Ser203在大鼠脑驱动蛋白水解ATP中重要作用的晶体学分析

鼠脑驱动蛋白（rat brain kinesin）是一种利用水解ATP所释放的能量在微管束上高速并且连续性运动的常规驱动蛋白. 它在神经突触的物质运输中起着重要作用. 研究驱动蛋白是如何将ATP中储藏的化学能转化为机械动能是理解其运动机能的重要课题. 本课题获得了鼠脑驱动蛋白单体与ATP结构类似物AMPPCP形成的复合物晶体结构. 将这个晶体结构与鼠脑驱动蛋白单体-另一种ATP结构类似物AMPPNP形成的复合物晶体结构以及鼠脑驱动蛋白单体-ATP水解产物ADP形成的复合物晶体结构进行相互比较,揭示了活性中心的开关区域I中丝氨酸203可能作为质子的供体,加速了ATP中gamma-磷酸和beta-磷酸的断裂,从而导致ATP的水解.     

鼠脑驱动蛋白的表达、纯化和结晶

驱动蛋白是一类利用水解ATP为ADP和磷酸的过程中释放的能量沿微管系统运动的蛋白。为了研究ATP中储存的化学能是如何转化为驱动蛋白的机械动能,鼠脑驱动蛋白的相关N-端区域在BL21-Codon Plus(DE3)-RP感受态大肠杆菌细胞中大量地表达。通过SP-强阳离子交换色谱和分子筛色谱的两步骤纯化,蛋白最终产量高达10 mg/L细胞培养液,蛋白纯度可以达到95%以上。纯化的蛋白具有水解ATP酶的活力,并与驱动蛋白抗体有特异性的反应。驱动蛋白可以在如下条件结晶:1.7 mol/L(NH4)2SO4,500 mmol/L NaCl,20%glycerol。晶体衍射的分辨率可以达到2.0。     

电子传递促进的ATP水解

铁蛋白在结合MgATP时,MgATP基本上不水解,只有在与钼铁蛋白结合并传递电子给钼铁蛋白时,MgATP才酶促水解为MgADP和Pi(磷酸根),电子传递和ATP的水解是两个快速的偶联过程。[Fe_4S_4(SPh)_4]~(-2)     

驱动蛋白的能量转换过程——从ATP分子结合到颈链对接

驱动蛋白是一种分子马达,同时也是一种核苷酸酶,它能够将ATP分子所携带的化学能转化为其沿微管蛋白行走的机械能,每消耗一个ATP分子行走一步。对于驱动蛋白如何将ATP的化学能转化为构象变化的机械能的研究一直是生物物理学研究的热点问题。本文从3个方面对此问题的研究进展进行了综述:ATP分子与驱动蛋白结合; ATP结合引起驱动蛋白头部产生转动;驱动蛋白头部转动引起驱动蛋白颈链向头部的对接。将这三个方面的内容合并起来就构成了驱动蛋白的能量传递路径。     

驱动蛋白的结构与功能

驱动蛋白是一类蛋白质超家族的总称,其中驱动蛋白-1(以下简称驱动蛋白)是目前已知的有机体内最小的马达蛋白.驱动蛋白能够催化三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)分子的水解反应,将贮藏在ATP中的化学能转变为自身机械运动所需的机械能.驱动蛋白能够沿着微管连续定向运动,在细胞的有丝分裂和胞内物质运输中发挥重要作用.在真核细胞中,驱动蛋白主要以二聚体的形式存在,其结构主要包括4个部分,即马达头部、茎部、连接头部与茎部的颈链以及与货物相结合的尾部.驱动蛋白二聚体独特的结构特征以及各个组成部分协调的构象变化,保证了其沿微管的连续行走.目前,驱动蛋白的结构与功能之间的关系的研究取得了重要的进展.随着实验和计算水平的不断提高,彻底了解驱动蛋白的运动机理已经为期不远了.     

微波水解制备鱼蛋白的研究

采用微波水解的方法制备鱼蛋白水解液,结果表明:微波可以明显增加蛋白质回收率,正交实验得到微波酸解的最适条件,即HCl浓度4 mol·L-1、微波功率450w、作用时间为30min,其水解液的蛋白质回收率可达到91.02％,相当于酶解的效果,且腥苦昧较小。     

驱动蛋白结构与运动机制

驱动蛋白是一类能够利用ATP水解释放的化学能驱动其所携带的“货物”分子沿着微管（microtubule,MT）定向运动的分子马达,在细胞器运输、有丝分裂、轴突运输等方面有着重要的生理作用。随着驱动蛋白结合ADP、ATP和未结合核苷酸（APO）三种特征状态的晶体结构的解析,驱动蛋白构象变化的研究得到了进一步发展,而在力产生机制和运动模型方面仍然存在较大争议。本文以kinesin-1家族为例,分析了驱动蛋白三种特征状态结构的特点、状态结构间的构象转变,论述了驱动蛋白的力产生机制和整个迈步过程。并探讨了驱动蛋白的运动模型,同时采用分子动力学模拟比较了驱动蛋白的两种迈步方式,为深入研究驱动蛋白提供了一定的理论计算。最后,基于本课题组对复杂体系的研究,对驱动蛋白体系的控制机制提出了新的假设,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

扇贝边蛋白资源酶法水解条件的优化

以扇贝边为原料,首先分析了其营养成分,结果表明,扇贝边干物质中蛋白质的含量为67.6%。然后用ASI,398枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶通过液体发酵对扇贝边蛋白资源进行了酶解条件优化,实验了酶解温度、酶的用量、酶水解时间和底物浓度等4因素对酶解效率的影响,确定了扇贝边的最佳水解条件:即酶解温度为50℃,蛋白酶的加入量为0.5%,即250U·ml^-1,底物浓度为6%,酶解时间为3h。     

Structure of a kinesin microtubule depolymerization machine

With their ability to depolymerize microtubules (MTs), KinI kinesins are the rogue members of the kinesin family. Here we present the 1.6 A crystal structure of a KinI motor core from Plasmodium falciparum, which is sufficient for depolymerization in vitro. Unlike all published kinesin structures to date, nucleotide is not present, and there are noticeable differences in loop regions L6 and L10 (the plus-end tip), L2 and L8 and in switch II (L11 and helix4); otherwise, the pKinI structure is very similar to previous kinesin structures. KinI-conserved amino acids were mutated to alanine, and studied for their effects on depolymerization and ATP hydrolysis. Notably, mutation of three residues in L2 appears to primarily affect depolymerization, rather than general MT binding or ATP hydrolysis. The results of this study confirm the suspected importance of loop 2 for KinI function, and provide evidence that KinI is specialized to hydrolyze ATP after initiating depolymerization.     

Proton translocation driven by ATP hydrolysis in V-ATPases

The vacuolar H(+)-ATPases (or V-ATPases) are a family of ATP-dependent proton pumps responsible for acidification of intracellular compartments and, in certain cases, proton transport across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. They are multisubunit complexes composed of a peripheral domain (V(1)) responsible for ATP hydrolysis and an integral domain (V(0)) responsible for proton translocation. Based upon their structural similarity to the F(1)F(0) ATP synthases, the V-ATPases are thought to operate by a rotary mechanism in which ATP hydrolysis in V(1) drives rotation of a ring of proteolipid subunits in V(0). This review is focused on the current structural knowledge of the V-ATPases as it relates to the mechanism of ATP-driven proton translocation.     

ATP hydrolysis by multidrug-resistance protein from Chinese hamster ovary cells

ATPase activity of multidrug-resistance protein (P-glycoprotein, Pgp) from Chinese hamster ovary cells was studied. Catalytic characteristics were established for Pgp both in its natural plasma membrane environment and in purified reconstituted protein. Generally the two preparations of Pgp behaved similarly, and demonstrated low affinity for MgATP, low nucleotide specificity, preference for Mg-nucleotide, and pH optimum near 7.5. A high-affinity binding site involved in catalysis was not apparent. Effective covalent inactivators were NBD-C1, NEM, 8-azido-ATP, and 2-azido-ATP. DCCD, FITC, and pyridoxal phosphate were only weakly inhibitory. Lipid composition was found to affect the degree of drug stimulation of ATPase in purified reconstituted Pgp, suggesting that the lipid environment affects coupling between drug-binding and catalytic sites, and that Pgp expressed in different tissues could show different functional characteristics.     

On the role of arginine-glutamic acid ion pair in the ATP hydrolysis

The complex between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 4-guanidinobutyric acid (GBA) has been studied by infrared spectroscopy dry and hydrated (60% relative humidity). Partial nonenzymic hydrolysis has been detected, as deduced from characteristic bands of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic orthophosphate formation. An infrared continuum, which increases upon hydration, demonstrates that the hydrogen bonded system in this complex has a large proton polarizability due to collective proton fluctuation. On this basis, a mechanism for splitting of lytic water molecules is also discussed.     

Inactivation and reactivation of light-triggered ATP hydrolysis on the chloroplast coupling factor

Decay of light-triggered ATP hydrolysis in the dark was diminished with a decrease in chloroplast concentration. The enhancing effect of NH₄Cl on ATP hydrolysis decreased with dark time. The decrease was much faster than that in ATP hydrolysis activity. The NH₄Cl effect increased with ATP preincubation time. Reactivation of ATP hydrolysis occurred with the progress of ATP hydrolysis. P_i enhanced the activation remarkably. These results suggest that ATP hydrolysis produces some energized state, which stimulates NH₄C1 effect and makes coupling factor active in the presence of P_i and that to keep coupling factor active, energy is not necessarily needed.     

The role of MeH73 in actin polymerization and ATP hydrolysis

In actin from many species H73 is methylated, but the function of this rare post-translational modification is unknown. Although not within bonding distance, it is located close to the gamma-phosphate of the actin-bound ATP. In most crystal structures of actin, the delta1-nitrogen of the methylated H73 forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl of G158. This hydrogen bond spans the gap separating subdomains 2 and 4, thereby contributing to the forces that close the interdomain cleft around the ATP polyphosphate tail. A second hydrogen bond stabilizing interdomain closure exists between R183 and Y69. In the closed-to-open transition in beta-actin, both of these hydrogen bonds are broken as the phosphate tail is exposed to solvent.Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a mutant beta-actin (H73A) expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The properties of the mutant are compared to those of wild-type beta-actin, also expressed in yeast. Yeast does not have the methyl transferase necessary to methylate recombinant beta-actin. Thus, the polymerization properties of yeast-expressed wild-type beta-actin can be compared with normally methylated beta-actin isolated from calf thymus. Since earlier studies of the actin ATPase almost invariably employed rabbit skeletal alpha-actin, this isoform was included in these comparative studies on the polymerization, ATP hydrolysis, and phosphate release of actin.It was found that H73A-actin exchanged ATP at an increased rate, and was less stable than yeast-expressed wild-type actin, indicating that the mutation affects the spatial relationship between the two domains of actin which embrace the nucleotide. At physiological concentrations of Mg(2+), the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis of the mutant actin were unaffected, but polymer formation was delayed. The comparison of methylated and unmethylated beta-actin revealed that in the absence of a methyl group on H73, ATP hydrolysis and phosphate release occurred prior to, and seemingly independently of, filament formation. The comparison of beta and alpha-actin revealed differences in the timing and relative rates of ATP hydrolysis and P(i)-release.     

Effect of denaturants on multisite and unisite ATP hydrolysis by bovine heart submitochondrial particles with and without inhibitor protein

The effect of guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCl) on multisite and unisite ATPase activity by F0F1 of submitochondrial particles from bovine hearts was studied. In particles without control by the inhibitor protein, 50 mM GdnHCl inhibited multisite hydrolysis by about 85%; full inhibition required around 500 mM. In the range of 500-650 mM, GdnHCl enhanced the rate of unisite catalysis by promoting product release; it also increased the rate of hydrolysis of ATP bound to the catalytic site without GdnHCl. GdnHCl diminished the affinity of the enzyme for aurovertin. The effects of GdnHCl were irreversible. The results suggest that disruption of intersubunit contacts in F0F1 abolishes multisite hydrolysis and stimulates of unisite hydrolysis. Particles under control by the inhibitor protein were insensitive to concentrations of GdnHCl that induce the aforementioned alterations of F0F1 free of inhibitor protein, indicating that the protein stabilizes the global structure of particulate F1.     

Characterization of ATP and ADP hydrolysis activity in rat gastric mucosa

The degradation of nucleotides is catalyzed by the family of enzymes called nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases). The aim of this work was to demonstrate the presence of NTPDase in the rat gastric mucosa. The enzyme was found to hydrolyze ATP and ADP at an optimum pH of 8.0 in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+. The inhibitors ouabain (0.01-1 mM), N-ethylmaleimide (0.01-4 mM), levamisole (0.10-0.2 mM) and Ap5A (0.03 mM) had no effect on NTPDase 1 activity. Sodium azide (0.03-30 mM), at high concentrations (>0.1 mM), caused a parallel hydrolysis inhibition of ATP and ADP. Suramin (50-300 microM) inhibited ATP and ADP hydrolysis at all concentrations tested. Orthovanadate slightly inhibited (15%) Mg2+ and Ca2+ ATP/ADPase at 100 microM. Lanthanum decreased Mg2+ and Ca2+ ATP/ADPase activities. The presence of NTPDase as ecto-enzyme in the gastric mucosa may have an important role in the extracellular metabolism of nucleotides, suggesting that this enzyme plays a role in the control of acid and pepsin secretion, mucus production, and contractility of the stomach.