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1.
Studies on the patterns of nitrogen uptake and translocation to the grain of winter barley intended for malting 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In five experiments carried out between 1987 and 1989, crops of winter barley were grown under a range of agronomic treatments to study the way the treatments influenced the patterns of nitrogen uptake, dry matter production, translocation of assimilates and malting quality. Rate and timing of nitrogen fertiliser had large effects. Increased and late applications invariably increased nitrogen concentration in the grain by affecting the partitioning of nitrogen between the vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant. Foliar fungal diseases also affected nitrogen partitioning, apparently by interfering with the transport of stored nitrogen to the developing grain. Seasonal influences, especially rainfall during the grain filling period, were found to have profound effects on the pattern of change in ear and grain nitrogen concentration, and hence malting quality. The ability to predict final grain nitrogen concentration from measurements made earlier in the season is not therefore likely to be feasible. 相似文献
2.
B. Beecher E. D. Smidansky D. See T. K. Blake M. J. Giroux 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(6-7):833-840
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars vary in traits such as grain hardness and malt quality. However, little is known about the genetic basis of
these grain quality traits in barley, while more is known about the basis of grain hardness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Puroindolines are endosperm-specific proteins found in wheat and barley, as well as other members of the Triticeae. In
wheat, variation of puroindoline sequence is associated with most of the variability in wheat grain texture. However, no information exists on sequence variation
of the barley homologs of puroindolines, the hordoindolines. We have therefore chosen to isolate and characterize the hordoindoline (hin) sequences of eight North American barley cultivars. The barley sequences contain numerous non-conservative amino-acid substitutions
relative to their wheat counterparts. However, no significant rearrangements were found in either hinA or hinB of barley. Three hinA and two hinB sequence types were found among the eight barley cultivars examined, indicating substantial allelic variation at this locus.
The hinB sequence variability was used to map hinB to the short arm of chromosome 5H in a Steptoe/Morex mapping population, which is coincident with the previously mapped location
of hinA and Gsp (grain-softness protein). This chromosomal location also coincides with a small barley malt-extract QTL, suggesting that
hordoindoline sequence variation may play a small role in barley grain quality. Efforts to correlate barley seed textural differences and
malting quality with hordoindoline sequence type are ongoing.
Received: 25 May 2000 / Accepted: 21 September 2000 相似文献
3.
Gonzalez Pereyra ML Rosa CA Dalcero AM Cavaglieri LR 《Letters in applied microbiology》2011,53(6):649-655
Aims: To evaluate mycobiota and aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination in different malted barley types and brands and brewer’s grain collected from a major Argentinean brewery. Methods and Results: Total fungal counts were performed using the plate count method. Aflatoxin B1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and Zearalenone (ZEA) analyses were performed by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Fumonisin B1 was determined by HPLC. Eighty‐three percentage of the malted barley (100% M1, 50% M2 and 100% M3) and 61% of brewer’s grain samples had a count >1 × 104 CFU g?1. Yeasts were isolated from all malt and brewer’s grain samples. Genera containing some of the most important mycotoxin producer species –Fusarium ssp., Aspergillus ssp., Penicillium ssp. and Alternaria ssp. – were isolated from the analysed samples, along with other environmental saprophytic fungi such as Geotrichum ssp., Mucorales and Cladosporium ssp. All samples were contaminated with 104–145 μg kg?1 FB1. Eighteen per cent of brewer’s grain samples were contaminated with 19–44·52 μg kg?1 AFB1. Aflatoxin B2, AFG1, AFG2 and ZEA were not detected in any of the analysed samples. Conclusions: Fungal and mycotoxin contamination in malt and brewer’s grain is an actual risk for animal and human health. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study may be useful for assessing the risk of mycotoxins in Argentinean beers and especially in animal feeds. 相似文献
4.
Puroindolines: the molecular genetic basis of wheat grain hardness 总被引:44,自引:0,他引:44
Morris CF 《Plant molecular biology》2002,48(5-6):633-647
The variation in grain hardness is the single most important trait that determines end-use quality of wheat. Grain texture classification is based primarily on either the resistance of kernels to crushing or the particle size distribution of ground grain or flour. Recently, the molecular genetic basis of grain hardness has become known, and it is the focus of this review. The puroindoline proteins a and b form the molecular basis of wheat grain hardness or texture. When both puroindolines are in their `functional' wild state, grain texture is soft. When either one of the puroindolines is absent or altered by mutation, then the result is hard texture. In the case of durum wheat which lacks puroindolines, the texture is very hard. Puroindolines represent the molecular-genetic basis of the Hardness locus on chromosome 5DS and the soft (Ha) and hard (ha) alleles present in hexaploid bread wheat varieties. To date, seven discrete hardness alleles have been described for wheat. All involve puroindoline a or b and have been designated Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b through Pinb-D1g. A direct role of a related protein, grain softness protein (as currently defined), in wheat grain texture has yet to be demonstrated. 相似文献
5.
Genotypic variation in silicon concentration of barley grain 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Soluble silicon (Si) in foods and drinks has been suggested to have a protective effect against neurotoxicity of Al. We investigated the genotypic variation in Si concentration of barley grain, which has many uses including in livestock feeds, malts for beer and whisky, and some foods for human consumption. Two collections of barley, grown in the same field, were subjected to analysis; 274 standard varieties selected at the Barley Germplasm Center of the Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University (SV), and 135 varieties from the Barley Core Collection of Americans (BCCAM). The Si concentration of barley grain showed large variation, ranging from 0 (under detection) to 3600 mg kg–1 in SV and from 0 to 3800 mg kg–1 in BCCAM barleys. The Si concentration was much lower in hull-less barley than in hulled barley. The Si concentration of two-row barley was similar to that of six-row barley, suggesting that Si concentration is not affected by the number of spike rows. Si concentration also did not differ with the origin of the barley variety. More than 80% of total Si was localized in the hull. The Si concentration of the hull was between 15343 and 27089 mg kg–1 in the varieties tested. A close correlation was obtained between the Si concentrations of barley grains harvested in different years, suggesting that the variation in Si concentration of barley grain is controlled genetically. These results provide fundamental data for breeding Si-rich cultivars. 相似文献
6.
Nuutila A.M. Ritala A. Salmenkallio-Marttila M. Aspegren K. Aikasalo R. Kurtèn U. Tammisola J. Teeri T.H. Mannonen L. Kauppinen V. 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2002,1(1):135-140
The processing quality of cereals can be modified by altering the structural grain constituents or the enzyme activities that mobilize storage reserves of the seeds. In order to complement the malt enzyme spectrum, a gene encoding for a thermotolerant fungal endo-(1,4)--glucanase was introduced into two barley cultivars, Kymppi and Golden Promise. The gene was expressed in the seeds during germination, thus providing a thermotolerant enzyme that is active under mashing conditions. The amount of thermotolerant -glucanase produced by the seeds (ca. 0.025% soluble seed protein) has been shown to be sufficient to reduce wort viscosity by decreasing the soluble -glucan content. For the safe commercial cultivation of transgenic plants risk assessment of their cultivation is needed. In our study experimental estimates of the transgene flow from transgenic barley by pollen dispersal were produced. Field trials were conducted during the summers of 1996 and 1997. A transgenic barley line homozygous for the gene encoding for neomycin phosphotransferase was used as a source of pollen and male-sterile barley lines as recipients. In order to be able to transform the cross-fertilization frequencies to corresponding values of normal male-fertile barley, plots of normal barley were also included in the experimental plan. On the basis of our study, cross-fertilization in male-sterile recipient barley is possible with very low frequency up to 50 meters from the donor area. However, the frequency dramatically decreases with distance and due to self-pollination the possibility of cross-fertilization remains very low in normal cultivated barley. 相似文献
7.
M P. COCHRANE 《The Annals of applied biology》1996,128(1):21-35
In 1990 and 1991 grain samples of spring barley were obtained from plots in which fungal diseases were controlled until ear emergence using fungicide sprays, and from comparable plots which had received no fungicide applications. The grain was stored at 10o C, and tested for germination at intervals during storage. Grain from plots treated with fungicide consistently exhibited more dormancy than grain from untreated plots. In 1992, grain development was monitored from anthesis to harvest-ripeness in treated and untreated plots of cvs Blenheim, Camargue and Tyne. In cvs Blenheim and Camargue, grains in fungicide-treated plots had a greater dry weight at harvest-ripeness, and dehydrated later in development than grains in untreated plots. Neither of these differences was observed in cv. Tyne. Possible interpretations of the effects of fungicide treatment of the parent plant on the physiology of the grain are discussed. 相似文献
8.
We have studied the effects of six high-lysine barley mutations (Risø mutants 1508 and 56, Notch 1 and 2, lys 95 and 449) on the protein fractions of the grain. All mutants had a decreased relative and total amount of the lysine-poor hordein fraction, but only in Risø 1508 and 56 was the polypeptide composition of this fraction greatly affected. In all the mutants there were increases in the lysine-rich glutelin proteins and in nonprotein N while in Risø 1508 and the Notch mutants the total amount of salt-soluble proteins was also increased and their relative polypeptide composition substantially altered.This work was supported by EEC Contract No. 473 under the common program on plant protein improvement. 相似文献
9.
Jan Hubert Zuzana Kucerova Radek Aulicky Marta Nesvorna Vaclav Stejskal 《Insect Science》2009,16(3):255-262
Abstract While mites are able to utilize numerous food sources, the suitability of the food strongly influences population growth. The different suitabilities of various stored agricultural products will thus affect the level of infestation. In this study, we compared field mite infestation rates in two stored cereals: wheat and barley. We analyzed mite abundance, frequency and species composition in samples of grain obtained from 79 selected Czech grain stores. Stored barley seemed to be more vulnerable to mite attack than wheat, as we consistently found more infested samples, more species and higher mean and median mite abundance per sample in barley as compared to wheat. The mean mite abundance per sample were 55 and 506 individuals for wheat and barley, respectively. In barley, 10% of samples exceeded allergen risk threshold (i.e., 1 000 individuals per kg of grain). Altogether, 25 species were identified from approximately 35 000 individuals. The most frequently identified species were the same in wheat and barley, that is, Tydeus interruptus Sig Thor, Acarus siro L., Tarsonemus granarius Lindquist, Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Based on principal components analysis, we found a closer association of T. interruptus , T. putrescentiae , L. destructor and Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) with barley samples, corresponding to the high frequency and abundance values of these mites. The probable reasons for the higher infestation, especially mite abundance in barley, are discussed in relation to the higher proportion of crushed parts, which may release favorable nutrient sources and amplify the abundance values. 相似文献
10.
J. S. SWANSTON 《The Annals of applied biology》1991,118(2):417-422
Grain and malt quality parameters were assessed in the barley starch mutants Waxy Hector, characterised by high levels of amylopectin, and Chalky Glenn, which has lines of cleavage across the large starch granules. Results were compared with those of their parental cultivars and suggested differences in the contribution of endosperm cell walls to milling energy. Although hot water extracts were not improved, other components, especially those associated with the fractured starch mutant, could be used in breeding programmes to improve aspects of quality, if they could be disassociated from deleterious effects of the starch mutation, e.g. poor grain filling. 相似文献
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13.
Li Cheng-Dao Zhang Xiao-Qi Eckstein Pete Rossnagel Brian G. Scoles Graham J. 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》1999,5(6):569-577
A DNA fragment containing the exons 16, 17 and intron 16 of the limit dextrinase gene was cloned using a 654 bp cDNA as probe. Intron 16 contained a simple sequence repeat (microsatellite). PCR primers were designed to amplify that microsatellite. Using these primers, the limit dextrinase gene was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1 (7H) using 150 DH lines from the Steptoe × Morex mapping population. This gene co-segregated with the RFLP marker ABC154A. QTLs for malt extract, -amylase activity, diastatic power and fine-coarse difference previously mapped in the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project have been located in this chromosome region. Five limit dextrinase alleles were detected in 31 barley cultivars with a PIC of 0.75. Ten different alleles/genes were identified in 23 uncultivated Hordeum species or subspecies using these microsatellite primers. The primers also amplified one fragment from wheat and two from oat. This microsatellite should be useful for marker-assisted selection for malting quality. 相似文献
14.
Han F. Romagosa I. Ullrich S.E. Jones B. L. Hayes P.M. Wesenberg D.M. 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》1997,3(6):427-437
Selection for malting quality in breeding programs by micromalting and micromashing is time-consuming, and resource-intensive. More efficient and feasible approaches for identifying genotypes with good malting quality would be highly desirable. With the advent of molecular markers, it is possible to map and tag the loci affecting malting quality. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of molecular marker assisted selection for malting quality traits. Two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions in six-row barley for malt extract percentage, -amylase activity, diastatic power, and malt -glucan content on chromosomes 1 (QTL1) and 4 (QTL2) have been previously identified. The flanking markers, Brz and Amy2, and WG622 and BCD402B, for these two major QTL regions were used in marker-assisted selection. Four alternative selection strategies; phenotypic selection, genotypic selection, tandem genotypic and phenotypic selection, and combined phenotypic and genotypic selection, were compared for both single and multiple trait selection in a population consisting of 92 doubled haploid lines derived from Steptoe × Morex crosses. Marker assisted selection for QTL1 (tandem genotypic and phenotypic selection, and combined phenotypic and genotypic selection) was more effective than phenotypic selection, but for QTL2 was not as effective as phenotypic selection due to a lack of QTL2 effects in the selection population. The effectiveness of tandem genotypic and phenotypic selection makes marker assisted selection practical for traits which are extremely difficult or expensive to measure such as most malting quality traits. It can substantially eliminate undesirable genotypes by early genotyping and keeping only desirable genotypes for later phenotypic selection. 相似文献
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16.
Lee Sung J. Penner Greg A. 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》1997,3(6):457-462
Application of marker-assisted selection with RFLP based markers has been constrained by high cost and time requirements in situations involving a large number of plants. RFLP markers mapped on a Harrington/TR306 population have been identified elsewhere as linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) governing malting quality. The probes ABG610, ABC622, as well as probes for the Nar1, Amy1 and Nar7 were sequenced and locus specific primers developed. These locus specific primers were applied to genomic DNA from both Harrington and TR306. Sequence analysis of the resultant monomorphic fragments revealed sequence divergence for the Xabg610, Xabc622, Amy1 and Nar1 loci, but not for the Nar7 locus. Application of a set of Hor2 primers to genomic DNA from the barley lines Harrington and TR306 led to the direct amplification of codominant alleles. Allele-specific primers were designed based on the sequence divergence identified among the Xabg610, Xabc622 and Nar1 alleles. Amplification conditions were optimized for each of these alleles such that only the favourable allele from Harrington was amplified. The usefulness of these primers for selecting Harrington alleles was demonstrated by their failure to amplify the corresponding alleles from the lines, Sterling, Stella and WM872. The Amy1 allele-specific amplicon was only capable of differentiating this locus between Harrington and TR306. The conversion of these markers into PCR amplifiable, allele-specific amplicons would greatly facilitate their application to barley breeding programs. 相似文献
17.
Two genetically related wheat lines growing in cabinets were given different temperatures during grain filling, and abscisic acid (ABA) was measured in whole grains by gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector. Three genetically related barley lines grown in the field were assayed for ABA content in endosperm and embryo fractions separately by radiommunoassay.Maximum grain growth rate and final weight per grain of the two wheat lines differed by 50–60% at low temperature and 30–40% at high temperature. During grain development two peaks in ABA level were observed at low temperature but only one at high temperature. At times when differences in grain growth rate between genotypes and between temperature treatments were large, the corresponding differences in ABA concentration were small. In barley, one line (Iabo 14) had 30% heavier grains than the other two (Onice and Opale). Endosperm ABA concentrations showed no clear differences between genotypes until grain filling was nearly complete. Embryo ABA levels were up to 10-times greater than those in the endosperm, with Opale having significantly less ABA in the embryo than the other two cultivars.Our experiments did not provide evidence for a causal relationship between ABA levels during grain filling and grain growth rate or final weight.Abbreviations ABA
Abscisic acid
- DAA
days after anthesis
- DW
dry weight
- FW
fresh weight 相似文献
18.
《Critical reviews in biotechnology》2013,33(4):287-314
AbstractCereals are the most important group of plants for human nutrition and animal feed. Partially due to the commercial value of crop plants, there has been an ever-increasing interest in using modern biotechnological methods for the improvement of the characteristics of cereals during the past decade. The rapid progress in molecular biology, plant cell culture techniques, and gene transfer technology has resulted in successful transformations of all the major cereals—maize, rice, wheat, and barley. This brings the biotechnological methods closer to the routine also in barley breeding. In this article, the current status of barley genetic engineering, including the patent situation, is reviewed. The needs, aims, and possible applications of genetic engineering in barley breeding are discussed. 相似文献
19.
The application of the protein and polysaccharide fractions of barley spent grain as a basis of growth media for probiotic bacteria was studied. High values of biomass yield, cell viability, and organic acid production were observed in the variants of media containing the barley spent grain supplemented with lactose, ascorbic acid, yeast extract, and mineral salts. Cells of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria had the typical rod-shaped morphology. 相似文献
20.
Fine grinding of barley grain has traditionally been considered to be a potential risk to rumen function, feed intake and milk yield. These concerns are thought to be reduced by steam-rolling or coarse dry rolling. We hypothesized that finely ground barley grain is as effective in stimulating feed intake and milk production as are dry- and steam-rolled barley grain, and so the objective was to determine effects of feeding either (1) finely ground, (2) steam-rolled, (3) finely dry-rolled, or (4) coarsely dry-rolled barley grain on rumen fermentation, digestibility and milk yield and composition. Eight multiparous midlactation Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design experiment with four periods of 21 d. Diets contained 256 g barley grain/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis. Processing method did not affect milk yield and composition, DM intake, rumen pH and volatile fatty acids, fecal and urine pH, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. Results suggest that finely ground barley grain is no different than dry-rolled and steam-rolled barley grains in stimulating feed intake and productivity of midlactation cows, when 256 g of dietary DM/kg is barley grain. 相似文献