小麦苗期水分胁迫诱导差异表达cDNA的研究

以小麦幼苗为材料 ,采用mRNA差异显示方法和银染技术 ,对经过用 16 % (- 0 .5MPa)PEG - 6 0 0 0溶液处理不同时间而诱导表达的小麦基因进行分离 ,共得到cDNA差异片段 5 2条。经ReverseNorthern验证 ,检出阳性表达片段 15个 ,克隆并测序。经GenBank查询 ,11个片段序列与已知序列有较高的同源性 ,4个片段同源性非常低 ,可能为新基因。     

不同西瓜基因型对干旱胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱性评价

以来源于不同地区的12个西瓜基因型为试材,采用盆栽控水的方式进行持续干旱处理,研究干旱胁迫对西瓜幼苗株高、根长、鲜质量及干物质积累等生长状况的影响,比较不同基因型材料对干旱胁迫的生理响应差异,同时依据旱害指数对其抗旱性进行直接评价,并采用隶属函数法进一步验证和综合评价.结果表明: 干旱处理下,12个西瓜基因型对干旱胁迫的耐受能力存在明显差异,各基因型开始出现旱害症状的时间和发生旱害的程度各不相同.干旱胁迫降低了西瓜幼苗的株高、地上、地下鲜质量和地上干物质积累量,普遍提高了根冠比,而对根长和地下干质量存在正向和负向两种不同的影响.干旱处理后,西瓜叶片的相对含水量和叶绿素含量均不同程度降低,丙二醛、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子含量增加,脯氨酸大量积累,而可溶性蛋白含量以及抗氧化酶活性则因基因型的不同而表现出不同的结果.分析认为,3个野生型材料M20、KY-3和Y-2为抗旱性强的西瓜种质,Y34、金美人和04-1-2为敏感种质,而其余基因型为中抗种质.     

不同基因型小麦磷素营养阈值的研究

利用温室盆栽试验,对不同磷效率小麦基因型进行了磷素营养阈值的研究。结果表明,磷低效基因对缺磷反应敏感,在不施或施磷量较低时,籽粒产量及生物量均较低,随着施磷量增加,产量缓慢增加,表现出对磷肥效应较迟钝的钝的现象,而磷高效小麦基因型在不同施磷肥或施磷量较低条件下的产量与生物量相对较高,表现出明显的耐低磷特性及对土壤难溶性磷的高效活化、吸收能力。且随产丰施磷量增加,磷高效基因型的产量急剧增加,达到一定     

水分胁迫下小麦地上和地下部的反应及其抗旱性研究

本试验较系统地研究了四个小麦品种水分胁迫下地上、地下部的形态、生理和信息传递物质的变化及其抗旱性,为高等植物的抗旱机理研究提供了一些有价值的资料。为抗旱育种和育农栽培提供理论上的依据。     

小麦苗期对1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫的生理响应

通过砂培试验,研究了6种浓度(0、0.3、0.6、1.0、1.5 mmol/kg沙和2.0 mmol/kg沙)的1, 2, 4-三氯苯(TCB)对两种小麦烟辐188(耐性基因型)和扬麦16(敏感基因型)种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量、以及叶片和根系的蛋白质含量、丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理指标的影响.结果表明两种小麦基因型具有显著的差异,在TCB胁迫下,烟辐188的种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量均高于扬麦16,烟辐188和扬麦16的叶片可溶性蛋白含量分别与对照差异不显著和显著偏低.随着TCB浓度的升高,烟辐188根系的可溶性蛋白含量呈上升趋势,与对照差异显著,而扬麦16先略有上升然后呈下降趋势,且显著低于对照.TCB胁迫导致扬麦16叶片SOD、POD活性小于对照,CAT活性显著小于对照;而烟辐188叶片SOD活性与对照间差异不明显,POD和CAT活性在低浓度TCB胁迫时与对照差异不大,在高浓度时小于对照,其MDA含量低于扬麦16.烟辐188根系SOD、POD活性对TCB胁迫不敏感,扬麦16 SOD、POD活性受O-·2诱导而上升,但由于其O-·2产生速率要大于烟辐188,仍然不能清除多余的O-·2,最终其根系MDA含量高于烟辐188.总体而言,TCB胁迫下烟辐188的发芽情况、幼苗生长情况和生理指标均好于扬麦16,表现出对TCB胁迫有较强的耐受性和适应性.     

菜豆根形态特性的基因型差异与磷效率

应用磷控释砂培以及计算机图象分析技术,研究了磷效率差异显的菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L.)亲本及其重组自交系后代的根形态特性及其与磷效率的关系。试验结果表明,供磷状况显影响菜豆根系形态学特性。在低磷胁迫下,菜豆根系总根长变短、根部生物量减少,根直径增大。菜豆根形态特性对低磷有效性的适应性反应具有显的基因型差异。在低磷条件下磷高效率基因型的根系比磷低效率基因型相对根部生物量较大、总根长较长,根表面积较大。异计分析表明,菜豆基根根形态特性在低磷条件下的适应性变化对磷效率的贡献远远大于主根,并且这些适应性变化是可以遗传的,表明通过对菜豆根形态特性进行遗传改良来提高磷效率有一定的可行性。     

水分胁迫对不同基因型小麦幼芽蛋白质表达和某些生理特性的影响

以抗旱小麦品种长武134和不抗旱小麦品种郑引1号为试材,采用-1.2 MPa PEG 6000处理种子,研究不同水分条件下小麦幼芽中蛋白质表达和部分生理特性的变化.聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明：水分胁迫可诱导抗旱品种幼芽产生分子量约39.5 kDa和23.0 kDa两种新蛋白亚基,不抗旱品种则无新亚基产生;在正常供水条件下,随着生育期延长,两品种中分子量为48.5 kDa的蛋白亚基表达量逐渐增强,因其对水分敏感且属于新发现蛋白,初步命名为水敏感蛋白.生理特性测定结果表明,水分胁迫条件下长武134的根芽比和相对含水量均高于郑引1号,而细胞膜相对透性和丙二醛含量则低于郑引1号.     

离子注入对小麦当代形态生理影响的初步研究

采用能量为30keV的N+不同剂量(8×1017N+/cm2、10×1017N+/cm2、12×1017N+/cm2)注入小麦种子,研究了离子注入后形态生理变化。结果表明:1.离子注入后小麦的出苗率随着剂量的增加而下降,但均大于80%;2.对麦苗生长有明显的抑制作用;3.离子注入后表皮细胞结构有明显的改变;随着剂量的增加,表皮细胞损伤越来越严重。而且苗期表现和表皮细胞损伤程度是相对应的。     

接种两种固氮菌增强小麦幼苗抗渗透胁迫及生长能力

苗期是小麦(Triticum aestivum)物质和能量积累的关键时期, 苗期干旱影响小麦的后期群体建成。利用田菁茎瘤固氮根瘤菌(Azorhizobium caulinodans) ‘ORS571’与巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense) ‘Yu62’浸种侵染小麦和聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟渗透胁迫, 研究渗透胁迫下接菌小麦种子的发芽状况; 利用固氮菌涂抹小麦幼苗叶部, 测定PEG模拟渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗根体积、叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量及可溶性蛋白含量, 探究固氮菌增强小麦幼苗抗渗透胁迫的能力。结果表明, 接种混合固氮菌后在渗透胁迫下小麦种子的发芽率明显提高; 在渗透胁迫下叶部涂抹固氮菌小麦的根体积、叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量及可溶性蛋白含量明显升高, 表明接种固氮菌可提高小麦幼苗的抗渗透胁迫能力, 且混合固氮菌对小麦幼苗叶片的增强效果优于单一固氮菌。     

Dynamics of nutrient remobilisation from seed of wheat genotypes during imbibition,germination and early seedling growth

The changes in nutrient content of grain tissues and seedling parts of two wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L., Excalibur and Janz) with low or high seed Zn content were followed from imbibition to early seedling development (12 days). The grains were separated into seed coat, endosperm and embryo, while the seedlings were separated into roots and shoots. The dry weight of the seed coat did not change throughout the experimental period, whereas the endosperm weight declined rapidly from day 4 onward. The weight of embryo did not show any difference between and within cultivars. About a half of seed Zn was remobilised into shoot and roots during 12 days of growth, regardless of the initial seed Zn content in both genotypes. The seed coat contained 55–77% of the total seed nutrients in the two wheat genotypes, except in the case of S (around 40%). Manganese, Fe, Ca, K, and P were remobilised effectively from the seed coat as well as from the endosperm, while remobilisation of Zn and Cu was relatively less from the seed coat than from the endosperm. After 10 days of growth, all nutrients monitored were completely remobilised from the endosperm. Remobilised K was directed primarily into shoots; an increase in K content in shoots was relatively higher than the accumulation of dry matter, with a consequent increase in K concentration in shoot tissue. The remobilisation of some nutrients (eg. Fe, Ca and Zn) from various grain tissues during inbibition, germination and early growth is different from the remobilisation in more mature plants.     

Comparative physiological response of wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a staple food crop, is of great commercial importance. Its production is restricted due to multiple environmental stresses. There are indications that the wheat production is consistently limited by terminal heat stress. Previous studies revealed a varied response of different wheat genotypes under heat stress conditions. Here, comparative physiological changes in wheat genotypes viz., DBW-140, Raj-3765, PBW-574, K-0-307 and HS-240 were evaluated under timely and late sown conditions in rabi season. We observed that heat stress dramatically affects chlorophyll content and leaf area index (LAI) in sensitive genotypes whereas proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were higher in tolerant genotypes under late sown conditions. Further, the heat susceptibility index (HIS) for 1,000-grain weight, grain weight and grain yield of wheat genotypes viz., HS 240 and K-0-307 was highest as compared with DBW 140, Raj 3765 and PBW 574 genotypes. This finding suggests that wheat genotypes are found to differ in their ability to respond to heat, thereby tolerance, which could be useful as genetic stock to develop wheat tolerant varieties in breeding programs.     

水分胁迫对小麦幼苗及悬浮培养细胞中诱导蛋白表达的影响

丰抗8号小麦幼苗及成熟胚诱导的悬浮培养细胞在水分胁迫（－1．0MPa PEG6000）下,可溶性蛋白含量与蛋白组分变化有差异,幼苗可溶性蛋白含量高于对照,并随生长的延长呈降低趋势;悬浮培养细胞可溶性蛋白含量低于对照,且略有上升;复水后均可恢复对照水平,SDS－PAGE电泳及薄层扫描分析结果表明,幼苗受水分胁迫诱导,出现44．2kD蛋白亚基,该蛋白亚基含量可随胁迫时间延长上升,复水后消失,在正常条件下悬浮培养细胞中含有44．2kD蛋白亚基表达,轻度胁迫处理时,该蛋白亚基含量上升,对悬浮培养细胞进行水分胁迫,该蛋白则表现下降趋势,复水后又可上升。     

Genetics study of resistance to yellow rust in CIMMYT origin wheat advanced lines at seedling and adult plant stages

To study genetically and evaluate resistance to yellow rust, 29 wheat advanced lines were evaluated in randomised complete blocks design with three replicates in seedling stage under greenhouse conditions using nine races 6E150A+, 198E150A+, 134E150A+, 6E158A+, 166E150A+, 198E130A+, 166E158A+, 230E158A+ and 70E0A+, separately. In the adult plant stage, the genotypes were evaluated in two regions of Iran, Zarghan and Gorgan. The components of resistance including latent period and infection type were recorded under greenhouse conditions. Cluster analysis in all races showed that the genotypes 11, 28 and 29 were completely resistant to all races. Under Zarghan and Gorgan races, 27 and 73% of genotypes were resistant in the adult plant stage, respectively. Seven percent of genotypes were resistant in both stages, seedling and adult plant. All resistant lines can be used in plant breeding programme.     

Protein composition and native state of pigments of thylakoid membrane of wheat genotypes differently tolerant to water stress

Protein composition and native state of chlorophylls were analyzed in two wheat (Triticum durum L.) genotypes with different tolerance to drought, Barakatli-95 (drought-tolerant) and Garagylchyg-2 (drought-sensitive), during water deficit. It is shown that the plants subjected to water deficit appear to have a slight increase in α-and β-subunits of CF₁ATP-synthase complex (57.5 and 55 kD, respectively) in Barakatli-95 and their lower content in Garagylchyg-2. Steady-state levels of the core antenna of PS II (CP47 and CP43) and light-harvesting Chl a/b-apoproteins (LHC) II in the 29.5–24 kD region remained more or less unchanged in both wheat genotypes. The synthesis of 36 kD protein and content of low-molecular-weight polypeptides (21.5, 16.5, and 14 kD) were noticeably increased in the tolerant genotype Barakatli-95. Drought caused significant changes in the carotenoid region of the spectrum (400–500 nm) in drought-sensitive genotype Garagylchyg-2 (especially in the content of pigments of the violaxanthin cycle). A shift of the main band from 740–742 to 738 nm is observed in the fluorescence spectra (77 K) of chloroplasts from both genotypes under water deficiency, and there is a stimulation of the ratio of fluorescence band intensity F687/F740. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 223–228.     

镉胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

主要研究了重金属Cd污染对小麦生长和部分生理特性的影响。结果表明,叶绿素含量在0 2 5mmol·L-1Cd处理浓度时达到峰值,随Cd浓度的增加,含量下降。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性随Cd浓度的增加而增加。丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性同样呈上升趋势。根系活力表现为先升高后下降的变化趋势。Cd胁迫下,小麦的生长受到一定程度的抑制,并随溶液中Cd浓度的增加,抑制加重     

渗透胁迫下不同抗旱性小麦幼苗氨同化差异

在渗透胁迫下,测定了不同抗旱性小麦（抗旱性强的品种洛旱6号和抗旱性弱的品种周麦18）幼苗氨同化酶及相关参数的变化.结果表明:小麦生物量在渗透胁迫下明显降低,且抗旱性弱的周麦18降幅较大.铵态氮含量随胁迫程度的增加而增加,且周麦18增加较明显;谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性在不同抗旱性品种间表现不同,抗旱性强的洛旱6号在低渗透胁迫下显著增加,在高渗透胁迫下明显降低,而周麦18随胁迫程度的增加逐渐降低;依赖还原型辅酶Ⅰ的谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADH-GDH)活性随胁迫程度的增加逐渐加大,低渗透胁迫下周麦18增加较明显,高渗透胁迫下洛旱6号增幅较大;依赖氧化型辅酶Ⅰ的谷氨酸脱氢酶(NAD^+-GDH)和依赖氧化型辅酶Ⅱ的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NADP-ICDH)活性均随胁迫程度的增加而增加,周麦18的NAD^+-GDH活性、洛旱6号的NADP-ICDH活性增幅较大.表明小麦抗旱性的提高与铵态氮同化的增强有关,低渗透和高渗透胁迫下分别依赖GS和NADH-GDH活性的增加.