湿度具有显著正向响应;土壤动物对pH的响应程度较低,对有机质具有显著正向响应;土壤动物对全效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,大型土壤动物的密度对速效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,中小型土壤动物类群数对速效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,对Ca、Mg的响应程度较低。     

Biological preparations with different mechanisms of action for protecting potato against fungal diseases

Mycological analysis throughout the vegetation period of potato (Solanum tuberosum) made it possible to study in detail the structure of the micromycete community, to determine typical dominant (frequency, more than 60%), typical common (frequency, 30 to 60%), typical rare (frequency, 10 to 30%), and casual (frequency, less than 10%) species and to estimate changes in the microorganism community caused by plant protection preparations with different mechanisms of action. It was shown that, as a result of occurrence of resistant forms, synthetic preparations against fungal pathogens of potato (such as TMTD, Ridomil gold MC, and Cupricol) were only slightly more effective than biological preparations (Trichodermin and AgroChit), with the former considerably changing the natural saprophytic mycological community. An increase in the soil pool of Trichoderma harzianum as a result of application of a biological preparation based on this antagonistic fungus correlated with its effectiveness against the soil pathogen Fusarium sp., which causes root rot. A chitosan-based elicitor preparation more effectively suppressed the development of early (Alternaria sp. and Macrosporium sp.) and late (Phytophthora sp.) blighting of leaves and had a weaker effect on soil microflora.     

Tree diversity and species identity effects on soil fungi,protists and animals are context dependent

Plant species richness and the presence of certain influential species (sampling effect) drive the stability and functionality of ecosystems as well as primary production and biomass of consumers. However, little is known about these floristic effects on richness and community composition of soil biota in forest habitats owing to methodological constraints. We developed a DNA metabarcoding approach to identify the major eukaryote groups directly from soil with roughly species-level resolution. Using this method, we examined the effects of tree diversity and individual tree species on soil microbial biomass and taxonomic richness of soil biota in two experimental study systems in Finland and Estonia and accounted for edaphic variables and spatial autocorrelation. Our analyses revealed that the effects of tree diversity and individual species on soil biota are largely context dependent. Multiple regression and structural equation modelling suggested that biomass, soil pH, nutrients and tree species directly affect richness of different taxonomic groups. The community composition of most soil organisms was strongly correlated due to similar response to environmental predictors rather than causal relationships. On a local scale, soil resources and tree species have stronger effect on diversity of soil biota than tree species richness per se.     

安太堡矿区复垦地植被种间关系及土壤因子分析

为研究安太堡矿区植被复垦过程中不同植物群落类型的种间关系及影响群落稳定性的外部环境因子, 作者对矿区的植物群落和自然生境进行了野外调查。对森林、灌丛和草地3种群落分别在10 m×10 m、 4 m×4 m和1 m×1 m的尺度上, 采用校正的χ2检验、Spearman秩相关分析研究了不同群落类型中出现频率较高的物种之间的联结性, 同时应用灰色关联识别对影响群落稳定性的土壤因子进行了识别。结果表明: 草地群落中物种组成贫乏, 以旱生种为优势类群, 物种间既具有一定的联结性, 又具有相当独立的分布格局。灌丛群落主要种整体呈现正联结, 其组成成分仍以旱生或中旱生物种为主, 部分中生性物种的出现及其与优势种的正相关关系都在一定程度上指示了灌丛群落向正向演替方向进行。森林群落主要种也整体呈现正联结, 表明群落处于植被演替进程中一个相对稳定的过渡阶段。土壤因子与植物群落稳定性的关联顺序为: 有机质> N > P> K> Cu> Mn > pH > Zn>电导率。总的来看, 矿区现有森林群落配置方式是较灌丛群落和草地群落配置方式更适合于矿区特殊生境的群落类型, 而土壤因子中有机质在决定群落稳定性方面发挥重要作用。此研究结果对制定该矿区植被恢复计划具有参考价值。     

Influences of Plant Species Composition,Fertilisation and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lolium perenne</Emphasis> Ingression on Soil Microbial Community Structure in Three Irish Grasslands

Semi-natural grassland soils are frequently fertilised for agricultural improvement. This practice often comes at a loss of the indigenous flora while fast-growing nitrogen-responsive species, such as Lolium perenne, take over. Since soil microbial communities depend on plant root exudates for carbon and nitrogen sources, this shift in vegetation is thought to influence soil microbial community structure. In this study, we investigated the influence of different plant species, fertilisation and L. perenne ingression on microbial communities in soils from three semi-natural Irish grasslands. Bacterial and fungal community compositions were determined by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, and community changes were linked to environmental factors by multivariate statistical analysis. Soil type had a strong effect on bacterial and fungal communities, mainly correlated to soil pH, as well as soil carbon and nitrogen status. Within each soil type, plant species composition was the main influencing factor followed by nitrogen fertilisation and finally Lolium ingression in the acidic upland and mesotrophic grassland. In the alkaline grassland, however, Lolium ingression had a stronger effect than fertilisation. Our results suggest that a change in plant species diversity strongly influences the microbial community structure, which may subsequently lead to significant changes in ecosystem functioning.     

不同生态条件下油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)菌根根际土壤微生物群落

利用BIOLOG代谢指纹方法分析了陕南商南和陕北安塞不同生态条件下油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落。结果表明,安塞油松和商南油松菌根根际微生物对糖类和氨基酸类碳源较易利用,商南油松菌根根际微生物总体上代谢碳源的种类和活性远大于安塞油松,而且对同类碳源的代谢商南油松的AWCD比安塞油松均高出2倍多。安塞油松菌根根际微生物以氨基酸类代谢群为优势类群,商南油松以糖类代谢群为优势类群。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明商南油松和安塞油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落有明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类,其次是羧酸类和氨基酸类。商南油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落AWCD极显著高于安塞油松（P<0.01）,细菌数量显著高于安塞油松（P<0.05）,Shannon指数和丰富度指数达极显著性差异（P<0.01）,商南油松和安塞油松菌根侵染率差异不显著,但菌根生物量差异达极显著水平（P<001）。相关性分析表明,菌根生物量与丰富度指数、AWCD呈极显著正相关,与Shannon指数呈显著正相关,但是与菌根侵染率相关性不显著。在商南温暖潮湿丘陵区油松菌根根际微生物活性、群落大小和多样性高于安塞油松,在安塞黄土高原干旱区微生物群落稳定性强于商南油松。     

Mycorrhizosphere interactions to improve plant fitness and soil quality

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are key components of soil microbiota and obviously interact with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere, i.e. the zone of influence of plant roots on microbial populations and other soil constituents. Mycorrhiza formation changes several aspects of plant physiology and some nutritional and physical properties of the rhizospheric soil. These effects modify the colonization patterns of the root or mycorrhizas (mycorrhizosphere) by soil microorganisms. The rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants, in practice a mycorrhizosphere, harbors a great array of microbial activities responsible for several key ecosystem processes. This paper summarizes the main conceptual principles and accepted statements on the microbial interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other members of rhizosphere microbiota and discusses current developments and future trends concerning the following topics: (i) effect of soil microorganisms on mycorrhiza formation; (ii) mycorrhizosphere establishment; (iii) interactions involved in nutrient cycling and plant growth; (iv) interactions involved in the biological control of plant pathogens; and (v) interactions to improve soil quality. The main conclusion is that microbial interactions in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants improve plant fitness and soil quality, critical issues for a sustainable agricultural development and ecosystem functioning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.