植物群落物种多样性研究综述

物种多样性是生物多样性在物种水平上的表现形式 ,包括两方面的含义 ,一是指一定区域内物种的总和 ,主要从分类学、系统学和生物地理学角度对一个区域内物种的状况进行研究 ,也称区域物种多样性 ;二是指生态学方面物种分布的均匀程度 ,常常是从群落组织水平上进行研究 ,也称为生态多样性或群落多样性[1] 。本文所涉及物种多样性即为群落组织水平上的物种多样性。植物群落物种多样性的研究是其它多样性 (遗传多样性、生态系统多样性等 )的基础 ,有大量的研究成果相继报道 ,也有一些综述对植物群落物种多样性某一领域的研究进行总结。Ｍａｇｕ…     

百花山植物群落物种多样性研究

基于百花山50个样方的调查资料，从不同类型群落的物种多样性及其与海拔的关系等方面对百花山植被进行了分析，并且用DCA排序和海拔高程排序对物种多样性在环境梯度上的分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明：群落内不同生长型的物种丰富度指数在森林群落中大小顺序为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，灌丛群落主要表现为草本层﹥灌木层，只有荆条灌丛表现为灌木层＞草本层；Shannon-Wiener指数在山杨—华北落叶松群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,其他森林群落为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，在灌丛群落中主要表现为草本层＞灌木层，只有荆条灌丛表现为灌木层＞草本层；均匀度指数在灌丛群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层，在辽东栎林和山杨—华北落叶松林中表现为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层,而其他森林群落表现为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层。物种多样性在DCA第一轴排序和海拔高程梯度上都表现出单峰曲线变化趋势，但拟和效果的显著程度不同：丰富度和均匀度指数在海拔高程上曲线的拟和效果优于DCA环境梯度排序效果；而多样性指数则相反。     

陆地植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化特征

研究陆地植物落物种多样性随环境因子及群落演替梯度的变化特征是揭示生物多样性与生态因子相互关系的重要方面,根据近期国内外的文献,综述了这方面的研究进展。随纬度的降低,通常物咱多样性随中,随不分梯度的变化,物种多样性的变化有６种趋势;随海拔高的变化,物处多样性有５种模式;随土壤养分梯度的变化,表现出不同的规律;演替过程中物种多样生的变化趋势相似。关于植物群落物种多样性梯度格局的机制有多种假说,但仍需进     

陆地植物群落物种多样性维持机制

从空间尺度和特定生物区系两个尺度对物种多样性的维持机制进行了综述.在大的空间尺度,简述了引起物种多样性存在差异的物理和自然因子的作用,包括植物群落的历史和年龄、梯度变化(纬度梯度、水分梯度、海拔梯度、土壤养分梯度)、面积效应和隔离程度;针对特定生物区系,从生物因素(生产力、种间关系、林隙动态)和非生物因素(演替、干扰及空间异质性、人类活动)方面论述其与物种多样性之间的关系.     

陆地植物群落物种多样性演替研究进展

植物群落物种多样性在不同梯度上,其变化规律不一致.物种多样性与纬度呈反相关关系,与水分关系密切,表现出不同变化规律,与海拔主要表现为反相关关系和中间高度膨胀规律.土壤盐度、水分、肥力对物种多样性也有影响.在不同演替阶段物种多样性出现不同变化规律,群落结构最复杂的演替阶段,物种多样性最高.     

广州公园植物群落物种组成及多样性研究

通过对广州城区10 个公园中92 块样地进行调查, 旨在探讨不同公园中植物群落物种构成及其多样性。调查显示: 样地植物种类较为丰富, 共出现维管植物275 种, 以被子植物为主; 样地中乔木共计143 种; 在乔木层中, 有6个树种出现频度超过50%, 8 种灌木频度超过50%, 12 种草本植物频度超过50%; 而不同公园间草本层植物多样性差异较小, 但是, 越秀公园、雕塑公园和天河公园等面积较大的公园乔木多样性较低; 与乔木层相比, 灌木层植物多样性普遍偏低在乔木层。因此需要进一步加强景观植被中灌木植物的配置, 进而提升城市公园森林美景。     

长江三峡地区退化生态系统植物群落物种多样性特征

以三峡地区退化生态系统植物群落样地资料为基础,研究了不同退化类型,不同退化程度植物群落的物种多样性特征,分析了植物群落物种多样性与人为干扰和演替的关系,结果表明,受干扰较轻的退化类型,群落物多种多样性比自然生态系统高,受干扰较严重的退化类型,群落物种多样性比自然生态系统低,随着生态系统的退化,群落物种丰富度升高后又逐渐降低,从不同层次来看,乔木层物种多样性逐步减低,灌木层和草本层物种多样性则表现出     

干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

在介绍了干扰的概念及其性质和干扰对物种多样性影响的有关假说基础上,以森林干扰为主要对象,探讨了干扰对植物群落物种组成的影响,并从干扰类型、干扰强度和干扰频率等几个方面阐述了干扰对植物群落物种多样性的影响;另外,还分析了重要的小尺度干扰——林隙在该方面的影响。分析总结出干扰对植物群落的影响差异主要与干扰特征、植物群落特征及植物的生物学特性和受干扰地点的资源条件有关。最后,总结分析了国内外在该方面研究存在的问题,并对今后研究提出一些建议,为相关工作提供参考。     

芦芽山植物群落的多样性研究

采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西芦芽山植物群落的多样性进行了研究,并用相关分析研究了多样性指数间的关系,结果表明：１．随海拔升高物种均匀度指数逐渐增大,而丰富度指数和物种多样性指数和物种多样性指数逐渐减少;２．各植被类型的物种多样性指数排列依次为：落叶阔叶林＞温性针阔叶混交林＞温性针叶林＞寒温性针叶林＞落叶阔叶灌丛＞草甸＞灌草丛;３．多样性指数的ＤＣＡ二维排序图很好地反映了各多样性     

广州越秀公园植物群落物种多样性研究初报

采用典型抽样法,调查了广州市越秀公园38个样方(调查面积共15200m²)的植物群落物种多样性,运用双向指示种分析法将越秀公园的森林群落划分为4个群落类型:粉单竹(Bambusa chungi)+阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)群落、木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)+假柿树(Litsea monopetala)群落、蒲葵(Livistona chinensis)群落和青皮竹(Bambusa textiles)+人心果(Manilkara zapota)群落.各群落Simpson多样性指数依次为:15.431,2.652,9.387和13.665;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数依次为:2.071,1.016,0.991和2.263;Pielou均匀度指数依次为:0.410,0.225,0.212和0.434.就整体而言,灌木层多样性最高,乔木层次之,草本层最低.建议公园在的未来规划建设中要进一步完善现有的植被类型、丰富群落的垂直结构,以提高群落的多样性和稳定性.     

Chromosome-scale genomes reveal genomic consequences of inbreeding in the South China tiger: A comparative study with the Amur tiger

The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis, SCT) is the most critically endangered subspecies of tiger due to functional extinction in the wild. Inbreeding depression is observed among the captive population descended from six wild ancestors, resulting in high juvenile mortality and low reproduction. We assembled and characterized the first SCT genome and an improved Amur tiger (P. t. altaica, AT) genome named AmyTig1.0 and PanTig2.0. The two genomes are the most continuous and comprehensive among any tiger genomes yet reported at the chromosomal level. By using the two genomes and resequencing data of 15 SCT and 13 AT individuals, we investigated the genomic signature of inbreeding depression of the SCT. The results indicated that the effective population size of SCT experienced three phases of decline, ~5.0–1.0 thousand years ago, 100 years ago, and since captive breeding in 1963. We found 43 long runs of homozygosity fragments that were shared by all individuals in the SCT population and covered a total length of 20.63% in the SCT genome. We also detected a large proportion of identical-by-descent segments across the genome in the SCT population, especially on ChrB4. Deleterious nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphic sites and loss-of-function mutations were found across genomes with extensive potential influences, despite a proportion of these loads having been purged by inbreeding depression. Our research provides an invaluable resource for the formulation of genetic management policies for the South China tiger such as developing genome-based breeding and genetic rescue strategy.     

福建梅花山圈养华南虎遗传状况分析

华南虎是世界上密切关注的旗舰物种,在过去的10 年间没有发现野生华南虎存在的证据,因此它是极度濒危的虎亚种。福建梅花山圈养华南虎群体是整个圈养华南虎群体的重要组成部分,拥有 12 只华南虎。基于组合长度为 3934 bp 的线粒体序列分析发现梅花山圈养华南虎拥有 3 种线粒体单倍型; 而基于 20 个微卫星位点基因型分析显示梅花山圈养华南虎一共有71 个等位基因,平均等位基因数是3. 55,等位基因丰度的平均值是3. 32,平均期望杂合度和多态信息含量( PIC) 分别为0. 513 和0. 445。这些提示梅花山华南虎圈养群体维持着较高的遗传多样性。     

圈养华南虎的个性评估及其性别差异

个性研究在动物生态研究和迁地保护中发挥着重要作用.华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)作为最濒危的虎亚种,目前仍然缺乏对其个性特征的研究探索.本文通过个性特征主观评价法对6只圈养华南虎进行个性评估,并对比不同性别的华南虎个性特征的差异,使用新异物体测验进一步验证个性特征主观评价法的结果.最终提取...     

Gene admixture in ethnic populations in upper part of Silk Road revealed by mtDNA polymorphism

To evaluate the gene admixture on the current genetic landscape in Gansu Corridor (GC) in China, the upper part of the ancient Silk Road which connects the Eastern and Central Asia, we examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms of five ethnic populations in this study. Using PCR-RFLP and sequencing, we analyzed mtDNA haplotypes in 242 unrelated samples in three ethnic populations from the GC region and two ethnic populations from the adjacent Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. We analyzed the data in comparison with the previously reported data from Eastern, Central and Western Asia and Europe. We found that both European-specific haplogroups and Eastern Asian-specific haplogroups exist in the Gansu Corridor populations, while a modest matrilineal gene flow from Europeans to this region was revealed. The Gansu Corridor populations are genetically located between Eastern Asians and Central Asians, both of who contributed significantly to the maternal lineages of the GC populations. This study made the landscape of the gene flow and admixture along the Silk Road from Europe, through Central Asia, to the upper part of the Silk Road more complete.     

Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci for the South China tiger Panthera tigris amoyensis

Twelve microsatellite loci were found from genomic DNA‐enriched libraries of the South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis). The number of observed alleles for each locus in 53 individuals ranged from five to 14; the expected and observed heterozygosity was 0.480 to 0.883 and 0.333 to 0.956, respectively; and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.729. These markers would be considered a useful tool for the study of genetic variation in South China tiger in the future.     

线粒体DNA及其提取方法

线粒体是存在于绝大多数真核细胞内的一种基本的重要的细胞器,其具有相对独立的遗传系统。线粒体基因在真核生物具有高保守性,线粒体DNA(mtDNA)已被广泛应用于发病机理、临床诊断、遗传变异、生物进化等多方面的研究。1981年,Anderson用氯化铯密度梯度分离得到线粒体DNA(mtDNA),进行了全序列分析。此后,mtDNA的研究日益得到重视。已有的mtDNA提取方法概括起来可分为密度梯度离心法、酶消化法、柱层析法、氯化铯超速离心法、碱变性法和改进高盐沉淀法等,通过对以上方法的比较,发现改进高盐沉淀法具有简便、经济、易重复等优点。     

Culture,characteristics and chromosome complement of Siberian tiger fibroblasts for nuclear transfer

Tiger (Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758) is a characteristic species of Asia, which is in severe danger. Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is the largest one of the five existent tiger subspecies. It is extremely endangered. One new way for tiger protection and rescue is to study interspecies cloning. But there is few research data about Siberian tiger. In this study, we cultured Siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro, analyzed their biological characteristics, chromosomes, and cell cycles, to provide not only nuclear donors with good morphology, normal biological characteristics, and chromosome quantity for tiger interspecies cloning, but also reliable data for further studying Siberian tiger. The results indicated that Siberian tiger ear fibroblasts can be successfully obtained by tissue culture either with or without overnight cold digestion, the cultured cells were typical fibroblasts with normal morphology, growth curve, and chromosome quantity; G0/G1 percentage increased and S percentage decreased with the confluence of cells. G0/G1 and S stage rate was significantly different between 40–50% and 80–90%, 95–100% confluence; there is no distinct difference between 80–90% and 95–100% confluence. The cells at the same density (80–90% confluence) were treated with or without 0.5% serum starving, GO/G1 rate of the former was higher than the latter, but the difference was not significant. GO/G1 proportion of 95–100% confluence was slightly higher than serum starving (80–90% confluence), but no significant difference. Therefore, the Siberian tiger fibroblasts we cultured in vitro can be used as donor cells, and the donor cells do not need to be treated with normal serum starvation during nuclear transfer; if we will just consider the rate of the G0/G1 stage cells, serum starvation can be replaced by confluence inhibition when cultured cells were more than 80–90% confluence.     

Sustainability of the South China tiger: implications of inbreeding depression and introgression

The South China tiger (Panther tigris amoyensis) is critically endangered with 73 remaining individuals living in captivity, all derived from six wild founders since 1963. The population shows a low level of juvenile survivorship and reproductive difficulties, and faces a huge conservation challenge. In this study, inbreeding depression and genetic diversity decline were examined by using pedigree data and 17 microsatellites. The constant B, which is related to the number of lethal equivalents, was estimated to be 0 for the offspring of noninbred parents, but was >0 for the offspring of inbred parents and for all offspring. Percentage of successfully breeding tigers inversely correlated with inbreeding level (r = −0.626, α = 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest the population is suffering from inbreeding depression in juvenile survivorship and fecundity. No significant correlation was detectable for the mean litter size with f of either dams (r = −0.305, α = 0.46) or kittens (r = 0.105, α = 0.71), indicating litter size was not strongly subject to inbreeding depression. The average number of alleles per locus was 4.24 ± 1.03 (SE), but effective number of alleles was only 2.53 ± 0.91. Twenty-one alleles carried by early breeders at 13 loci were absent in the present breeders and potential breeders. Multilocus heterozygosity was inversely correlated with inbreeding levels (r = −0.601, α = 0.004). These findings suggest rapid allelic diversity loss is occurring in this small captive population and that heterozygosity is being lost as it becomes more inbred. Our phylogenetic analysis supports past work indicating introgression from northern Indochinese tigers in the population. As no wild representatives of the South China tiger can be added to the captive population, we may consider the alternate scenario of further introgression in the interest of countering inbreeding depression and declining genetic diversity.     

The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation

The Mosuo, living in the Lugu Lake area in northwest Yunnan Province, China, is the only matriarchal population in China. The Mosuo was officially identified as Naxi nationality although its relationship with Naxi remains controversial. We studied the genetic relationship between the Mosuo and five other ethnic groups currently residing in northwest Yunnan, i.e. Naxi, Tibetan, Bai, Yi and Pumi, by typing the genetic variations in mtDNA HVS1 and 21 Y chromosome markers (13 SNPs & 8 STR markers). We showed that the maternal lineages of the Mosuo bear the strongest resemblance with those found in Naxi while its paternal lineages are more similar to those that are prevalent in Yunnan Tibetan. The marked difference between paternal and maternal lineages may be attributable to the genetic history, matriarchal structure, and visiting marriage.     

The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation

The Mosuo, living in the Lugu Lake area in northwest Yunnan Province, China, is the only matriarchal population in China. The Mosuo was officially identified as Naxi nationality although its relationship with Naxi remains controversial. We studied the genetic relationship between the Mosuo and five other ethnic groups currently residing in northwest Yunnan, i.e. Naxi, Tibetan, Bai, Yi and Pumi, by typing the genetic variations in mtDNA HVS1 and 21 Y chromosome markers (13 SNPs & 8 STR markers). We showed that the maternal lineages of the Mosuo bear the strongest resemblance with those found in Naxi while its paternal lineages are more similar to those that are prevalent in Yunnan Tibetan. The marked difference between paternal and maternal lineages may be attributable to the genetic history, matriarchal structure, and visiting marriage.