微生物来源的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂高通量筛选模型的建立和初步应用

本研究用昆明种小鼠十二指肠上段提取的α-葡萄糖苷酶,以4-硝基苯-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷为反应底物,建立α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂高通量筛选模型。用该模型对1276株放线菌和132株细菌等共计2224个发酵液粗提物样品进行筛选。初筛得到抑制率超过50%的阳性样品23个,初筛阳性率为1.03%。将阳性菌株再次进行发酵提取,得到新发酵液的阳性样品数为17,复筛阳性率为0.74%。其中细菌3株,放线菌13株。3个阳性样品经α-葡萄糖苷酶验证后的抑制率均在75%以上。本研究建立的α-糖苷酶抑制剂高通量筛选模型具有很强的实用价值,可用于新型糖尿病药物的开发。     

亚硝基胍诱变选育低温β-半乳糖苷酶高产菌

以野生低温β-半乳糖苷酶产生菌水生拉恩菌(Rahnella aquatilis)14-1为出发菌株.通过亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变及低温驯化,采用选择性平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,筛选出一株产酶活力比原始菌株提高54%的突变株,该突变株经传5代培养,产酶特性稳定.     

新型抗结核分枝杆菌药物筛选模型的建立

为建立基于酶水平和细胞水平的新型抗结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）药物的筛选模型,以M.tuberculosis H37Rv基因组DNA为模板,PCR特异性扩增异柠檬酸裂解酶（ICL）基因,构建表达载体,在E.coli BL21（DE3）中高效表达,使用N i2＋亲和层析柱纯化重组ICL,检测其活性。优化ICL酶反应条件,考察待筛选样品溶剂对酶活性的影响,建立ICL抑制剂酶水平筛选模型;考察与优化耻垢分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium smegma）在以乙酸盐为唯一碳源的培养基中的生长状况,建立基于M.sm egma的乙醛酸代谢途径抑制剂的细胞水平筛选模型;利用上述2种筛选模型对1 060种可能具有拮抗活性的微生物代谢样品进行初筛和复筛,两者筛选结果正相关性较好。     

四种中药单体选择性抑制环氧合酶-2活性的评价北大核心CSCD

为研究COX-2与中药抗肿瘤多药耐药的相关性,通过体外酶反应筛选实验,测定姜黄素、青藤碱、牡荆素、芹菜素对环氧合酶-1(COX-1)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的活性抑制作用,使用选择性指数(COX-1的IC50/COX-2的IC50)评价其COX-2活性的选择性,该实验结果显示:这四种物质对COX-2选择性指数依次为:牡荆素128. 71、姜黄素16. 24、芹菜素8. 45、青藤碱3. 55。并首次用分子对接相关数据中对接分子的对接内能及其与分子酶结合能差异性大小比较,评价了这四种物质对COX-2选择性活性,所得分子选择性结果与体外酶反应实验结果相吻合。从抑制活性和对COX-2选择性指数综合评价,牡荆素为较优化合物,可作为新的对COX-2有更高选择性活性的先导化合物。     

四种中药单体选择性抑制环氧合酶-2活性的评价

为研究COX-2与中药抗肿瘤多药耐药的相关性,通过体外酶反应筛选实验,测定姜黄素、青藤碱、牡荆素、芹菜素对环氧合酶-1(COX-1)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的活性抑制作用,使用选择性指数(COX-1的IC50/COX-2的IC50)评价其COX-2活性的选择性,该实验结果显示:这四种物质对COX-2选择性指数依次为:牡荆素128. 71、姜黄素16. 24、芹菜素8. 45、青藤碱3. 55。并首次用分子对接相关数据中对接分子的对接内能及其与分子酶结合能差异性大小比较,评价了这四种物质对COX-2选择性活性,所得分子选择性结果与体外酶反应实验结果相吻合。从抑制活性和对COX-2选择性指数综合评价,牡荆素为较优化合物,可作为新的对COX-2有更高选择性活性的先导化合物。     

细菌除草剂马唐致病菌的筛选

为研制出针对玉米田杂草马唐的生物除草剂,通过对其感病茎、叶和根际土壤的分离,利用毒素对大肠杆菌的拮抗性,谷氨酰胺合成酶抑制剂模型和皿栽、盆栽筛选模型进行快速、高效的筛选,建立起一种集初筛、复筛、回接于一体的细菌除草剂筛选模型,筛选到一株产红色素的细菌S4,生物测定结果表明:对马唐萌发抑制率达93%,对根长抑制率为85%;除草活性实验发现对小麦有轻微抑制作用,对玉米和黄豆有明显的促生长作用。     

不同方法处理的九香虫对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞体外作用比较及其抑癌组分分布

本实验探讨冷冻和传统中药炮制方法处理的九香虫对胃癌细胞增殖的影响及九香虫抑癌活性组分的体内分布。体外培养人胃癌SGC-7901细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT法)观察不同方法处理的九香虫各组分水溶液对SGC-7901细胞的体外抑制作用。结果发现,炮制九香虫蛋白浓度为50和100mg·L~(-1)时作用48h对SGC-7901细胞生长具有抑制作用,抑制率分别为13.45%和14.68%,而浓度达到200和400mg·L~(-1)时对SGC-7901细胞生长具有促进作用,抑制率为-7.94%和-82.50%;冷冻处理下九香虫不同浓度对SGC-7901细胞生长具有显著的抑制作用,该处理组蛋白浓度为50、100、200和400mg·L-1时抑制率分别为0.49%,3.82%,4.42%,39.33%。选取九香虫整虫及分解后的各部位处理组最大作用浓度比较,增殖抑制率为血淋巴腹部整虫头部。因此,冷冻处理的九香虫对胃癌细胞抑制率更高,且在该条件下九香虫的抑癌活性组分主要分布于血淋巴和腹部。     

不对称水解(R,S)-2,6-二甲基苯基氨基丙酸甲酯新菌种的分离鉴定及酯酶基因的克隆、表达

【目的】筛选鉴定1株可以选择性水解农药甲霜灵的中间体(R,S)-2,6-二甲基苯基氨基丙酸甲酯(MAP)的菌株,并克隆、表达该菌株中的酯酶基因。【方法】以MAP为唯一碳源,对活性污泥样品中的微生物进行富集培养,采用罗丹明B平板显色法进行初筛,通过摇瓶复筛得到了1株对MAP具有最高对映体选择性和水解活力的新菌株,根据其形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,确立该菌株的系统发育学地位。构建该菌株的基因文库,筛选获得含目的基因的克隆子,通过序列分析和引物扩增得到酯酶基因,将基因与表达载体pET28a(+)连接后,转化大肠杆菌BL21Gold(DE3)plysS,构建重组菌。【结果】该菌属于革兰氏阴性菌,结合16S rRNA基因、形态特征和生理生化实验结果,鉴定该菌为反硝化无色杆菌。通过基因文库法,找到了该菌中的酯酶基因EHest,并成功构建了重组大肠杆菌EHest-p ET28a(+)-BL21Gold(DE3)plys S,表达了来自Achromobacter denitrificans 1104且具有不对称水解MAP活性的酯酶EHesterase,大小约27 kDa,表达酶活是原始菌株的27.1倍。用EHesterase催化MAP水解,底物浓度50 g/L,反应1 h,底物转化率为29.5%,产物(酸)的ee_p为85.1%,对映体选择性为R型。该酶的最适反应pH和温度分别为pH 9.0和50°C。它水解MAP的活性分别是水解橄榄油和乙酸乙酯活性的333倍和667倍。【结论】筛选到1株具有不对称水解MAP能力的新菌株Achromobacter denitrificans 1104。     

黄曲霉毒素B1降解菌的筛选及在玉米贮藏中的应用

【目的】本研究分离筛选出一株对黄曲霉既有抑制作用又能降解其毒素的拮抗细菌菌株,并将其应用于玉米中的黄曲霉污染防治研究。【方法】试验通过平板筛选法结合玉米活体筛选法对黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1)的拮抗细菌进行初筛,以AFB1的降解率和抑制率为指标进行复筛。【结果】分离到的菌株对黄曲霉菌的抑制率为79.20%,对1μg/mL的黄曲霉毒素B1的降解率为68.39%。贮藏期玉米含水量在15%–30%时,该菌株对黄曲霉污染的抑制率与玉米含水量成反比,即玉米含水量在15%时其抑制率达92.46%,玉米含水量在30%时其抑制率为19.41%。玉米含水量在28%时,菌株对黄曲霉污染玉米的防治效果达到36.39%。【结论】筛选出的拮抗菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌,该菌株不仅对黄曲霉菌有抑制作用,而且能减少AFB1对玉米的污染。     

产木质纤维素降解酶真菌的筛选及产酶特性

【背景】利用微生物处理秸秆引起研究者的广泛关注。【目的】筛选生长速度快、木质纤维素降解酶活性强的真菌菌株,用于植物秸秆降解和高效利用。【方法】从自然界采集的样品中分离纯化真菌菌株,利用PDA-愈创木酚和PDA-羧甲基纤维素钠平板初筛,再经过液体发酵检测漆酶酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶酶活及菌丝生长速率复筛目的菌株,通过内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)测序法对目的菌株进行鉴定,对目的菌株产漆酶和羧甲基纤维素酶活力进行测定及酶学性质研究。【结果】从样品中分离纯化到18株真菌,通过初筛筛选出9株产木质纤维素降解酶真菌菌株,再经过复筛,筛选出一株产漆酶、羧甲基纤维素酶活力高、菌丝生长快的菌株M1,经过分子生物学鉴定M1为糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus),其漆酶酶活为(243.59±1.11)U/mL,羧甲基纤维素酶酶活为(36.03±0.63) U/mL。在5 d的培养期内,菌丝生长速率为(9.43±0.32) mm/d。对菌株M1的发酵粗酶液的酶学性质进行了检测分析,结果表明,所产的漆酶在pH5.0-6.5相对酶活为90%以上,在pH ...     

COX-2 与mPGES-1 在肾透明细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和膜结合型前列腺素E2合成酶1(mPGES-1)在肾透明细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化SP法分别检测49例肾透明细胞癌组织标本和21例正常肾组织标本中COX-2和mPGES-1的表达。结果:COX-2在正常肾组织中的阳性表达率为4.8%,在肾透明细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率为53.1%(P<0.05);mPGES-1在正常肾组织中的阳性表达率为4.8%,在肾透明细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率为40.8%(P<0.05);COX-2和mPGES-1的高表达均与肾透明细胞癌的病理分级和临床分期无相关性(P>0.05);COX-2和mPGES-1在肾透明细胞癌中的表达呈正相关(P<0.05),r=0.5。结论:COX-2和mPGES-1在肾透明细胞癌发生及发展过程中共同发挥重要作用;COX-2和mPGES-1可能成为肾透明细胞癌新的治疗靶点。     

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is a major terminal synthase that is selectively up-regulated during cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 production in the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model

To better define the role of the various prostanoid synthases in the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model, we have determined the temporal expression of the inducible PGE synthase (mPGES-1), mPGES-2, the cytosolic PGES (cPGES/p23), and prostacyclin synthase, and compared with that of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2. The profile of induction of mPGES-1 (50- to 80-fold) in the primary paw was similar to that of COX-2 by both RNA and protein analysis. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that induction of mPGES-1 at day 15 was within 2-fold that of COX-2. Increased PGES activity was measurable in membrane preparations of inflamed paws, and the activity was inhibitable by MK-886 to >or=90% with a potency similar to that of recombinant rat mPGES-1 (IC(50) = 2.4 microM). The RNA of the newly described mPGES-2 decreased by 2- to 3-fold in primary paws between days 1 and 15 postadjuvant. The cPGES/p23 and COX-1 were induced during AIA, but at much lower levels (2- to 6-fold) than mPGES-1, with the peak of cPGES/p23 expression occurring later than that of COX-2 and PGE(2) production. Prostacyclin (measured as 6-keto-PGF(1alpha)) was transiently elevated on day 1, and prostacyclin synthase was down-regulated at the RNA level after day 3, suggesting a diminished role of prostacyclin during the maintenance of chronic inflammation in the rat AIA. These results show that mPGES-1 is up-regulated throughout the development of AIA and suggest that it plays a major role in the elevated production of PGE(2) in this model.     

Fragment-based discovery of novel and selective mPGES-1 inhibitors Part 1: Identification of sulfonamido-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible prostaglandin E synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin PGH₂ to PGE₂ and represents a novel target for therapeutic treatment of inflammatory disorders. It is essential to identify mPGES-1 inhibitor with novel scaffold as new hit or lead compound for the purpose of the next-generation anti-inflammatory drugs. Herein we report the discovery of sulfonamido-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic derivatives as a novel class of mPGES-1 inhibitors identified through fragment-based virtual screening and in vitro assays on the inhibitory activity of the actual compounds. 1-[2-(N-Phenylbenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (6f) inhibits human mPGES-1 (IC₅₀ of 1.1 μM) with high selectivity (ca.1000-fold) over both COX-1 and COX-2 in a cell-free assay. In addition, the activity of compound 6f was again tested at 10 μM concentration in presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 and found to be reduced to 1/4 of its original activity without this detergent. Compared to the complete loss of activity of nuisance inhibitor with the detergent, therefore, compound 6f would be regarded as a partial nuisance inhibitor of mPGES-1 with a novel scaffold for the optimal design of more potent mPGES-1 inhibitors.     

Potential role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in tumorigenesis

Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is a stimulus-inducible enzyme that functions downstream of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the PGE2-biosynthetic pathway. Given the accumulating evidence that COX-2-derived PGE2 participates in the development of various tumors, including colorectal cancer, we herein examined the potential involvement of mPGES-1 in tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated the expression of both COX-2 and mPGES-1 in human colon cancer tissues. HCA-7, a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line that displays COX-2- and PGE2-dependent proliferation, expressed both COX-2 and mPGES-1 constitutively. Treatment of HCA-7 cells with an mPGES-1 inhibitor or antisense oligonucleotide attenuated, whereas overexpression of mPGES-1 accelerated, PGE2 production and cell proliferation. Moreover, cotransfection of COX-2 and mPGES-1 into HEK293 cells resulted in cellular transformation manifested by colony formation in soft agar culture and tumor formation when implanted subcutaneously into nude mice. cDNA array analyses revealed that this mPGES-1-directed cellular transformation was accompanied by changes in the expression of a variety of genes related to proliferation, morphology, adhesion, and the cell cycle. These results collectively suggest that aberrant expression of mPGES-1 in combination with COX-2 can contribute to tumorigenesis.     

Deletion of microsomal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthase-1 reduces inducible and basal PGE2 production and alters the gastric prostanoid profile

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible protein recently shown to be an important source of inflammatory PGE2. Here we have used mPGES-1 wild type, heterozygote, and null mice to assess the impact of reduction or absence mPGES-1 protein on the production of PGE2 and other prostaglandins in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages and mice. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages with mPGES-1 deficiency were found to lose their ability to produce PGE2 upon LPS stimulation. Resident mPGES-1(-/-) peritoneal macrophages exhibited severely impaired PGE2-releasing activity but retained some LPS-inducible PGE2 production capacity. Both macrophage types showed a 50% decrease in PGE2 production with removal of one copy of the mPGES-1 gene. In vivo, mPGES-1 deletion abolished the LPS-stimulated production of PGE2 in spleen, kidney, and brain. Surprisingly, lack of mPGES-1 activity resulted in an 80-90% decrease in basal, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)-dependent PGE2 production in stomach and spleen, and a 50% reduction in brain and kidney. Other prostaglandins (thromboxane B2, PGD2, PGF(2alpha), and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha)) were significantly elevated in stomachs of mPGES-1-null mice but not in other tissues. Examination of mRNA for several terminal prostaglandin synthases did not reveal changes in expression levels associated with mPGES-1 deficiency, indicating that gastric prostaglandin changes may be due to shunting of cyclooxygenase products to other terminal synthases. These data demonstrate for the first time a dual role for mPGES-1 in both inflammatory and COX-1-mediated PGE2 production and suggest an interdependence of prostanoid production with tissue-specific alterations of prostaglandin levels in the absence of mPGES-1.     

Cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin E synthases in preimplantation mouse embryos

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is shown to be essential for female reproduction. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid and exists in two isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2. Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) is a terminal prostanoid synthase and can catalyse the isomerization of the COX product PGH2 to PGE2, including microsomal PGES-1 (mPGES-1), cytosolic PGES (cPGES) and mPGES-2. This study examined the protein expression of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, cPGES and mPGES-2 in preimplantation mouse embryos by immunohistochemistry. Embryos at different stages collected from oviducts or uteri were transferred into a flushed oviduct of non-pregnant mice. The oviducts containing embryos were paraffin-embedded and processed for immunostaining. COX-1 immunostaining was at a basal level in zygotes and a low level at the 2-cell stage, reaching a high level from the 4-cell to blastocyst stage. COX-2 immunostaining was at a low level at the zygote stage and was maintained at a high level from the 2-cell to blastocyst stages. A low level of mPGES-1 immunostaining was observed from the zygote to 8-cell stages. The signal for mPGES-1 immunostaining became stronger at the morula stage and was strongly seen at the blastocyst stage. cPGES immunostaining was strongly observed in zygotes, 2-cell and 8-cell embryos. There was a slight decrease in cPGES immunostaining at the 4-cell, morula and blastocyst stages. mPGES-2 immunostaining was at a low level from the zygote to morula stages and at a high level at the blastocyst stage. We found that the COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, cPGES and mPGES-2 protein signals were all at a high level at the blastocyst stage. PGE2 produced during the preimplantation development may play roles during embryo transport and implantation.     

Regulation of the membrane-localized prostaglandin E synthases mPGES-1 and mPGES-2 in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts

The proinflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its product PGE(2) are induced in the ischemic heart, contributing to inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, and cardiac hypertrophy. PGE(2) synthesis coupled to COX-2 involves two membrane-localized PGE synthases, mPGES-1 and mPGES-2; however, it is not clear how these synthases are regulated in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. To study this, we used primary cultures of neonatal ventricular myocytes (VM) and fibroblasts (VF) treated with IL-1beta for 24 h. To test for involvement of MAPKs in IL-1beta regulation of mPGES-1 and-2, cells were pretreated with the pharmacological inhibitors of p42/44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun kinase (JNK). mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR. Protein was analyzed by densitometry of Western blots. mPGES-1 was undetectable in untreated VF but induced by IL-1beta; inhibition of either p42/44 MAPK or JNK, but not p38 MAPK, was almost completely inhibitory. In VM, inhibition of the three MAPKs reduced IL-1beta-stimulated mPGES-1 protein by 70-90%. mPGES-2 was constitutively synthesized in both VM and VF and was not regulated by IL-1beta or MAPKs. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of both mPGES-1 and mPGES-2 with COX-2 in the perinuclear area of both VF and VM. Finally, PGE(2) production was higher in VM than VF. Our data show that 1) mPGES-1 is induced in both VF and VM, 2) regulation of mPGES-1 by MAPK family members is different in the two cell types, 3) mPGES-2 is constitutively synthesized in both VM and VF and is not regulated, and 4) mPGES-1 and mPGES-2 are colocalized with COX-2 in both cells. Thus differences in activity of mPGES-1 and COX-2 or coupling of COX-2 with mPGES-1 may contribute to differences in PGE(2) production by myocytes and fibroblasts.