澳大利亚库布尔溪更新世人骨的颏孔高度

库布尔溪(Coobool Creek)人骨是1950年乔·布莱克(Black)从澳大利亚新南威尔士南部的莫莱河流域中段的马兰(Mallan)镇附近发现的,现在存放在澳大利亚的墨尔本大学解剖学系,少量标本存在新英格兰大学史前学和考古学系。作者在这批人骨的下颌骨上测量了颏孔高度和颏孔处下颌体高度,并用这两项数据计算出颏孔高度指数,结果表明这三项数据的个体变异和左右侧变异都很大,但三个项目的左侧平均数和右侧平     

北京小龙门发现淡尾鹟莺

我们在北京小龙门林场(40°00'N,115°26'E)发现淡尾鹟莺(Seicercus soror):2011年6月发现1只;2012年6月发现5只.该鸟在海拔约1 100 m的阔叶林中上部活动,生境中乔木多为核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)和辽杨(Populus maxuimowiczii). 北京小龙门个体灰色,顶冠纹不超过眼先、金黄色的眼圈完整、无明显翼斑、外侧两对尾羽内羽片末端白色.这些特征可与金眶鹟莺种组(Seicercus complex)的其他物种相区分,确认其为淡尾鹟莺.对2只个体各10句鸣唱进行测量,语句长度分别为(1.086±0.060)s(平均值±标准差)和(1.179±0.056)s;最高频率分别为(7.532±0.742) kHz和(7.351±0.591)kHz;最低频率分别为(2.476±0.312) kHz和(2.442±0.297) kHz.     

颧根与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学测量

目的:通过测量颧根与侧颅底各重要结构间的距离关系,为临床侧颅底外科手术治疗提供定位参考。方法:取成人颅骨标本50例(去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例)100侧,用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量颧根与侧颅底重要结构的距离。结果:实验测得左右侧颧根与外耳门前缘中点、乳突尖、茎突、翼突外侧板根部、舌下神经管外口、茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、棘孔、卵圆孔、破裂孔的距离分别为22.30±2.84mm和22.02±3.27mm、40.37±3.21mm和40.56±3.54mm、32.53±2.78mm和32.92±2.68mm、35.13±3.14mm和35.19±2.74mm、49.29±2.88mm和48.98±2.87mm、32.92±2.44mm和33.05±2.61mm、35.15±2.86mm和34.68±3.13mm、33.17±2.78mm和33.17±2.72mm、28.83±2.62mm和28.68±2.63mm、31.15±2.76mm和31.49±2.73mm、43.67±3.32mm和44.15±3.02mm,左右侧数据无差异(P>0.05)。结论:颧根可以作为侧颅底外科手术的定位标志,为直视条件下经颞下等入路的侧颅底外科手术提供解剖学依据。     

ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOL Master测量角膜曲率及前房深度的比较

目的:比较ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster两种非接触性检查仪器的角膜曲率及前房深度测量结果.方法:随机选取符合入选条件的门诊患者80例160眼,分别用ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster进行角膜曲率及前房深度(anterior chamber depth,ACD)测量,并对测量结果进行配对t检验,分析两种检查方法测量结果的差异.结果:ALLEGRO Oculyzer测得的最陡峭径线曲率半径(R1)、最平坦径线曲率半径(R2)与平均曲率半径(Rm)分别为7.78±0.28 mm、7.51±0.27 mm与7.64± 0.25 mm:IOLMaster相应的测量结果分别为7.78± 0.29 mm、7.50± 0.28 mm与7.64± 0.26 mm.经配对t检验,两种方法测得R1、R2、Rm结果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster测得的ACD分别为3.46± 0.38 mm与3.33±0.39 mm,两者测量结果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster测得的角膜曲率在正常人群都具有较高的准确性,但ACD测量结果有一定差异,在使用ACD数据进行IOL计算、术前评估等临床应用时应注意.     

乳突切迹与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学观测及应用

目的:通过测量乳突切迹与侧颅底重要骨性结构的距离,为临床相关应用提供解剖学参考。方法:取成人颅骨标本50例(去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例)100侧,测量乳突切迹及其与侧颅底重要孔、裂和管的距离。结果:左右侧乳突切迹后缘距茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外侧缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、破裂孔、棘孔、卵圆孔距离分别为25.16±3.73cm和25.02±3.58cm、30.92±3.50cm和30.45±3.49cm、38.22±3.57cm和38.14±3.43cm、57.23±3.71cm和57.14±3.44cm、47.94±3.83cm和48.32±3.54cm、53.70±3.98cm和53.55±3.75cm。结论:以乳突切迹后缘做为侧颅底手术的定位标志能够为临床相关应用提供较方便、准确的定位参考。     

多层螺旋 最大C强度投影测量肩脚孟斜倾角的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)最大强度投影(MIP)测量肩胛孟斜倾角的价值。方法:收集成人肩关节标本24侧,用16层螺旋CT扫描仪扫描,MIP测量肩胛孟斜倾角。取MIP重建肩胛骨前后两种冠状位层面,测得两组肩胛盂斜倾角度数,进行统计学处理。结果:肩胛盂斜倾角最小值95．86°,最大值117．78°,两组肩胛盂斜倾角数据分别为106．91°±6．30°,106．60°±6．57°,两种层面肩胛盂斜倾角统计学上无显著性差异。结论:多层螺旋CT最大强度投影测量肩胛孟斜倾角层面选择对测值没有影响;多层螺旋CT MIP测量肩胛盂倾斜角具有较好的可重复性、具有重要价值。     

以乳突切迹和翼钩为基点的侧颅底分区方法

目的:探讨以乳突切迹和翼钩为基点的侧颅底分区新方法.方法:在乳突切迹后缘、翼钩、枕骨大孔前缘中点和颧根四个结构间相互连线,区分侧颅底并测量连线的长度.结果:乳突切迹与侧颅底重要结构的关系密切,切迹后缘与翼钩连线和正中线将侧颅底分成内、外侧两个大的三角区,每个区再分成前后两个三角区共四个三角区,即腭和颞下三角、咽三角、关节和听三角、血管神经三角,其中血管神经三角的三边长度左右侧分别为(74.52±5.47)mm和(74.66±5.41)mm、(59.77±3.84)mm和(59.67±3.56)mm、(42.23±3.11)mm和(42.48±2.60)mm.结论:本研究提供了新的侧颅底分区方法,且血管神经三角的区域划分更为科学,为临床侧颅底手术入路和定位提供了解剖学参考.     

女性髋骨闭孔解剖学测量及意义

目的:测量闭孔与周围骨性标志间的距离关系,积累相关应用解剖学数据。方法:选取完整女性髋骨49例(其中左侧20例,右侧29例),用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量闭孔与与周围骨性标志间的距离。结果:测得左、右侧闭孔前后结节、闭孔最长径、尿道括约肌附着点至耻骨结节、尿道括约肌附着点至坐骨结节中点、坐骨结节中点至闭孔、坐耻弓长、坐耻弓中点宽、耻骨结节至闭孔前结节、耻骨结节至髂耻隆起、坐骨结节中点至坐骨棘的距离分别为31.8±3.6 mm和31.5±4.2 mm、45.7±3.9 mm和46.9±3.9mm、60.5±5.6 mm和54.9±6.0 mm、58.4±8.5 mm和61.7±6.3 mm、32.7±1.9 mm和32.8±3.6 mm、45.6±5.6 mm和46.7±4.0mm、13.1±2.7 mm和12.8±2.8 mm、40.6±4.3 mm和38.8±6.5 mm、49.6±4.0 mm和47.8±4.8 mm、42.9±4.4 mm和41.9±7.0mm,左右侧差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:闭孔解剖学测量资料可为相关疾病诊治及妇科和盆会阴部手术提供一定的解剖学依据。     

心外膜脂肪厚度与冠脉病变严重程度的相关性研究

目的:探讨心外膜脂肪组织(Epicardial adipose tissue,EAT)厚度与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性。方法:收集167名符合纳入标准的患者,根据冠状动脉造影(coronary arteriography,CAG)结果分2组:正常冠脉组(65例)及冠心病冠脉病变组(≥1支冠状动脉病变狭窄程度≥50%)(102例)。同期经胸超声心动图测量EAT厚度,并依据CAG图像计算Gensini评分、Syntax评分。结果:冠脉正常组和冠心病病变组EAT厚度分别为(3.89±0.2 mm)、(6.19±1.19 mm),冠心病病变组显著高于冠脉正常组(P0.001)。进一步分析EAT的厚度分别为5 mm、5-7 mm和7 mm时,Gensini评分分别为:7.21±7.73,37.80±29.55和62.77±27.26;Syntax评分分别为:7.13±7.70,19.71±7.27和24.95±4.31。EAT的厚度与Gensini评分(r=0.621;P0.001)、Syntax评分(r=0.689;P0.001)呈正相关。结论:心外膜脂肪组织厚度与冠状动脉狭窄的复杂程度评分Gensini评分、Syntax评分呈正相关。     

颧根与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学测量

目的：通过测量颧根与侧颅底各重要结构间的距离关系,为临床侧颅底外科手术治疗提供定位参考。方法：取成人颅骨标本50例（去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例）100侧,用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量颧根与侧颅底重要结构的距离。结果：实验测得左右侧颧根与外耳门前缘中点、乳突尖、茎突、翼突外侧板根部、舌下神经管外口、茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、棘孔、卵圆孔、破裂孔的距离分别为22.30±2.84mm和22.02±3.27mm、40.37±3.21mm和40.56±3.54mm、32.53±2.78mm和32.92±2.68mm、35.13±3.14mm和35.19±2.74mm、49.29±2.88mm和48.98±2.87mm、32.92±2.44mm和33.05±2.61mm、35.15±2.86mm和34.68±3.13mm、33.17±2.78mm和33.17±2.72mm、28.83±2.62mm和28.68±2.63mm、31.15±2.76mm和31.49±2.73mm、43.67±3.32mm和44.15±3.02mm,左右侧数据无差异（P〉0.05）。结论：颧根可以作为侧颅底外科手术的定位标志,为直视条件下经颞下等入路的侧颅底外科手术提供解剖学依据。     

Variations in the articular facets of the adult cuneiform bones

This study was carried out on 300 adult cuneiform bones (100 each of medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform bones) for variations in their articular facets. The bones under study are from the Department of Anatomy, University of Jos, Nigeria. In each group, 75 were male and 25 female bones. The difference in the incidence of various patterns of articular facets in the different cuneiform bones between males and females as well as between right and left sides was found to be statistically significant.     

Comparison of accessory olfactory bulb volumes in the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis)

The volume size of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of 40 common tree shrews (Tupaia glis) was compared with regard to differences between left and right sides, males and females, and animals born in the wild and those born and raised in captivity. There were no statistically significant differences between the two sides and the two sexes, but a significant reduction of the AOB from wild to captive animals was apparent. This reduction was more pronounced in females than in males and somewhat more pronounced in the inner granular layer (layer 6) than in the other measured components (layers 1 + 2, layers 3-5). No well-founded explanation for this reduction could be given.     

中国现生六种非人灵长类和树鼩大脑两半球不对称性的比较研究

对中国现生六种灵长类动物：懒猴、猕猴、灰叶猴、川金丝猴、滇金丝猴、长臂猿以及与灵长类关系密切的树鼩的大脑两半球形态,功能的不对称性以及由此引起的行为不对称性进行了研究。结果表明：大脑两半球不对称现象均存在于上述几种动物中。因而,这种不对称性可能经历了一个长期演化历程。     

Finger dermatoglyphics of the Rarhi Brahmins of Bengal

The finger prints of 138 individuals belonging to the sub-caste Rarhi Brahmin have been analyzed. In males whorls are more frequent in the right hand than the left, while it is just the reverse in case of loops and arches. Females, however, show higher frequency of loops and lesser frequency of whorls in the right hand than the left, while the arches are more frequent on the left hand of females than the right. Arches are found to be more frequent on the thumb in males, while among females it is found mostly in the second finger. The bimanual difference is statistically significant in both sexes. Right hands are found to be more monomorphic than left hands. Monomorphic hands are less frequent among females than males. In the digitwise occurrence of symmetrical combinations of different patterns, the trend is III>IV>V>I>II in males, and V>IV>III>I>II in females. Males show higher ridge counts in all fingers than do females. Ridge counts are usually found to be higher in the right hand than the left. The sex difference for mean total ridge counts is significant (t = 1.99, 0.05>P > 0.02, d.f. = 136). The bimanual difference is statistically significant for thumbs in both sexes, while the difference for the other digits is not significant.     

髋骨闭孔沟的临床解剖学测量

目的：对闭孔沟进行解剖学观察和测量,为相关应用提供临床解剖学依据和丰富人类学数据。方法：选取结构完整、解剖标志清晰的髋骨108例,其中男性髋骨59例（左侧36例,右侧23例）,女性髋骨49例（其中左侧20例,右侧29例）,对闭孔沟进行观察并测量其长度和闭孔沟中点宽度。结果：试验测得男性左、右侧闭孔沟长度分别为31．4±3．4mm、32．1±2．4min,女性左、右侧闭孔沟长度分别为19．4±2．2mm、20．8±2．7mm;统计学分析显示同性别左、右侧差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,男、女性之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。男性左、右侧闭孔沟中点宽度分别为9．7±1．6mm、10．7±1．5mm,女性左、右侧闭孔沟中点宽度分别为12．1±1．7mm、11．6±2．0mm;同性别左、右侧及男、女间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：男、女性闭孔沟测量数据可为闭孔处疾病的诊断和治疗提供应用解剖学的考虑依据并丰富人类学数据。     

Blood vessel size of circulus arteriosus cerebri (circle of Willis): a statistical research on 100 human subjects

The brain weight of 100 fresh cadavers of Italian subjects (60 males and 40 females), aged between 17 and 84 years, was obtained and the corrected circumference of the following blood vessels was measured: basilar artery, internal carotid arteries, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, and anterior and posterior communicating arteries. The cerebral 'potential flow' was expressed in each case by adding the circumference of the basilar artery to that of the internal carotid arteries. Moreover, the sides and the perimeter of the circle of Willis as well as the length of the basilar artery were calculated. The statistical analysis of the obtained data yielded the following main results: (1) the brain weight decreases with aging, is lower in females than in males and and is statistically correlated neither with the circumferences of the considered arteries and the 'potential flow' nor with the perimeter of the arterial polygon (circle of Willis); (2) the arteries of the left side appear to be larger than those of the right one; (3) no significant difference exists in the circumference and length of the arteries between males and females; (4) the increase of the perimeter of the arterial polygon is achieved by means of a harmonious increase of all its sides; (5) the anterior and posterior communicating arteries have an anarchic pattern, because of the relatively frequent anomalies and the lack of a correlation between their circumference and that of the vessel of origin or of outlet.     

Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. I. Variations in the number and the size of myelinated fibers in the nerves of normal rats]

The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastrocnemius muscles of 24 normal rats (11 males and 13 females). The mean values of all results were comparable on right and left sides. Thus, 271 +/- 5 myelinated nerve fibers were found in the right nerve and 272 +/- 4 in the left; their mean diameter were respectively 8.1 +/- 0.1 and 8.0 +/- 0.1 micron. There were 60.1% of large nerve fibers on the right side and 59,9% on the left, their mean diameters being 10.5 and 10.6 micron. Some variations occured in all these values, depending of the weight and sex of the animals. Nevertheless, the differences between both sides of a same rat were negligible and the histograms of both nerves could be superposed. Accordingly, in the operated animals, the contralateral nerve may be used as control.     

Jugular foramen and mylohyoid bridging in an Asian Indian population

The incidence of jugular foramen and mylohyoid groove bridging was studied in a population of East Asian Indian skulls (125 males and 109 females). The criteria of Dodo (J. Anat. 144:153-165, 1986) was used in the identification of a jugular bridge. There was an overall incidence of 8.1% in jugular foramen bridging, with males showing a higher rate, though the difference did not reach statistical significance. The right side showed a statistically significant greater occurrence than the left, and the trait tended to be associated between sides. The overall incidence of mylohyoid bridging was found to be 2.6%, with no difference observed between the sexes. This frequency is less than the values reported for other Asian Indian studies. Studies concerned with the incidences of nonmetric traits such as bony bridging may be useful in population studies especially when utilized in combination, thereby enhancing the value of each trait as an anthropological tool.     

Patterns of approximal wear in cheek teeth of a Romano-British population

The approximal surfaces of premolars and molars of 376 adult British-Romano skulls were examined for wear facets. The type of wear was designated as convex, concave, sigmoid, or flat, and the degree was categorised on a three-point scale. Concave wear facets were more frequently seen in the older age groups, but the type of wear was similar on right and left sides. Taking all teeth together or as individual tooth types, concave wear was significantly more likely on mesial rather than distal surfaces. The degree of wear was age related and similar on right and left sides in both males and females. It is suggested that the distribution of concave facets may be related to movements between adjacent teeth.     

Mylohyoid and jugular foramen bridging in pre-Columbian Chileans

The occurrence of mylohyoid groove bridging and jugular foramen bridging was determined in a population of adult Pre-Columbian Chileans. Two hundred forty-one crania (110 males, 131 females) were examined for jugular foramen bridging and 464 mandibles (252 males and 212 females) were observed for mylohyoid groove bridging. The overall incidence of jugular foramen bridging was 14.94%, with females showing a higher occurrence (18.32%) than males (10.91%); however, no statistical significance was found between the sexes. The right side showed a greater incidence than the left, but again no statistical difference was noted and the occurrence of this trait was found to be associated between the sides. This frequency of jugular foramen bridging is higher than that found in other studies and approaches that reported in North American Eskimo populations. In the case of mylohyoid groove bridging, the incidence was 4.09% with no difference found between the sexes. This frequency of occurrence is less than the values reported previously for the other American populations of Mongoloid ancestry including the Pre-Columbian Peruvian population. The importance of nonmetric skeletal traits for defining population groups and their usefulness as anthropological tools is discussed. It is concluded that hard tissue variations such as bony bridging may be reliable markers to aid in discretely identifying population groups, but their importance can be significantly enhanced by coupling as many traits as possible in future studies.