农田生态系统不同土地利用方式与管理措施对土壤质量的影响

于2005年在北京市延怀盆地选择农田生态系统中的玉米地、大豆地两种传统土地利用方式,以及近10～20 年由传统农业用地转化而来的蔬菜和果园用地,研究农田生态系统不同土地利用方式与管理措施对土壤质量的影响.结果表明,菜地、果园和高投入玉米地土壤总有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量明显高于中、低投入玉米地和大豆地土壤.在各种土地利用类型中,SOC、TN和TP的变化范围分别为7.67～10.00 g·kg^-1、0.75～1.12 g·kg^-1和0.63～1.00 g·kg^-1;菜地土壤有效磷(AP)含量和电导率(EC)显著高于其他土壤,不同农田生态系统土壤物理性状差异不明显.果园和菜地土壤质量指数分别为0.525和0.503,高于传统农田玉米和大豆土壤(0.417～0.494).菜地土壤的养分有效性最高,水分有效性和根系适宜性低于果园土壤,应注意菜地非点源污染的潜在风险.在传统农业用地中应采取培肥地力等方式提高土壤质量.     

河北省县域农田生态系统供给功能的健康评价

引入"生态系统服务功能"理论,构建县域农田生态系统供给功能健康评价指标——农田生产力稳定系数,该指标被定义为:一定时期内(若干年),县域自然生态系统第一性生产力波动系数与县域农田生态系统第一性生产力波动系数的平均比值;并构建了评价指标与人类福利指标(用县域人均耕地纯收入表征)关系模型,作为评价指标的阈值判定方法。通过河北省136个县的实证研究表明,农田生产力稳定系数对农田生产力稳定性和农田生产力高低具有综合性指示作用;人类社会对生态系统反馈影响的忍受界限对评价指标阈值的确定非常关键;1991—2000年和2001—2009年两个阶段中,河北省县域农田生产力稳定系数整体呈上升趋势,空间格局较为一致,农田生产力稳定系数较低、农田供给功能健康状况较差的县域集中分布在冀北生态脆弱地区;农田生态系统供给功能健康状况与县域贫困状况形成紧密的空间耦合关系。     

珠江三角洲高畦深沟农田生态系统的结构及功能研究

前言自然和社会经济条件不同,农田生态系统的类型也不同。研究农田生态系统的结构与功能,可了解特定系统对当地环境条件的适应性。近年来,国内外很多学者,都从能流物流和经济效益方面对各类型结构农田生态系统结构与功能作了研究。高畦深沟结构农田生态系统,是珠江三角洲平原区人民为在当地地下水位较高的条件下,进行旱作而发展的一种农田生态系统类型。它的特点是,以一定的比例挖深沟,利用挖沟的泥土起高畦,沟中长期保持有水层,畦面进行旱作,沟里进行种植、养殖或其它利用,结构多年不变,是一种相对稳定的农田生态系统。     

Effects of landscape and management on ground‐dwelling insect assemblages of farmland in Jeju Island,Korea

Granite‐derived soils are widespread in the farmland of Korea in general. In contrast, Jeju Island has mainly volcanic ash soils. Soils and weather condition in Jeju Island created a unique agricultural system. We identified the features of ground‐dwelling insects in farmlands of Jeju Island. This study was conducted in four areas (Samdal‐ri and Susan‐ri in Seogwipo city, and Dongmyeong‐ri and Suwon‐ri in Jeju city) in Jeju Island, Korea. Field surveys were carried out twice in summer (June) and autumn (September) in 2013. Ground‐dwelling insects were sampled quantitatively by using pitfall traps. As a result, in total 3322 individuals, 137 species, 48 families and 8 orders were investigated in farmlands of Jeju Island. Especially, members of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera accounted for a large proportion of ground‐dwelling insect communities. The numbers of species and individuals for major taxonomic groups showed significant regional and seasonal differences. This study implied that the seasonal and regional differences of ground‐dwelling insect communities were affected by surrounding land use patterns, life history patterns of each taxonomic group and farmland management.     

农田林网环境效益监测研究

林带是农田林网的组成部分,其群体稳定,生物量高,为人们提供木材和林副产品,而且还具有改善环境的作用和功能。以往研究已充分揭示和认识了农田林网调节气候、涵养水源、防风固沙、防止水土流失、保护农田的功能和意义,而对林带树木的环境作用研究尚处于探索之中。宁夏林业建设发展较快,尤其是     

沱湖生态系统的特征与滨湖农田生态维护

通过对沱湖生态特征调查分析,研究了沿淮河迹洼地型湖泊与滨湖农田生态系统的相互影响．为了维护沱湖生态平衡和资源永续利用,提出了滨湖农田系统和土壤管理的措施．     

基于作物综合要素单元的农田利用布局

自然和经济要素相结合构建农田利用布局可最大限度地优化农田经济和生态效益,是耕地保护最有效的路径之一。以浦江县为例,运用ArcG IS技术,以影响作物生长的自然因子为自然要素指标迭加成9个自然单元,运用生态位社会经济评价值确定出431个经济单元,两者结合形成作物综合要素单元,并以当地代表性的粮食作物水稻、经济作物蔬菜、水果为参照设计出具有最佳适宜性和较高综合效益的农田利用布局。测算结果与浦江县的客观发展实际相应证,说明生态位社会经济评价值NSEV与自然要素的结合确定作物布局区的方法,不仅能适度减少人为主观因素对结果的影响,而且该方法实用性较强,选取的作物自然要素指标和经济要素指标针对性强。     

长期重金属胁迫对农田土壤微生物生物量、活性和种群的影响

调查了沈阳张士灌区长期污水灌溉造成的原位农田土壤重金属污染状况,从土壤微生物生物量、微生物活性和微生物种群数量的角度评价了长期重金属污染对农田土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明,张士灌区土壤存在严重的Cd污染,土壤Cd含量达1.75～3.89 mg·kg ^-1,部分区域还伴有Cu、Zn复合污染.在目前污染程度下,土壤微生物生物量碳(C_mic)、微生物商(qM)、土壤脱氢酶活性以及自生固氮菌数量随土壤重金属含量增加呈下降趋势,代谢商(qCO₂)随土壤重金属含量增加显著升高,而底物诱导呼吸强度(SIR)、纤维素酶活性以及细菌、放线菌和真菌数量无明显变化.相关性分析表明,土壤Cd含量变化是影响微生物参数变化的主要因素,在微生物参数中微生物商和代谢商对重金属污染最敏感.     

垦殖对沼泽湿地土壤呼吸速率的影响

三江平原是我国最大的沼泽化低平原,同时也是受人类活动影响最剧烈的区域之一。选取三江平原两类典型湿地-常年积水的毛果苔草(Carex lasiocapa)沼泽和季节性积水的小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)草甸及由其垦殖的水田和旱田为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对土壤呼吸速率进行了观测。研究结果表明,小叶章草甸与毛果苔草沼泽土壤呼吸速率的季节变化形式相同,为单峰型,在夏季出现排放峰值,而冬季呼吸速率最低。沼泽湿地垦殖为旱田后,土壤呼吸速率的季节变化形式未发生变化,但垦殖为水田后,土壤呼吸速率排放峰值的时间延后在秋季出现。毛果苔草沼泽、小叶章草甸、旱田及水田通过土壤呼吸释放的碳量分别为(3.1±0.4)、(4.8±0.7)、(2.8±0.4)、(2.2±0.3)tC.hm-2.a-1。毛果苔草沼泽土壤呼吸速率低于小叶章草甸是由沼泽湿地的积水环境差异造成的,而沼泽湿地垦殖为农田后土壤呼吸作用减弱,主要是由于垦殖后土壤有机碳含量大幅降低所致。相关分析表明,温度和土壤湿度(或积水深度)是影响土壤呼吸速率的重要因素,温度与小叶章草甸、毛果苔草沼泽以及旱田土壤呼吸速率呈显著指数关系,Q10值分别为2.1、2.5和1.8,沼泽湿地垦殖为旱田后温度敏感性指数降低,主要是由于土壤微生物营养源减少从而对微生物营养供应受限造成的。小叶章草甸、毛果苔草沼泽、旱田以及水田土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度/积水深度之间的关系可用线性或二次曲线方程来描述。     

华北盐渍化改造区农田蚯蚓生态学研究——以河北省曲周县为例

河北省曲周盐演化改造区通过治理改造,土壤环境状况得到极大改善,土壤中蚯蚓种相对较丰富,有3个科、6个属、6个种,正蚓科的赤子爱胜蚓、暗灰异唇蚓和链胃蚓科的日本杜拉蚓在该地区的数量较多.种群密度20.50条/m2,生物量6.01g/m2,基本达到普通农田生态系统的水平;从年龄结构上看该地区蚯蚓种群属稳定型,成蚓和幼蚓量基本相当;全年蚯蚓的数量分布规律是盛夏＞初春＞深秋.     

新疆石河子地区泉水溢出带农业生态系统演替的研究

新疆石河子地区泉水溢出带农业生态系统演替的研究夏春兰赖先齐（新疆石河子大学农学院８３２００３）ＡＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＳｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｏｎＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎＳｐｒｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒＯｖ...     

黄土高原贫困地区农田能量效率与提高途径

黄土高原贫困地区主要分布于吕梁山以西至兰州以东的丘陵山区。贫困县有102个,人口2300万,农耕地4.67×10~8ha多,分别占黄土高原总县数的35.7%,总人口的35%,耕地面积的37.5%。其中连片的有山西吕梁山区、陕西榆林地区、宁夏西海固地区及甘肃定西地区。该贫困地区水土流失面积占80%以上,侵蚀模数为5000-1.0×10~4 t·km~(-2),年降水量300—55mm,干旱缺水,主要土壤为侵蚀黑     

The selective use of floral resources by the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) on farmland

The use of flowers of non-crop plants by the syrphid Episyrphus balteatus in margins of cereal fields was assessed quantitatively. G-tests and the ‘C’ index of Murdoch (1969) were used to compare the use and abundance of twenty-seven plant species by adult flies from June to August in the UK. The flowers of several plant species were used selectively by hoverflies throughout the season while the relative importance of others changed with date. The prospects for managing the field-margin flora to enhance biocontrol by hoverflies is discussed.     

绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶研究述评

作物对氮素的吸收利用及氮素在土壤中的积累和运移,制约着绿洲农田生产力并对农田环境造成影响,是绿洲农田生态系统可持续发展和绿洲稳定性研究的一个重要方面。针对农田氮素积累和淋溶这一绿洲资源消耗量增加、耕作方式粗放结果下的环境问题,对其特征及引发的环境效应进行了详细阐述,并从不同的角度综述了缓减绿洲氮素淋失及环境污染的对策。指出在未来还需加强绿洲地下水氮污染调查及农田氮素积累和淋溶现状的区域评价,并针对一些在绿洲大面积推广的农田管理技术开展其对农田氮素积累和淋溶影响的研究,并强调人文因素在绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶调控中的重要性。     

村落与农田及土地利用关系的生态学探讨

村落与农田在农村生态系统中既对应又统一；村落与土地利用关系密切。在农村的一切生态经济活动中，都是围绕着村落的建设和土地的耕作进行的。从史前时代直到当今信息社会，村落和土地一直是人类社会生存与发展的基石，因而从生态学角度探讨村落与农田及土地利用关系具有...     

Floristic composition and conservation value of the stubble-field weed community,dominated by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachys annua</Emphasis> in western Hungary

The stubble-field weed community, dominated by Stachys annua, was generally distributed in Hungary until the 1950s on mid-heavy and heavy, base-rich soils. Stachys annua is an excellent nectar-producer, and from the nectar collected in its habitats popular stubble-honey was produced. This vegetation type has suffered significant decline, mainly due to the early ploughing of stubbles associated with the intensification of agriculture. In the present study, the floristic composition of this community is assessed based on 213 phytosociological records, and its distribution in the past ten years in western Hungary is mapped. Sixty-five percent of the species are of Eurasian, European and Mediterranean elements, and the largest proportion of the species are spring-germinating summer annuals. The proportion of insect-pollinated plant species is approximately 70%, and the species composition also offers significant seed food sources for farmland birds, e.g. Coturnix coturnix and Perdix perdix. Therefore this community should deserve a high conservation priority for biodiversity. The factors that offer the greatest threats to the continuing existence of this community type are intensive agricultural management and the increasing spread of Ambrosia artemisiifolia.     

The role of farm structure on bird assemblages around a Kenyan tropical rainforest

Although it is clear that the farmlands neighbouring fragmented forests are utilized by some forest birds, it is not clear how birds in general respond to farmland habitat mosaic. An effort was made to determine how bird density and foraging assemblages were influenced by farm structural characteristics and distance from forest edge. Thirty farms up to a distance of 12 km around Kakamega forest in western Kenya were studied. Farm structure entailed size, hedge volume, habitat heterogeneity, woody plant density, plant diversity and crop cover. Birds were surveyed using line transects and DISTANCE analyses and classified into six feeding guilds and three habitat associations. Size of farms increased away from the forest, as woody plant density, plant diversity, indigenous trees and subsistence crop cover declined. The most important farm structure variable was hedge volume, which enhanced bird species richness, richness of shrub‐land bird species and insectivorous bird density (R = 0.58, P < 0.01). Bird density increased with tree density while indigenous trees were suitable for insectivores and nectarivores. There were very few forest bird encounters. Agricultural practices incorporating maintenance of hedges and sound selection of agroforestry trees can enhance conservation of birds on farmland, though, not significantly for forest species.