陕西中部黄土高原地区空气花粉组成及其与气候因子的关系——以洛川县下黑木沟村为例

空气花粉研究是现代孢粉学、植被变迁与预测的重要内容之一.陕西省黄土高原地区洛川县2007-2009连续2a的空气花粉分析表明:空气花粉组成与区域植被分布特征和植物花期一致.与2007—2008年相比,2008-2009年的花粉总通量及蒿属花粉通量明显增加,但木本植物花粉通量降低,这主要与2008-2009年降水明显偏少密切相关.2007-2008年降雨量高于500 mm,花粉组合中乔木花粉百分比高于30％,表现出森林植被特点;2008-2009年降雨量少于450 mm,花粉组合中草本花粉高于80％,乔木花粉低于10％,更多表现出草原植被特点.但从植被观测来看并没有明显的变化,表明花粉组合较植被对气候变化更为敏感.主要花粉类型与气候因子的相关分析表明:气候因子影响空气花粉的组成及数量.栎属、松属、蔷薇科花粉数量主要受春季温度影响,温度越高花粉数量越多;其他季节花粉数量主要受相对湿度影响,湿度越低,花粉数量越大.榆属花粉数量主要与冬季温度有关,温度越高,花粉数量越高.杨属只受春季温度影响,春季温度越低,花粉数量越多.胡颓子科花粉含量主要受春季相对湿度、风速影响,相对湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越多.绝大多数草本花粉数量均主要受春、冬季相对湿度及风速影响,相对湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越高;此外,禾本科花粉数量还受春季温度影响,温度越高,花粉数量越多;菊科花粉数量在夏秋季节还受温度、湿度和风速的共同影响,温度越低,湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越多.这些结果表明,黄土高原中部地区的空气花粉特征能反映区域植被组成,且对气候变化非常敏感,对认识和预测当地气候变化与植被动态等具有重要意义.     

太白山表土花粉和气孔器与植物类型的关系研究

通过陕西太白山13个样点表土花粉组合特征和气孔器及其与植物类型之间关系的分析,结果发现:针阔混交林花粉组合能很好地反映植物类型特征,落叶阔叶林和针叶林花粉组合能较好地与植物类型相对应,高山灌丛草甸花粉组合未能反映植物类型数量特征;主要花粉类型松属、铁杉属和桦属花粉具超代表性,胡桃属和榆属花粉具适宜代表性,落叶松属、冷杉属、杜鹃花科和槭属花粉具低代表性;DCA(Detrended Correspondence Analysis)分析表明,通过花粉数据能够较好区分不同植被类型,结合气孔器特征能够准确反映植被特征。     

青藏高原东北缘表土花粉初步分析

通过对青藏高原东北缘不同群落19个样点的表土花粉组合特征及其与植物群落之间关系的研究,发现:(1)针叶林和高山灌丛的花粉组合特征与植物群落有较好的对应关系,落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林的花粉组合基本上能反映植被群落特征,草本植物的花粉组合未能反映植物群落的数量特征;(2)主要花粉类型中松属、云杉属和桦属花粉具超代表性,杜鹃花科、杨属和柏科花粉具低代表性;(3)通过花粉相对含量降趋势对应分析(DCA)能较好地区分不同植被类型。该研究成果可为本地区及相似地区的古植被和古环境重建提供基础和验证资料。     

宁夏大罗山表土样品中主要花粉类型的代表性

基于宁夏大罗山(森林岛屿)及其周边地区69个样方的植被调查和表土花粉分析的数据,计算得到主要花粉类型的联合指数(A)、低代表性指数(U)、超代表性指数(O)和花粉百分比含量。通过分析表明:禾本科和蒿属花粉与植被的关系呈强相关,花粉的出现能够指示母体植物在当地的生长;桦木属、藜科、云杉属和松属花粉类型具超代表性,但若花粉百分比含量较高仍可以表征母体植物在当地的生长;菊科、蔷薇科、瑞香科、旋花科、榛属、莎草科、大戟科、唇形科、豆科、木樨科、杨属、柳属、蒺藜科和伞形科花粉与植被的关系呈弱相关,有一定的指示意义;十字花科和柽柳科花粉与植被无相关性,花粉的出现和百分比含量都不能作为母体植物出现的指标。以上结果可为化石孢粉记录的解释提供依据。     

阴山山脉东段花粉通量及其与表土花粉比较研究

阴山山脉东段蛮汉山和大青山山顶草甸、桦木林、虎榛子灌丛、人工油松林及杂草草原5个植被类型花粉通量与表土花粉对比研究发现,不同植被类型及同一植被类型不同样点花粉通量和花粉浓度差异明显,捕捉器样品花粉源区面积小于表土样品,能较好地反映样品点周围植被组成,但受虫媒植物和局地植物花粉影响,与表土样品花粉组合差异明显;表土样品中松属、桦属、蒿属及藜科花粉含量多高于捕捉器样品,表明这些花粉不仅易于传播,而且在表土中具有较强的保存能力;禾本科花粉具低代表性,花粉保存能力较低.地层花粉分析中应引起注意.     

天津市气传致敏花粉探讨

本文报道1985年4月1日起至1986年3月31日止天津市和平区观察空气甲孢粉飘散的结果。该市全年均有花粉飘散,其中11月起至翌年2月止花粉数量很少,其它月份数量较多。一年中共出现二次高峰,即春季4月和秋季8—9月。春季花粉为木本植物的,如,白蜡树(Fraxinus L.)榆属(Ulmus L.)和杨属(Populus L.)。秋季花粉以草本植物为主,如,藜科(chenopodlaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia L.)、葎草属(Humulus L.)和禾本科(Gramineae)。经结合临床观察,花粉症患者发病日期与植物的开花期基本上是一致的。     

长白山针阔叶混交林带花粉通量及垂直散布年际对比

长白山针阔叶混交林一号样地2005和2006年气象塔不同高度捕捉器样品花粉分析对比表明:连续两年花粉组成都足以乔木花粉为主,但存在差异,06年乔木花粉百分比较高,灌木、草本较低,同时06年花粉通量也较高,可能与05年花期降水较多,温度较低,花粉产量低有关.连续两年花粉通量在垂直高度上具有较高的一致性,特别是主要乔木花粉类型(白蜡属、桦、栎、松属花粉).这一结果有助于更好理解表土花粉对植被的指示性,森林表土样品中的草本、低矮灌木花粉类型,应主要来自样品点附近的植物;样品中的乔木、较高灌丛花粉类型,可能来自样品点附近或更大范围植物;区域性植物对花粉组合也有一定影响.     

中国阿尔泰山西部表土花粉研究

阿尔泰山是个完整的自然地域综合体,自然地理要素垂直地带性分异显著,对花粉搬运、沉积、保存有较大影响。根据对中国阿尔泰山西部53个表土样品花粉谱特征分析,基于植物群落样方物种调查结果,运用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,探讨了该区域表土花粉与现代植被分布的对应关系。研究表明(1)阿尔泰山西部表土花粉组合与现代植被分布基本一致,各植被带均存在特有的花粉组合,荒漠草原带蒿属—藜科—禾本科—麻黄属组合优势明显,草原灌丛带以禾本科—蒿属—蔷薇科—藜科组合为主,山地森林带表现为云杉属(或云杉属+冷杉属)—桦木属—蔷薇科—禾本科—莎草科组合,亚高山灌丛带以桦木属—禾本科—柳属—莎草科组合为主,高山草甸带表现为唇形科—禾本科—桦木属—蔷薇科—莎草科组合。聚类分析可将各植被带准确鉴别开,主成分分析表明湿度是影响其分布的主导因素。(2)云杉属、冷杉属、蔷薇科、桦木属、柳属、豆科、麻黄属、禾本科、蒿属、藜科、菊科、唇形科、莎草科、唐松草属含量高、变化幅度大,为该区域主要的表土花粉类型。其中,云杉属、桦木属代表性较好,禾本科、冷杉属、莎草科代表性较低,藜科、蒿属具超代表性。花粉含量高低除自身因素外,某些科(属)还可...     

中俄黑龙江—阿穆尔跨境地区寒温带表土孢粉研究

文中对黑龙江北部-俄罗斯阿穆尔地区进行了表土孢粉分析,采样点共40个,样点的地理分布覆盖了5种主要的植被类型,分别是落叶针叶林、常绿针叶林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林、湿地沼泽。每个样点同时在野外进行了植被类型描述和覆盖度统计。结果表明,该地区寒温带植被的表土花粉组成中,占优势的木本花粉主要有针叶类的Pinus,Larix,Picea和Abies;阔叶类的主要为Betula,Quercus等;草本以Cyperaceae和Artemisia为主,这些组分与植被中的建群植物类型基本一致。花粉的植被代表性R值结果表明,桦木属具有超代表性,松属花粉代表性中等,落叶松和云杉属为低代表性,栎属、槭树属等的代表性与植被覆盖度相近。花粉的联合指数揭示了柏科、柳属、禾本科、落叶松属等指数较高,而松属、蒿属、栎属、桦木属等联合指数中等。通过降趋对应分析将花粉组合分为三组:1)松属、冷杉、云杉、落叶松、柏科;2)鹅耳枥、桤木属、桦木属、栎属;3)菊科、莎草科、蒿属、禾本科,分别代表了针叶林、落叶阔叶林和湿地沼泽等植被类型,说明花粉组合在植被类型上具有一定的指示意义。乔木花粉的气候因子分析表明,一月最低气温值与乔木花粉关系最密切。     

东北地区植被物候时序变化

植被与气候的关系非常密切,植被物候可作为气候变化的指示器。东北地区位于我国最北部,是气候变化的敏感区域,研究该区植被物候对气候变化的响应对阐明陆地生态体统碳循环具有重要意义。利用GIMMS AVHRR遥感数据集得到了东北地区阔叶林、针叶林、草原和草甸4种植被25a(1982—2006年)的物候时序变化,得出4种植被春季物候都表现出先提前后推迟的现象,秋季物候的变化则比较复杂,阔叶林和针叶林整体上呈现出秋季物候推迟的趋势,草原和草甸则表现为提前-推迟-提前的趋势。应用偏最小二乘(Partial Least Squares)回归分析了该区域植被物候与气候因子之间的关系,结果表明:春季温度与阔叶林、针叶林和草甸春季物候负相关,前一年冬季温度与草原春季物候正相关,降水与植被春季物候的关系有点复杂;4种植被秋季物候与夏季温度均呈正相关,除草原外,其余3种植被秋季物候均与夏季降水负相关。植被春季物候可能主要受温度影响,而秋季物候很可能主要受降水控制。     

The dispersion characteristics of airborne pollen in the Shijiazhuang (China) urban area and its relationship with meteorological factors

In this study, a Tauber pollen trap was used in the urban area of Shijiazhuang to monitor continuously the outdoor air pollen from 2007 to 2011. The trap was emptied at regular intervals (typically 15 days). The results show that airborne pollen assemblages are generally similar each year among 2007–2011 and are responsive to the flowering times of plants, being dominated by pollen from woody plants in the spring and by pollen from herbaceous plants in summer and autumn. Two peak pollen influx periods, especially for the main allergenic pollen taxa, are seen, one between early March to early June and a second between late August to early October. During the four seasons, the main pollen taxa are Juglans, Artemisia, Platanus, Populus, Chenopodiaceae, Urtica + Humulus, Rosaceae, Pinus, Poaceae, Cereals, Quercus, and Betula, and all taxa other than Rosaceae were confirmed by relevant studies to be allergenic pollen taxa. RDA analysis of pollen influx and meteorological factors shows that in spring, temperature and humidity have significant effects on the pollen influx of woody plants; in summer, humidity and precipitation have significant negative effects on pollen influx of herbaceous plants; in autumn, temperature, water vapor pressure, and precipitation have a significant positive influence on herbaceous pollen influx; in winter, there were no significant correlations between airborne pollen influx and meteorological factors. The results reveal the dispersion patterns of airborne pollen and provide an important reference to appropriate construction of urban green systems and the reliable reduction in regional pollinosis.     

Vegetation reconstruction on the basis of pollen in Late Pleistocene hyena coprolites from San Teodoro Cave (Sicily, Italy)

Vegetation reconstruction based on pollen from coprolites of extinct spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea, Goldfuss 1832) recovered from excavations carried out in 1998 at San Teodoro Cave (Sicily, Italy) supports previous indications of pre-Late Glacial conditions. Eight of the twelve coprolites analysed contained well-preserved pollen grains. There is a general similarity between the pollen contents from the coprolites but they show variability. They suggest a main vegetation type dominated by steppic taxa (Poaceae, Artemisia, Ephedra, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae) but also including arboreal taxa (Pinus and Cupressaceae). Low percentages of pollen of mesophilous woody taxa (Quercus, Betula, Abies, Alnus, Pistacia, among others) are noticeable, suggesting the existence of nearby refugia for temperate and Mediterranean vegetation. A reconstruction of the landscape, using the coprolite pollen record and other pollen records from Sicily and south Italy, shows the predominance, during the pre-Late Glacial, of a wooded steppe biome, with elements representing a variety of local environmental conditions.     

Pollen calendar for Vigo, North-West Spain (1995)

This is the first data from a pollen survey in Vigo, an Atlantic city in northwest Spain. The pollen calendar for Vigo is presented, as well as the pollination period for the nine most important allergenic plants. Through 1995, 30 083 pollen grains belonging to 52 taxa, were recorded using the Lanzoni VPPS 2000 volumetric spore-trap. The most relevant taxa found were: Urticaceae,Pinus, Poaceae andQuercus (75% of the total pollen),Betula, Castanea, Cupressaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Ericaceae, Myrtaceae,Olea, Plantago, Platanus andRumex (21%), and the final 4% was distributed mainly among pollen types, such as:Corylus, Alnus, Fabaceae, Compositae,Artemisia andCedrus. Of the total annual pollen count, 56% was found in March and April. Another, secondary peak was recorded in June corresponding to the flowering period of herbaceous species. The high pollen total of Urticaceae (7625 grains, 25% of the total) should be highlighted. The percentages ofOlea europaea (565 grains) should be noted as well, taking into account its geographical distribution.     

Modern pollen and land-use relationships in the Taihang mountains, Hebei province, northern China—a first step towards quantitative reconstruction of human-induced land cover changes

Studies of the modern relationship between pollen, vegetation and land-use are essential to infer past human impact on vegetation from pollen records. Nevertheless, such investigations are relatively few in China. We present here a study of pollen assemblages from sediment samples collected from irrigation pools in the Tuoliang and Qipanshan catchments in northern China. Pollen and spores from natural vegetation such as Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Pinus and Selaginella sinensis dominate the pollen assemblages, while pollen types which could be from crops such as cereals, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Apiaceae and Cucurbitaceae are common but not abundant. Pollen percentages of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae become less with decreasing altitude, while Pinus and S. sinensis percentages increase, indicating that saccate Pinus pollen and S. sinensis spores are transported further than non-saccate Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen, and differential sorting of pollen is occurring during transport in river water. Proportions of pollen from farmland and crops increase with decreasing altitude, showing that pollen percentages of crops might be a good indicator of the extent of farmland. A linear correlation analysis between pollen percentages and vegetation proportions shows that pollen percentages of crops are positively correlated with proportions of farmland, while correlation between pollen percentages of trees, shrubs and herbs and proportions of woodland, scrubland and grassland respectively is poor. This study indicates that the relationship between pollen percentages and vegetation proportions can be explained by the differences of pollen productivity, dispersal and deposition, and might be the basis for a modelling approach to infer past vegetation cover in northern China.     

Aprpaoches to airborne pollen in SE spain. First survey in murcia: one year of pollen monitoring (1993–94)

First data from a pollen survey carried out in the city of Murcia (SE Spain) are given in this paper. Using a Burkard Volumetric Spore Trap, daily slides were prepared and 80 pollen types belonging to 51 families andAlternaria spores were identified and counted. Special attention was paid to 14 relevant taxa: Cupressaceae,Pinus, Genisteae,Olea, Morus, Acer, Platanus, Plantago, Quercus, Urticaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae,Artemisia andAlternaria. The main sources of airborne particles wereAlternaria (27.7%), Cupressaceae (13.5%),Olea (9.36%), Chenopodiaceae (8.31%) and Urticaceae (5.8%). Annual variations in pollen abundance and length of the flowering seasons are given for individual species and are related to environmental factors. Results indicate a main pollen season from March to June and a second minor season in September to October. The relatively high concentrations of Genisteae and the appearance of anArtemisia winter season were noted.     

A 20 Ma pollen record of East-Asian summer monsoon evolution from Guyuan, Ningxia, China

Pollen analysis was conducted on the fluviolacustrine sediments from the east side of the Liupan Mountains, a relatively monsoon-sensitive region, and provided for the first time a continuous evolutionary history of vegetation and climate in East China during the Neogene. The pollen record spanning the last 20 Ma indicates that the vegetation and thus East-Asian summer monsoon evolution can be divided into three stages: 20.13–14.25 Ma, 14.25–11.35 Ma and 11.35–0.08 Ma, in spite of general dominance of steppe throughout the Neogene. During the period 20.13–14.25 Ma, the pollen assemblage was characterized by high abundance of Artemisia and small amounts of temperate to subtropical deciduous broad-leafed trees such as Juglans, Carya, Quercus and Betula, suggesting that the East-Asian summer monsoon was generally strong. The interval from 14.25 to 11.35 Ma was marked by a significant decline in the East-Asian summer monsoon, as indicated by Artemisia gradually replaced by Humulus and halophytic Chenopodiaceae. Nitraria and Ephedra also reached high values in this period. Since 11.35 Ma ago, percentages of halophytes dominated by Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae maintained a high mean value of about 40%, revealing a weak intensity of East-Asian summer monsoon. The general weakening of the monsoon circulation during the Neogene and the significant monsoon decline during the late Middle Miocene in particular might link with the global cooling trend probably through two mechanisms. Cooling and ice-sheet expansion over the polar region caused an increase in meridional temperature gradients leading to the southward retreat of the monsoon circulation. The global cooling may have also reduced the amount of water vapor held in the atmosphere, and led to both additional cooling and further weakening of the East-Asian summer monsoon. The cause for a short-lived resumption during the period 1.0–0.8 Ma is under investigation.     

Airborne pollen sampling in Toledo, Central Spain

Toledo is one of the main tourist spots of Spain, attracting around two million visitors per year. Its geographical situation in the vast and scarcely monitored Region of Castilla La Mancha and the high number of tourists (especially in the spring) has resulted in the Spanish Aerobiology Network (REA) making this city a major study objective. Air monitoring studies carried out using REA sampling procedures commenced in October 2002. Thirty-two pollen types were identified during the sampling period (October 2002 to October 2004). The annual Pollen Index (PI) was 44124 for the agricultural year October 2002–October 2003, and 29666 in the same period of 2003–2004. The most abundant taxa were, in decreasing order of dominance: Cupressaceae, Quercus, Poaceae, Populus, Olea, Urticaceae, Platanus, Pinus and Ulmus. Other, less well-represented pollen taxa included Salix, Alnus, Fraxinus and Tamarix, which were characteristic of riverside areas, and Morus, Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae. The presence of Castanea pollen grains originating from chestnut crops far away from the city was clearly an example of long-distance transport. The highest concentrations of airborne pollen were detected from March to May and also in January, due to the flowering of Cupressaceae species. In general, there was a correlation between pollen and meteorological parameters: a positive correlation with temperature and a negative correlation with rainfall and humidity during the pre-peak period. A negative correlation between temperature and some tree pollen taxa was detected in the principal pollen period correlation analysis due to their long pollination periods.     

Postglacial vegetation history as recorded from the subalpine Lake Ribno (NW Rila Mts), Bulgaria

A pollen analysis conducted on a 600 cm core from Lake Ribno (2184 m) in the Northwestern Rila Mountains, supplemented by 13 radiocarbon dates, has revealed the basic stages in its postglacial vegetation dynamics. The lateglacial vegetation, composed of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae, with stands of Pinus and Juniperus-Ephedra shrubland, dominated in the stadials and partly retreated during the B?lling/Aller?d interstadial (14700–12900 cal. yrs. BP). The afforestation in the early Holocene (11600–7800 cal. yrs. BP) started with pioneer Betula forests, with groups of Pinus and Juniperus at mid-high altitudes, and Quercus forests with Tilia, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Corylus below the birch zone. A coniferous belt composed of Pinus sylvestris, P. peuce and Abies was shaped under the conditions of a more humid climate (7800–5800 cal. yrs. BP). The last trees that invaded the study area were Fagus after 4300 cal. yrs. BP and Picea abies after 3400 cal. yrs. BP. Evidence for destructive changes in the vegetation and indications of agricultural and stock-breeding activities (pollen of Triticum, Secale, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex, Juglans) was continuously recorded since the Late Bronze Age (3400–3200 cal. yrs. BP). The postglacial vegetation history in the Northwestern Rila Mountains demonstrated close similarities with that of the Northern Pirin Mountains.     

Palynological record of climate change during the last deglaciation from the Song Hong (Red River) delta, Vietnam

The palynological sequence from core ND-1 on the Song Hong delta in the northern Vietnam reveals the climate change during the last deglaciation. The identified pollen in the core is dominated by Castanopsis (Lithocarpus), Elaeocarpus, Ficus, Piperaceae and Quercus. High percentages of temperate taxa including the conifers Dacrydium, Podocarpus, Pinus, Cupressaceae, Txodiaceae and Cryptomeria, and broad-leaved taxa of Carpinus, Alnus, Juglans, Carya, Ulmus, Fagus, Ilex, Castanea, Quercus, which have a mainly upland distribution, is possibly associated with a lowering of the montane vegetation boundary. On the other hand, intensified river influence can also result in an increase in the temperate allochthonous taxa. After analyzing the magnitude of river influence on pollen assemblages during the sedimentary environment evolution, we extracted the climate information and used this to reconstruct climate change during the last deglaciation. A cooler climate during 14.5-10.9 cal. kyr BP than at present is indicated by higher percentage of temperate types than at present under a similar river influence on the floodplain. The Younger Dryas cooling event is recognized by widely developed grasslands between 12.9 and 11.6 cal. kyr BP, adding to the evidences for this period from both terrestrial and marine records in regions influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Two other cooling periods, 9.4-9.0 cal. kyr BP and 6.5-5.2 cal. kyr BP, are indicated by increases of temperate pollen taxa such as Cryptomeria, Alnus, Quercus, and Castanea.