伏牛山地区森林生态系统生境质量多视角评价

从多个视角探讨伏牛山地区森林生态系统生境质量的空间差异特征, 旨在为该区生态系统服务能力的提升以及生态环境建设提供有效的科学依据。基于伏牛山地区森林类型分布图、土地覆被及DEM等数据, 借助InVEST模型和ArcGIS软件, 从区域、森林类型和垂直带三个视角探讨伏牛山地区森林生态系统生境质量的空间差异特征。结果表明: ①伏牛山地区森林生态系统的生境质量指数平均值为0.79, 整体处于较优等水平; ②从不同森林类型来看, 以人工林为主的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以及林龄较小的栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)林生境质量最差, 而以天然林为主的锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata)林、华山松(Pinus armandi)林和针阔混交林生境质量最好; ③从不同垂直带来看, 南坡低山落叶阔叶林带(SI)生境质量最差, 南坡中山针阔混交林带(SIV)生境质量最好。     

松材线虫入侵后不同伐倒干扰强度对马尾松林植物多样性的影响

以松材线虫入侵马尾松林后经过不同伐倒干扰强度经营形成的不同群落类型作为研究对象,对9个群落类型的物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明,乔木层物种多样性指数大小排列顺序为: 马尾松纯林受害皆伐后形成的阔叶林(富阳)＞轻度受害的马尾松 木荷混交林(富阳)＞对照＞轻度受害的马尾松 纯林(富阳)＞马尾松 栓皮栎混交林受害择伐后形成的栓皮栎林(舟山)＞马尾松纯林受害皆伐后形成的马尾松幼龄林(富阳)＞马尾松纯林受害择伐后形成的枫香林(舟山)＞受害的黑松 马尾松混交林(舟山)＞受害的马尾松纯林(舟山).灌木层舟山马尾松纯林的3种多样性指数均最低,其余各地相差不大.草本层马尾松幼树纯林、栓皮栎林和枫香林的3个指数较高.不同地理位置和不同受害程度的马尾松林植物多样性差异显著;不同干扰程度、不同恢复方式下马尾松林内的植物多样性差异也显著.建立了伐倒干扰强度指数,发现物种多样性指数随伐倒干扰强度指数的变化规律符合“中间高度膨胀”理论.协方差分析结果表明,所建的指数能有效地反映松材线虫入侵及病木伐除后马尾松林植物多样性的变化.     

白腹锦鸡繁殖及食性的初步观察

白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)在贵州省称“箐鸡”。我们于1974年10月—12月在西南部的兴义,1975年10—12月、1980年4—6月在西部的威宁,对白腹锦鸡的繁殖及食性进行了初步的观察,所得结果如下: 这种鸡通常栖息在海拔1,500米—2,800米左右多岩的中山常绿栎林、常绿落叶混交林中。常绿栎林以光叶高山栎(Quercus rehderiana)、灰背栎(Quercus senescens)为主;常绿落叶混交林以华山松(Pinus armandii)占优势,其次为云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)、黄杉(Pseudotsuga sinensis)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)等。林下灌木层以胡颓子     

北京地区油松人工林不同演替类型空间结构对林下植被及土壤的影响

以北京地区油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林不同演替类型林分为研究对象,研究油松纯林、油松-栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)混交林和栓皮栎纯林三种不同演替类型林分的空间结构、林下植被和土壤水分的变化规律及其相互作用关系。结果表明：(1)林分水平及垂直空间结构、草本层物种多样性、更新幼树生长、土壤持水和透气性能等指标在三种不同演替类型林分间差异显著(P<0.05),林分空间结构参数中的角尺度、林层指数和开敞度显著影响了各类型林分的灌草多样性,混交度、林层指数和大小比数显著影响了更新幼树的生长,混交度和林层指数显著影响了土壤水分的变化(P<0.05)。(2)松栎混交林灌草生物量、天然更新幼树的生长以及土壤水分物理状况均好于纯林,并主要受林分混交度和林层指数的共同作用。(3)各演替类型林分内均存在栓皮栎更新幼树,混交林栓皮栎更新幼树数量最多、长势最好,对林地资源的竞争最为激烈。因此,可以通过调整林分空间结构实现种间关系及林地资源的调控,以充分发挥森林生态系统的各项功能与价值。     

我国重要森林群落凋落物层土壤动物群落生态特征

2001年9月～2002年9月,采用凋落袋分解法对我国不同气候带的8种重要森林群落,即黑龙江帽儿山的红松林(Pinus koraiensis)与针阔混交林(落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、白桦(Betula Platyphylla))、北京九龙山辽东栎林(Quercus liaotungensis)与针阔混交林(辽东栎、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)),江西大岗山杉木林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)与针阔混交林(杉木、鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense))林以及广东鼎湖山常绿阔叶林(荷木(Schima superba)-厚壳桂(Cryptocarya chinensis))与针阔混交林(马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、荷木)凋落物层土壤动物群落进行研究.全年74次共采集森林凋落层土壤动物个体29123只,其中大型土壤动物4492只、中小型土壤动物24631只,隶属4门14纲30目,蜱螨类、弹尾类为凋落层的优势群落.非参数Kruskal-Wallis 方差分析表明,8种森林群落凋落层土壤动物群落组成差异性显著 (x2(7)=18.867, P<0.01),且帽儿山、九龙山与鼎湖山之间以及大岗山与鼎湖山阔叶林之间凋落层土壤动物群落组成存在显著性差异(P＜0.001).研究时段内,大型土壤动物月均数量和类群数量随着纬度升高而呈现明显的递减趋势;中小型土壤动物月均数量随纬度升高而基本呈升高的趋势.凋落层土壤动物月均数量、多样性、均匀性均差别显著(X2(66)=37.95、X2(66) = 26.38、X2(66) = 328.97, P＜0.001).多样性分析显示,鼎湖山凋落层土壤动物分布最丰富、分布最均匀;大岗山与鼎湖山典型森林群落凋落层土壤动物群落相似性最高,帽儿山与鼎湖山典型森林群落凋落层土壤动物群落相似性最低.灰色综合关联度分析表明,年均温度对土壤动物影响最大,有机质(表土)次之,土壤pH次于前两者,年均相对湿度影响最小,环境因子对主要土壤动物群落产生不同的影响.     

贵州白云岩地区植物群落叶片-凋落物-土壤化学计量与碳氮同位素特征

剖析天然次生林生态化学计量与C、N同位素丰度的关系,能够阐明元素平衡对同位素分馏的影响规律,深刻揭示生态系统资源分配机制与利用策略。以贵州白云岩地区马尾松林(Pinus massoniana forest)、山胡椒林(Lindera glauca forest)、烟管荚蒾林(Viburnum utile forest)、化香林(Platycarya strobilacea forest)和白栎林(Quercus fabri forest)为对象,厘清叶片-凋落物-土壤连续体的生态化学计量特征与C、N同位素丰度及其内在关联。结果表明：(1)不同群落叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量存在差异,总体为叶片>凋落物>土壤,N在连续体间的继承性较强,C则较弱。(2)不同植物群落连续体间C∶N、C∶P、N∶P差异显著,5种群落均受到N元素限制,化香林和白栎林还受P限制;烟管荚蒾林C∶N、C∶P与化香林N∶P显著性较高,植物通过协调化学计量平衡以满足自身生长发育和适应环境的需求。(3)叶片、凋落物、土壤δ¹³C分别为-32.45‰—-29.22‰、-30.11‰—-2...     

三峡库区磷化工厂点源污染对陆生植物群落组成和物种多样性的影响

2006年4月中旬至6月下旬, 采用典型取样法, 在三峡库区某磷化工厂周围污染源区与对照区设置样方, 进行常规群落学调查, 分析点源污染对陆生植物群落种类组成以及物种多样性的影响。结果表明: (1) 所有样方中共计出现284种植物, 其中乔木35种, 灌木139种, 草本110种。仅在污染区中出现的物种数量远低于仅在对照区中出现的物种数量; (2) 可分出4种基本的群落类型: 马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林、柏木(Cupressus funepris)林、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)林和马尾松+栓皮栎林, 各群落特定层次的物种丰富度指数以及Pielou均匀度指数在污染区与对照区之间存在显著差异; (3)污染胁迫下, 物种在群落中的生态优势度发生了变化, 反映了群落中不同物种相互替代的过程, 这种物种的替代可为今后受损生态系统人为恢复过程中物种的筛选提供一定的理论参考; (4)对群落中主要物种更新的调查发现: 栓皮栎林对污染不敏感; 柏木林污染区与对照区幼苗数量及分布格局均有明显差异, 污染条件下群落未来演替受到严重干扰。综上所述, 我们可以看出, 在点源污染影响下, 群落的组成和结构发生了显著变化, 但这种变化对群落的长期影响仍需要进一步的深入研究。     

小麦内生细菌及其对根茎部主要病原真菌的抑制作用

对小麦植株不同生育期、不同器官的内生细菌进行了分离和数量变化分析.结果表明,根、茎、叶及未成熟籽粒等器官中存在大量的内生细菌,鲜组织中平均约含内生细菌5.0×10⁵ CFU·g^-1,其中根系中内生细菌数量达7.8×10⁵ CFU·g^-1,而茎秆、叶片和未成熟籽粒中内生细菌数量分别为4.8×10⁵、3.2×10⁵和2.8×10⁵ CFU·g^-1.内生细菌数量在不同生育期也存在差异,幼苗期平均约为3.1×10⁵ CFU·g^-1、拔节期和灌浆期分别为5.7×10⁵和7.0×10⁵ CFU·g^-1.不同小麦田块之间存在明显差异,长武县一田块植物鲜组织中内生细菌的数量为6.1×10⁵ CFU·g^-1,而大荔县一田块约为3.9×10⁵ CFU·g^-1.试验结果发现,对小麦全蚀病菌具有拮抗作用的内生细菌有51株、对小麦纹枯病菌具有抑制作用的内生细菌有45株.用平板对峙法测定,有71株对两种病原真菌均有拮抗作用,对小麦全蚀病菌抑菌圈直径大于10 mm的有23株,其中来源于根系、茎秆、叶片和籽粒的分别为6株、7株、9株和1株;对小麦纹枯病菌抑菌圈超过10 mm的有20株,其中来源于根系、茎秆、叶片和籽粒的分别为7株、5株、7株和1株,说明从小麦叶片诱捕分离的内生细菌中,对小麦全蚀病菌和纹枯病菌抑菌作用较强的分离株比率最高,其次为茎秆,而根部和未成熟籽粒中比例明显较低.     

亚热带红壤丘陵区四种人工林凋落物分解动态及养分释放

应用网袋分解法,连续2a对我国亚热带红壤丘陵区内有代表性的人工林类型马尾松（Pinus,massoniana）、湿地松（Pinus elliottii）、杉木（Cunninghamialanceolata）、木荷（Schimasuperba）＋马尾松（Pinus,massoniana）混交林的凋落物的分解速率,及其C、N元素释放动态进行了研究,凋落物样品分地上、地下两组处理方式。4种林分凋落物地上组的第1、2年分解速率（凋落物的年失重率）依次为马尾松林〉混交林〉湿地松林〉杉木林,马尾松林〉混交林〉杉木林〉湿地松林;地下组的第1、2年分解速率顺序分别为马尾松林〉混交林〉杉木林〉湿地松林,马尾松〉杉木林〉湿地松林〉混交林。各林分地上组凋落物分解速率明显快于地下部分,马尾松林凋落物的分解速率在不同时期均高于其它林分。4种林分凋落物的分解动态符合Olson指数衰减模型。根据拟合方程得出的凋落物分解95％时间为4～01a,介于暖温带常见树种凋落物95％被分解所需时间8～17a,地处南亚热带季风区的鼎湖山凋落物分解95％所需的时间2～8a。养分元素释放率的变化因不同林分和分解时期而异。C在各林分中始终表现为净释放,地上组凋落物的释放率大多数时间均高于地下组。N则于湿地松林、马尾松林和混交林中前期表现出富集现象,而后开始净释放,其中湿地松林凋落物的N富集现象最为显著,释放速率在两个试验年度均为各林分中最低,凋落物中初始的高C／N比是导致上述现象的原因。杉木林凋落物具有最低的初始C／N比,没有出现N富集现象,且在两个试验年度末期均维持了较高的N释放率.     

鼎湖山主要森林土壤N2O排放及其对模拟N沉降的响应

研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)土壤N₂O排放特征及其对氮沉降增加的响应。在1999~2002年期间,3种森林土壤N₂O排放速率均表现明显的季节性变化特点,但这种季节性变化因年份和森林类型不同而异,总的来说,3种森林土壤N₂O排放速率呈现夏秋季较高而冬春季较低的变化。土壤N₂O排放速率在3年观测期间的平均值分别为(g·hm^-2·d^-1):14.2±3.1(季风林),5.8±0.9(混交林)和5.1±0.9(马尾松林)。土壤N₂O排放速率与土壤温度之间在季风林呈现显著的指数正相关关系,但在混交林和马尾松林中它们之间的关系则均不明显。经3个月的模拟氮沉降试验后,氮沉降增加对季风林和马尾松林土壤N₂O的排放均具有明显的促进作用,且这种促进作用随氮沉降水平的升高而增强,但对混交林土壤N₂O排放的影响则不明显。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan