Genetic polymorphism of horse serum protein 3 (SP3)

Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of horse serum samples, followed by general protein staining, revealed genetic polymorphism of an unidentified protein tentatively designated serum protein 3 (SP3). The SP3 fractions appeared distinctly when a 14% concentration of acrylamide was used in the separation gels. The 2-D mobilities of SP3 fractions were quite similar to that of albumin. Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed SP3 phenotypes were controlled by four co-dominant, autosomal alleles (D, F, I, S). Evidence was provided that the F allele can be further divided into two alleles (F1 and F2); the mobilities of F1 and F2 variants were very similar. Each of the SP3 alleles gave rise to one fraction and each of the heterozygous types showed two fractions. More than 600 horses representing five different breeds (Swedish Trotter, North-Swedish Trotter, Thoroughbred, Arab and Polish Tarpan) were typed for SP3, and allele frequency estimates were calculated. SP3 was highly polymorphic in all breeds studied.     

Phosphoglucomutase polymorphism in Swedish horses

Polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in horse erythrocytes was studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis.
Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal, codominant alleles PGM ^F and PGM ^S controlling the variation.
The gene frequencies were estimated to 0.28 and 0.72, respectively, in the North-Swedish Horse breed and to 0.13 and 0.87, respectively, in the Swedish Trotter Breed.
The probabilities of excluding a falsely assigned stallion in the PGM system were calculated to 0.16 and 0.10, respectively, in the two breeds.     

Genetic polymorphism of horse serum protein 3 (SP3)

Summary. Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of horse serum samples, followed by general protein staining, revealed genetic polymorphism of an unidentified protein tentatively designated serum protein 3 (SP3). The SP3 fractions appeared distinctly when a 14% concentration of acrylamide was used in the separation gels. The 2-D mobilities of SP3 fractions were quite similar to that of albumin. Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed SP3 phenotypes were controlled by four co-dominant, autosomal alleles ( D,F,I,S ). Evidence was provided that the F allele can be further divided into two alleles ( F ₁ and F ₂); the mobilities of F₁ and F₂ variants were very similar. Each of the SP3 alleles gave rise to one fraction and each of the heterozygous types showed two fractions. More than 600 horses representing five different breeds (Swedish Trotter, North-Swedish Trotter, Thoroughbred, Arab and Polish Tarpan) were typed for SP3, and allele frequency estimates were calculated. SP3 was highly polymorphic in all breeds studied.     

The D blood group system of the horse1

Three new horse blood group factors designated E₂, E' and Y were described. Evidence was presented that these three factors as well as the factors D, J and E₁ known before, belong to the D system established by Stormont & Suzuki (1964). That system was thus extended from being a two factor, three allele system, to the most complex system known in the horse so far. It was demonstrated that the D system is closed through the factors E₂ and E'. However a few exceptions to that rule were encountered. A minimum of 10 alleles, two of which were extremely rare seemed to control the system. Frequencies of the factors and the genes of the system were given for the Swedish Trotter breed and the North-Swedish Horse breed.     

SNP variation in the promoter of the PRKAG3 gene and association with meat quality traits in pig

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The PRKAG3 gene encodes the gamma3 subunit of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), a protein that plays a key role in energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene such as I199V are associated with important pork quality traits. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between gene expression of the PRKAG3 gene, SNP variation in the PRKAG3 promoter and meat quality phenotypes in pork. RESULTS: PRKAG3 gene expression was found to correlate with a number of traits relating to glycolytic potential (GP) and intramuscular fat (IMF) in three phenotypically diverse F1 crosses comprising of 31 Large White, 23 Duroc and 32 Pietrain sire breeds. The majority of associations were observed in the Large White cross. There was a significant association between genotype at the g.-311A>G locus and PRKAG3 gene expression in the Large White cross. In the same population, ten novel SNPs were identified within a 1.3 kb region spanning the promoter and from this three major haplotypes were inferred. Two tagging SNPs (g.- 995A>G and g.-311A>G) characterised the haplotypes within the promoter region being studied. These two SNPs were subsequently genotyped in larger populations consisting of Large White (n = 98), Duroc (n = 99) and Pietrain (n = 98) purebreds. Four major haplotypes including promoter SNP's g.-995A>G and g.-311A>G and I199V were inferred. In the Large White breed, HAP1 was associated with IMF% in the M. longissmus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and driploss%. HAP2 was associated with IMFL% GP-influenced traits pH at 24 hr in LTL (pHULT), pH at 45 min in LTL (pH45LT) and pH at 45 min in the M. semimembranosus muscle (pH45SM). HAP3 was associated with driploss%, pHULT pH45LT and b* Minolta. In the Duroc breed, associations were observed between HAP1 and Driploss% and pHUSM. No associations were observed with the remaining haplotypes (HAP2, HAP3 and HAP4) in the Duroc breed. The Pietrain breed was monomorphic in the promoter region. The I199V locus was associated with several GP-influenced traits across all three breeds and IMF% in the Large White and Pietrain breed. No significant difference in promoter function was observed for the three main promoter haplotypes when tested in vitro. CONCLUSION: Gene expression levels of the porcine PRKAG3 are associated with meat quality phenotypes relating to glycolytic potential and IMF% in the Large White breed, while SNP variation in the promoter region of the gene is associated with PRKAG3 gene expression and meat quality phenotypes.     

Genetic variation at a pig serum protein locus, Po-2 and its assignment to the Phi, Hal, S, H, Pgd linkage group

Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 5.4)-polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of pig serum samples revealed a new serum protein (postalbumin-2, PO-2) polymorphism. Family data supported the hypothesis that the three PO-2 phenotypes observed were controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles (Po-2F and Po-2s) at a single locus. The frequency of Po-2F in Swedish Landrace and in Swedish Yorkshire breeds was estimated at 0.74 and 0.65, respectively. Evidence was presented for close genetic linkage between Po-2 and the red cell phosphohexose isomerase locus (Phi). A recombination frequency of 3.2% was obtained from double backcross material. Data obtained in a Danish Landrace material showing linkage between the Po-2 locus and the H blood group locus, the Pgd locus and Hal (locus for halothane sensitivity) are also given. A total of seven recombinants were observed. They show that Po-2 is a new locus in a previously established linkage group. The likely sequence of the loci is: Phi, Hal, S, H, Po-2, Pgd.     

Associations between the coat color and the blood-group system D antigens in horses]

The study of the association between the coat-color variants and the blood-group system D antigens in the populations of two related trotter breeds (Orlov Trotter and Russian Trotter) showed the presence of three associations between these characters in the Orlov Trotter breed. In the populations of Russian trotters, these associations were not detected. Possible reasons for the formation and maintenance of these associations and the role of the selection for coat color in the differentiation of breeds by the frequencies of some system D antigens are discussed.     

Breed demarcation and potential for breed allocation of horses assessed by microsatellite markers

Population demarcation of eight horse breeds was investigated using genotype information of 306 horses from 26 microsatellite loci. The breeds include the indigenous Norwegian breeds Fjord Horse, Nordland/Lyngen Horse, Døle Horse and Coldblooded Trotter together with Icelandic Horse, Shetland Pony, Standardbred and Thoroughbred. Both phylogenetic analysis and a maximum likelihood method were applied to examine the potential for breed allocation of individual animals. The phylogenetic analysis utilizing simple allele sharing statistics revealed clear demarcation among the breeds; 95% of the individuals clustered together with animals of the same breed in the phylogenetic tree. Even breeds with a short history of divergence like Døle Horse and Coldblooded Trotter formed distinct clusters. Implementing the maximum likelihood method allocated 96% of the individuals to their source population, applying an assignment stringency of a log of the odds ratio larger than 2. Lower allocation stringency assigned nearly all the horses. Only three individuals were wrongly allocated a breed by both methods. In conclusion, the study demonstrates clear distinction among horse breeds, and by combining the two assignment methods breed allocation could be determined for more than 99% of the individuals.     

An additional serum albumin type in the Romanov breed of sheep

29 imported rams and 26 imported ewes (2 to 4 years old), belonging to the native Russian Romanov breed, and their offspring from two subsequent lambings in 1973 and 1974 were tested for serum albumin types.
Four albumin types (D, F, S and W) have been found, with frequencies of 0.18, 0.16, 0.55 and 0.11, respectively.
AID, being the fastest moving albumin type known, has never been found before, and therefore it is considered as a 'new' type.
Available family data support the hypothesis that the synthesis of AID is controlled by a codominant and autosomal allele: AI ^D.     

Phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism in horse erythrocytes

Four individual patterns of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) from horse red cells were found by starch gel electrophoresis. Population and family data of two Swedish horse breeds were consistent with the theory that the PHI types were controlled by three codominant, autosomal alleles designated PHI^F, PHI^I and PHI^S( F , I and S ).     

Polymorphism of canine serum albumin

Three serum albumin phenotypes were observed in a population of 257 dogs consisting of 18 breeds and breed crosses. Canine serum albumins are controlled by an autosomal locus with two codominant alleles Alb^F and Alb^S. Separation of the albumin types was possible by using buffer solutions with a pH of about 4.     

Serum alkaline phosphatase polymorphism in pigs

Genetic variants of serum alkaline phosphatase were studied by the method of starch gel electrophoresis in the Z?otnicka Pstra breed of pigs. Two regions of alkaline phosphatase migration were observed. A single fraction in region I and four different phenotypes: AB, B, BC and BD in region II, were found. For AB, B and BC phenotypes the genetic control by three alleles AkpA, AkpB and AkpC is suggested. The observed segregation ratios in some cases deviated significantly from the expected ones.     

On the bovine F blood group system

The F system of three Danish cattle breeds as determined by four specific anti-sera is described. In the Jersey breed three alleles are recognised. In the Danish cattle breeds there was no indication of a null allele. However, the phenotypes observed in zebu cattle by means of four reagents suggest the presence of at least six alleles in the bovine F system. Furthermore, the data show that the factors V₁ and V₂ do not form a linear subtype system in all cattle breeds.     

The C system of cattle blood groups. 1. Additional factors in the system

Four additional cattle blood group antigenic factors, provisionally termed F1, F6, F10 and F15, were shown to belong to the C system. Factor F1 appears to be a linear subtype of C" (initially designated F2, or P1B1). It is suggested that future international nomenclature should adopt C"1 and C"2 in place of F1 and C". No phenogroup was found to include C" together with C2 or C1, but a few phenogroups lack the three factors. Thus C1, C2 and C" do not form a closed system within the C system as concluded by Duniec et al. (1973). The effectiveness of the additional factors to uncover the genetic variability of the C system, and to translate phenotypes into genotypes is exemplified in the Charolais breed.     

Genetic variation at a pig serum protein locus, Po-2 and its assignment to the Phi, Hal, S, H, Pgd linkage group

Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 5.4)-polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electropho-resis of pig serum samples revealed a new serum protein (postalbumin-2, PO-2) polymorphism. Family data supported the hypothesis that the three PO-2 phenotypes observed were controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles ( Po-2^F and Po-2^S ) at a single locus. The frequency of Po-2^F in Swedish Landrace and in Swedish Yorkshire breeds was estimated at 0.74 and 0.65, respectively. Evidence was presented for close genetic linkage between Po-2 and the red cell phospho-hexose isomerase locus ( Phi ). A recombination frequency of 3.2 % was obtained from double backcross material. Data obtained in a Danish Landrace material showing linkage between the Po-2 locus and the H blood group locus, the Pgd locus and Hal (locus for halothane sensitivity) are also given. A total of seven re-combinants were observed. They show that Po-2 is a new locus in a previously established linkage group. The likely sequence of the loci is: Phi, Hal, S, H, Po-2, Pgd .     

Genetic variation at pig plasma protein locus PLP1 and its assignment to chromosome 5

A new genetic polymorphism of an unidentified plasma protein (PLP1) in pigs was described by using a method of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and protein staining. Two codominant alleles, with frequencies of 0.83 and 0.17, were found in the Swedish Yorkshire breed. The PLP1 marker was typed in a three-generation pedigree and tested for linkage against a set of 128 markers. The PLP1 locus showed significant LOD score values with three different microsatellite markers (S0092, DAGK and S005), previously assigned to chromosome 5.     

Genetic polymorphism of blood and milk enzymes and proteins and their association with economically valuable traits of black-white cattle of the western region of the Ukraine

The structure of genetic polymorphism of the blood and milk proteins and blood enzymes was studied. It was shown that in the Western region of Ukraine Black-and-White breed cattle had seven phenotypes of transferrin, one phenotype of hemoglobin, three phenotypes of amylase, five phenotypes of alkaline phosphatase, ceruloplasmine, beta-lactoglobuline, and alpha si-caseine, and three phenotypes of beta-caseine. The effects of homo- and heterozygous levels on the heifer growth, milk production and fertility of cows were found. Complex analysis of polymorphism of blood and milk ferments and proteins gives possibility to find a closer association of genetic tests with growth, milk production, and fertility of animals of Black-and-White breed.     

Genetic control of cholinesterase activity in horse serum

The cholinesterase activity in horse serum was shown to be controlled by four co-dominant autosomal alleles, Ch ^A, Ch ^B , Ch ^c and Ch ^D. The respective alleles controlled an activity of approximately 40, 76, 126 and 155 units. Nine phenotypes with different enzyme levels were distinguished. Family data with 11 stallions, 108 mares and 128 offspring were consistent with the genetic theory. The gene frequencies in the North Swedish horse breed were 0.32, 0.42, 0.13 and 0.13, respectively.     

Serum esterase genetics in rabbits. I. Phenotypic variation of the prealbumin esterases and classification of atropinesterase and cocainesterase

Rabbit atropinesterase and cocainesterase were studied by starch gel electrophoresis. The enzymes are localized in a region of the gels anodal to the albumins (prealbumin esterases). In this region, three groups of esterase zones (S, F, and D) can be distinguished. The S and F zones are almost exclusively responsible for the hydrolysis of cocaine and atropine, respectively. There is an interdependence of the S, F, and D zones: the activity of zone D depends on the presence of the three F zones, whereas these F zones are found only in combination with the three S zones. α-Naphthylacetate as a substrate reveals six different phenotypes; two of these phenotypes are shown to be composed of two subtypes when a supplementary staining procedure is executed. Atropinesterase and cocainesterase are classified as carboxylesterases (E.C. 3.1.1.1.) with a rather wide specificity for both aliphatic and aromatic esters. The α-naphthol esters are split better than the corresponding β-naphthol esters. Naphthol esters with an acyl side-chain of three carbon atoms are hydrolyzed optimally by the enzymes.