四川甘洛县格古河水生生物群落及其生态位的分析

报道了四川省甘洛县甘洛河支流--格古河的水生生物资源凋查及其水域生态系统研究结果.有4门类96属、种,以藻类、原生动物和水生昆虫等类群的种类和数量较多,其资源较为丰富,群落结构复杂,功能多样,生态位明显.分析了水电开发引起的水域生态环境变化对水生生物、水生生态系统的影响及潜在威胁,并提出相应的保护措施建议.     

滨岸带对河流生态系统的影响机制研究进展

从水文调节、水质改善、物质输入调控、生物多样性维持等方面梳理了滨岸带对河流生态系统的影响机制。滨岸带具有良好的水文调节效应, 这种调节效应主要通过滨岸带植被根系对土壤水分持留, 植物残体对径流路径的影响, 以及挺水和沉水植物对水流的物理作用等途径实现。滨岸带显著影响水质过程, 对于面源污染径流具有较好的净化效果。滨岸带能够经历周期性的干湿交替, 同时具有发达的植被系统和丰富的土壤微生物类型, 独特的水文和地球化学条件使滨岸带成为氮磷迁移转化的热区。滨岸带对水生态系统的物质输入起到重要的调控作用, 既能够为水体生态系统提供丰富的物质来源, 又能够避免过量的营养物质输入。这种调控作用对于水生态系统群落结构的维持和生态系统功能的发挥具有重要意义。滨岸带水生和湿生植被的生长使水体生态系统食物链不断完善, 大型无脊椎生物和鱼类种群数量得以增加, 对水体生物多样性的提升具有明显的贡献。自然的洪水扰动可能是滨岸带生物多样性的维持机制, 而水媒传播过程则可能是滨岸带影响河流生物多样性的重要机制。当前对于滨岸带生态机制过程的认识尚不够深入, 今后滨岸带研究要加强物质过程和生态学过程的探讨, 尤其是水文、水质、生物群落等要素的耦合机制, 滨岸带水环境效应的模拟预测, 以及滨岸带对河流生物多样性的影响机制研究等。     

暴雨和缓冲带特征对城市滨水缓冲带雨洪消减与水质净化效果的影响机制

通过设置多组实验,模拟不同暴雨径流及缓冲带条件,对城市滨水缓冲带在不同暴雨雨型、历时、重现期、缓冲带坡度、植被覆盖度、初期冲刷等条件下的径流削减和水质净化作用进行研究。得出在不同实验条件下,滨水缓冲带的雨量动态径流系数结果在0.29—0.55之间。分析实验结果发现缓冲带对峰型靠前、历时较短、重现期短的暴雨径流削减效果更好,同时更平缓与植被覆盖度更高的缓冲带对径流的削减效果更佳。模拟实验显示,径流中不同污染物去除率范围分别为:SS为66.41%—90.29%、TN为44.48%—64.90%、NH_3-N为32.72%—63.68%、TP为89.83%—95.04%、COD为34.32%—66.23%。缓冲带的径流水质净化效果在应对不同暴雨雨型时未显示明显规律,而缓冲带对中高浓度径流污染物削减率更高能够应对较强的初期冲刷效应。同时更平缓与植被覆盖度更高缓冲带,即表流流速更缓慢时,显示出更好的径流净化效果。     

苏州河东风港滨岸带生态景观综合评价研究

通过层次分析法(AHP)对苏州河东风港滨岸带进行了生态景观综合评价,旨在构建一套完整合理且可操作性较强的城市河流滨岸带景观评价指标体系,评价结果表明,苏州河东风港河岸带在景观质量、功能以及管理指标层次均达到了较高的水平,生态景观综合等级达到Ⅱ级。特别是在群落配置、物种丰富度以及病虫害及农药管理这3方面的得分达到Ⅰ级,在景观布局协调性、连续性以及管理成本三项指标的得分为Ⅲ级,说明这三方面还需要进一步改进。文章还讨论了城市河流滨岸带景观评价指标体系的延伸与拓展。     

不同坡度缓冲带径流污染净化效果及其最佳宽度

在前期资料调研、小试试验和基地选址的基础上,选择百慕大草皮构建了2％、3％、4％和5％四种不同坡度结构的滨岸缓冲带试验基地,开展径流污染物净化效果现场试验。结果表明,坡度与缓冲带径流悬浮固体颗粒物（SS）截留效果显著相关,19m长的2％坡度缓冲带末端的SS截留率达到84％,而5％坡度只有70％;2％坡度缓冲带末端渗流出水总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）平均浓度分别比5％坡度低1．63mg·L^-1和0．1mg·L^-1,在进水TP平均浓度范围为0．9—1．0mg·L^-1时,4种不同坡度试验带的渗流出水TP浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）Ⅳ类水标准;通过计算,末端SS去除率为80％时,2％坡度需要的缓冲带最佳宽度为16．1m,5％坡度则为24．7m,两者相差达8．6m。     

漓江滨岸草带对径流泥沙的拦截效果

位于污染源和受纳水体之间的滨岸带对径流泥沙的过滤作用已经得到广泛认可,滨岸植被的存在能降低径流流速,增加土壤入渗,延缓产流时间,促使径流中的悬浮物质得到沉积。而关于漓江滨岸草带过滤作用的相关定量研究和应用尚未见报道。为探索影响草带过滤效果的影响因素,在广西漓江滨岸带内按不同植被条件、不同带宽布设6个试验小区,通过小区放水试验测定滨岸草带对径流泥沙的拦截效果。结果表明:草带能有效拦截径流悬浮物,对径流、泥沙的拦截率分别达到66%和68%,当草带宽度增加到10m时拦截率均达90%。带宽是影响径流泥沙拦截的主导因素。植被条件是影响拦截效果的又一重要因素,而初始含水量和入流泥沙浓度对拦截效果的影响较小。同一草带对泥沙的拦截效果优于径流的拦截效果,且二者之间存在密切的线性关系。     

近30年鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值

滨岸缓冲带作为湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,研究其土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值（ESV）对维持湖泊水安全和生物多样性具有重要意义。基于1988-2018年间7期Landsat遥感卫星影像数据,采用土地利用相关分析、ESV当量因子估算等方法,深入分析了鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带近30年土地利用时空演变特征及ESV变化。结果表明：（1）近30年鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带土地利用类型逐渐形成了以耕地为主导,林地、草地、水域、建设用地等主要地类占比相对均衡的格局。耕地面积明显增加,增幅为21.48%;建设用地和林地面积增幅分别为542.90%和326.23%,耕地、水域、草地是二者面积增加的主要来源;草地面积出现明显减少,幅度达66.79%,主要转变为林地、耕地和水域;水域和未利用地面积出现小幅减少。研究区内,南昌县综合土地利用动态度以1.81%高于其他11个区（县）,土地利用较其他区（县）出现更大的变化。（2）近30年鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带生态系统服务价值总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,总损失25.54亿元,降幅为24.18%;各类ESV的变化趋势与各土地利用类型面积变化的趋势相似,其中水文调节为研究区内最主要的生态服务功能,占总ESV的66.03%。（3）水域和草地对ESV变化的贡献率最大,是鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带ESV变化的主要影响因素;水域面积减少是导致滨岸缓冲带ESV下降的主要原因。总体而言,修复和保护滨岸缓冲带内的水域和草地对维持鄱阳湖生态系统生物多样性和服务功能具有重要作用,对周边乃至长江中下游地区的生态环境保护亦具有重要意义。     

酸雨对水生生物影响的研究

环境生物学家目前面临的任务之一是就酸雨对水体和水生生物的冲击作出预测。本文主要介绍酸雨分布最广、危害严重的地区,并对水生生物的影响作出分析。研究表明一个湖泊及其流域中和酸雨所进入的酸的容量,主要取决于汇水区基岩的组成。湖、河酸化所带来的最明显的生物学冲击是鱼类种群的消失或减少。而食物网中各个营养级的生物也可能受到影响。生物的数量和种类会减少,结果随着整个水生态系统的破坏,水体的初级生产力和分解作用受到伤害。 我们所进行的研究表明:鲢、餹、鲤对酸的相对敏感性是受精卵>鱼苗>鱼种;鲢鱼的96小时LC_(50)分别是pH5.34,4.51及3.80。酸雨对大型溞的急性毒性,24小时LC_(50)是pH4.06±0.19;48小时LC_(50)是pH4.94±0.20。椭园萝卜螺对酸的96小时累积死亡率分别是:pH3.6时100％,pH3.8时60％,pH4.0时20％以及pH4.2时10％。 作者对今后需要进行的研究课题提出了建议。     

迁安三里河滨水缓冲带雨水径流及污染物消减效果与设计优化

滨水缓冲带在入河雨水径流消减及水质净化方面起着关键作用。以迁安三里河滨水缓冲带为研究对象,利用SCS-CN模型、地表径流人工模拟以及水体样品实地采集等方法,揭示了缓冲带的雨水径流消减及水质净化效果,并分析了地表特征对其的影响。研究结果:(1)对雨水径流的消减率可超过80%。前期土壤含水量越低、坡长越长、坡度越小,消减量越大。灌木比草坪、花卉、铺装的消减量大。(2)植被带对TP、TN、NH_3-N、COD和SS的消减率可分别达到85.35%、13.41%、68.32%、87.76%和98.5%。径流时长为60 min比30 min的水质净化效果好。草坪、花卉、高草、灌木对污染物的消减率高,砾石的消减率低。坡度从10°降低到5°,消减率可提升50%以上。坡长的增加对净化作用增加不显著。     

紫外辐射对水生生物的影响研究进展

紫外辐射对陆生植物的生物学效应已被广泛研究,对水生生物也能产生一系列影响。本文在综述国内外紫外线在水体中渗透状况及影响因素的基础上,阐述了紫外辐射对浮游细菌和微型浮游生物、浮游植物、浮游动物、大型藻类、鱼卵和幼鱼、鱼类及两栖动物的生物学效应,从直接效应和间接效应两方面介绍了紫外辐射对水生生物作用的机理。未来研究应该注重紫外辐射与气候变化、酸沉降、水污染等环境因子联合作用对水生有机体产生影响,其研究对象应扩展至沉水植物、底栖生物等大部分水生有机体,这些研究将对深入研究水生生态系统的演化、水生生态系统退化及其修复起重要作用。     

苏州河东风港河岸缓冲带中草地生态功能研究

构建河岸缓冲带对改善河流水质及其生态功能有重要作用。草地是河岸缓冲带的重要组成部分。选取高羊茅、白花三叶草和百慕达三种常见草种为研究对象,采用样地试验、指标测定的方法,重点测定试验样地的土壤理化指标、植株根系指标和土壤动物指标,分析不同草地对河岸缓冲带的保水固土及生物多样性维持等生态功能的影响。研究表明,三类草地对土壤理化条件改善及生物多样性维持均具有较好的促进作用。其中高羊茅固土能力突出,白花三叶草在土壤动物多样性维持上具有优势,而百慕达在土壤理化性质调节方面具有显著作用。三类草地缓冲带与周边菜地或荒地对照样带相比具有明显优势。     

Efficiency and dimensioning of riparian buffer zones in agricultural catchments

A strong linear correlation was found between the log-transformed load and retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in riparian buffer zones (r=0.99 and 0.997, respectively). Analyses of N and P budgets in four riparian forests of varying age (two grey alder stands in Estonia and two riparian deciduous forests in USA) show a significant efficiency. Despite the different input load (72.9–110.4 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 2.5–3.0 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), the outputs into streams from the alder stands systems were comparably low (9.0–13.2 and 0.38–0.62 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The older forests from the USA showed less efficiency. Plant uptake of both N and P in younger stands was significantly higher than in older forests. Methods to determine the buffer zones' and buffer strips' width and their efficiency are presented. The testing of efficiency assessment in a watershed in Estonia demonstrated an expected efficiency of buffers.     

Comparison of bird community indices for riparian restoration planning and monitoring

The use of a bird community index that characterizes ecosystem integrity is very attractive to conservation planners and habitat managers, particularly in the absence of any single focal species. In riparian areas of the western USA, several attempts at arriving at a community index signifying a functioning riparian bird community have been made previously, mostly resorting to expert opinions or national conservation rankings for species weights. Because extensive local and regional bird monitoring data were available for Nevada, we were able to develop three different indices that were derived empirically, rather than from expert opinion. We formally examined the use of three species weighting schemes in comparison with simple species richness, using different definitions of riparian species assemblage size, for the purpose of predicting community response to changes in vegetation structure from riparian restoration. For the three indices, species were weighted according to the following criteria: (1) the degree of riparian habitat specialization based on regional data, (2) the relative conservation ranking of landbird species, and (3) the degree to which a species is under-represented compared to the regional species pool for riparian areas. To evaluate the usefulness of these indices for habitat restoration planning and monitoring, we modeled them using habitat variables that are expected to respond to riparian restoration efforts, using data from 64 sampling sites in the Walker River Basin in Nevada and California. We found that none of the species-weighting schemes performed any better as an index for evaluating overall habitat condition than using species richness alone as a community index. Based on our findings, the use of a fairly complete list of 30–35 riparian specialists appears to be the best indicator group for predicting the response of bird communities to the restoration of riparian vegetation.     

水淹干扰对水库水滨带植物群落稳定性与种间关系的影响

受城市化与人类活动等因素影响而退化的水滨带植被的恢复与重建是近年来生态环境的热点问题。植物群落的种间关系直接影响植被的演替与恢复。以南水北调中线一期工程通水前的丹江口水库原有水滨带植被为研究对象,对年均多于9个月（海拔142 m以下）、6-9个月（海拔142-147 m）、3-6个月（海拔147-151 m）和少于3个月（海拔151-157 m）的4种不同强度水淹干扰的水滨带植物群落的稳定性和种间关系进行分析,探讨不同水淹干扰强度对水库水滨带植物群落稳定性及种间关系的影响。采用M.Godron稳定性测定法对植物群落稳定性进行分析,通过方差比率（VR）、χ²检验、联结系数（AC）以及Spearman秩相关检验对不同水淹干扰强度下的植物群落优势种进行种间关联分析。结果表明：（1）水库水滨带植物群落稳定性从高到低依次为水淹时长3-6个月、水淹时长6-9个月、水淹时长少于3个月和水淹时长多于9个月。中度水淹干扰下的植物群落稳定性要好于重度和轻度水淹干扰的植物群落;（2）不同水淹干扰强度下水滨带植物群落总体性关联表现为显著正相关。随着水淹时间增加,群落中正联结种对占总对数的比例呈下降趋势,负联结种对比例呈增加趋势,正负联结比值降低,群落内种间联结强度逐渐降低,说明水淹干扰强度增加会导致水滨带植物群落种群间相互依存关系减弱或竞争关系加剧。在此基础上,探讨不同水淹干扰强度下物种的空间分布和生态习性,并提出针对不同水淹干扰强度的水滨带植被恢复的物种选择建议。     

The role of vegetation and litter in the nitrogen dynamics of riparian buffer zones in Europe

Plant uptake and denitrification are considered to be the most important processes responsible for N retention and mitigation in riparian buffers. In many riparian buffers, however, nutrients taken up by plants remain in the system only temporarily and may be gradually released by mineralization later. Still, plants increase the residence time of nutrients considerably by reducing their mobility. We investigated the importance of plant N uptake and N immobilization in litter for N retention in riparian buffers. Nitrogen uptake in vegetation and N dynamics in litter were measured over a two-year period in a range of forested and herbaceous riparian buffers along a climatic gradient in Europe, receiving different loadings of N-enriched groundwater. Plant production, nitrogen uptake, and N retention were significantly higher in the forested buffer sites compared to the herbaceous buffer sites. However, in herbaceous buffers, periodic harvesting of herbaceous biomass contributed considerably to the N retention. No relationship between lateral N loading and plant productivity or N uptake was observed; this indicated that plant growth was not N-limited. In the winter period, decaying leaf litter had a small but significant role in N retention in a majority of the riparian ecosystems studied. Moreover, no responses to the climatic gradient were found. Generally, we can state that annual N retention in the vegetation and litter compartment is substantial, making up 13–99% of the total N mitigation.     

长白山北坡河岸带群落植物区系分析

对吉林省二道白河河岸带植物区系的研究结果表明,河岸带植被中共有维管束植物68科169属288种,其中包括蕨类植物11科16属26种,种子植物57科153属262种．种子植物中,裸子植物3科6属9种,被子植物54科147属253种;被子植物中,双子叶植物45科118属212种,单子叶植物9科29属41种．由此可见二道白河河岸带的植物种类较为丰富．对其中被子植物分布区类型的分析表明,二道白河流域河岸带种子植物区系科、属的分布类型较为丰富,在科级水平上有6个分布类型2个变型,在属级水平上有9个分布类型7个变型．河岸带植物区系呈温带特性,各类温带分布类型117属,占河岸带种子植物153属的76．5％．二道白河流域河岸带植物区系地理联系广泛,与热带植物区系和东亚区系具有一定的联系,但与地中海植物区系的联系甚少．表明河岸带在生物多样性保护中的重要作用．     

Size structure of the metazoan community in a Piedmont stream

We characterized the size structure of virtually the entire metazoan community in a fourth order, sandybottomed Piedmont stream during late summer. Our study, the first to sample across all habitat types and sizes of metazoans in an aquatic ecosystem, indicates that at the community level, stream size spectra may be bimodal for the benthos or trimodal when fish are included. Animals spanning 10 orders of magnitude in dry mass (from gastrotrichs to fish) were quantitatively collected from nine habitat types. The bimodal benthic size spectrum was characterized by a meiofaunal component (mostly oligochaetes and micro-crustacea) and a macrobenthic component (mostly the introduced asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea). Insects contributed little to overall standing crop. Size-specific contribution to whole-community metabolism was assessed using allometric equations for respiration, and we found a distinctly bimodal distribution across the entire metazoan size range, with peaks in the meiofaunal and benthic macrofaunal size ranges. Our bimodal benthic size spectrum is similar to that observed for marine benthos but not to other freshwater benthic systems, possibly because the entire range of habitat types and/or animal sizes were not sampled in the latter. Numerous factors may influence size spectra in stream ecosystems, including local geomorphic (habitat) conditions, water level fluctuations, species introductions, and predation processes.     

Impact of riparian buffer zones on water quality and associated management considerations

Recent attention has focused on riparian forest buffer systems for filtering sediment, nutrients, and pesticides entering from upland agricultural fields. This paper summarizes the results of a field monitoring study done in Tokachikawa watershed in Hokkaido, Japan, Cisadane, Cianten and Citamyang sub-watersheds in Indonesia and Cauvery watershed, India to quantify the impact of riparian buffer zones on changes in stream water quality. A watershed approach was used to compare land use indicators – uplands, forests, riparian forest, livestock areas – to a wide range of surface water physical and chemical properties. Stream water physical property values increased from upstream to the confluence point, influenced by the upland and livestock land use activities. The greatest reduction in impairment of water quality was observed in buffer zones located along higher order streams where the gradient is very low, leading to slow groundwater movement. The lower stream water temperature in riparian buffer zones suggests that the shading effect is most pronounced in this area of the watershed. The results demonstrate the positive impact of forest buffer zones in reducing the influence of agricultural nutrients and chemicals on surface stream waters. Design and management considerations for establishing riparian zone land use are discussed.     

An examination of multiple factors affecting community structure in an aquatic amphibian community

Summary The potential effects of multiple factors structuring certain larval amphibian communities were studied using a pen experiment in a natural pond. Potential factors (predation and competition from other species) were allowed to act in a stepwise fashion such that their relative importance could be evaluated. Based on a previous study, it was hypothesized that predation by Ambystoma salamander larvae on other larval amphibian species would be the most important factor. Survival of Ambystoma jeffersonianum salamander larvae and Rana sylvatica tadpoles was significantly depressed only by Ambystoma opacum predation. Survival of Ambystoma maculatum salamander larvae was significantly greater in the absence of both A. opacum and A. jeffersonianum predators. The virtual elimination of Hyla chrysoscelis larvae in all treatments also can be largely attributed to Ambystoma predation. Thus, Ambystoma predation was the dominant factor determining larval survival of four amphibian prey species in the experimental communities.