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1.
Many genetically engineered mice strains have been generated worldwide and sperm preservation is a valuable method for storing these strains as genetic resources. Freeze-drying is a useful sperm preservation method because it requires neither liquid nitrogen nor dry ice for preservation and transportation. We report here successful long-term preservation at 4 °C of mouse spermatozoa freeze-dried using a simple buffer solution (10mM Tris, 1mM EDTA, pH 8.0). Offspring with fertility were obtained from oocytes fertilized with freeze-dried spermatozoa from C57BL/6 and B6D2F1 mouse strains stored at 4 °C for 3 years. This freeze-drying method is a safe and economical tool for the biobanking of valuable mouse strains. 相似文献
2.
Background
Hepatitis B is a public health problem worldwide. Viral infection can affect a man''s fertility, but only scant information about the influence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on sperm quality is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hepatitis B virus S protein (HBs) on human sperm membrane integrity and functions.Methods/Principal Findings
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization were determined. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and flow cytometric analyses were performed. (1) After 3 h incubation with 25 µg/ml of HBs, the average rates of ROS positive cells, annexin V–positive/propidium iodide (PI)-negative cells, Caspases-3,-8,-9 positive cells and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in the test groups as compared to those in the control groups, while TAC level was decreased when compared with the control. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the sperm cells exposed to 50 µg/ml of HBs for 3 h was significantly higher than that in the control (P<0.05–0.01). (2) HBs increased the MDA levels and the numbers of ROS positive cells, annexin V–positive/PI-negative cells, caspases-3, -8, -9 positive cells and TUNEL-positive cells in a dose-dependent manner. (3) HBs monoclonal antibody (MAb) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced the number of ROS-positive sperm cells. (4) HBs decreased the TAC levels in sperm cells in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion
HBs exposure could lead to ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, TAC reduction, PS externalization, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation, resulting in increased apoptosis of sperm cells and loss of sperm membrane integrity and causing sperm dysfunctions. 相似文献3.
Tito Silvio Patrelli Salvatore Gizzo Nicoletta Sianesi Luca Levati Antonio Pezzuto Bruno Ferrari Alberto Bacchi Modena 《PloS one》2012,7(9)
Background
A variety of indicators of potentially successful ovarian stimulation cycles are available, including biomarkers such as anti-Mullerian hormone. The aim of our study was to confirm the usefulness of serum anti-Mullerian hormone assay in predicting ovarian response and reproductive outcome in women eligible for ART cycles.Materials
Forty-six women undergoing ART cycles at the Centre for Reproductive Medicine in Parma were recruited from March-to-June 2010. Inclusion criteria: age<42 years; body-mass-index = 20–25; regular menstrual cycles; basal serum FSH concentration <12 IU/L and basal serum estradiol concentration <70 pg/mL. The couples included in our study reported a variety of primary infertility causes. All women underwent FSH stimulation and pituitary suppression (GnRH-agonist/GnRH-antagonist protocols). Women were considered poor-responders if thay had ≤3 oocytes; normal-responders 4–9 oocytes and high-responders ≥10 oocytes. Serum samples for the AMH assays were obtained on the first and last days of stimulation. A P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.Result
FSH levels increased significantly when AMH levels decreased. The total dose of r-FSH administered to induce ovulation was not correlated to AMH. The number of follicles on the hCG, serum estradiol levels on the hCG-day, and the number of retrieved oocytes were significantly correlated to AMH. The number of fertilized oocytes was significantly correlated to the AMH levels. No significant correlation was found between obtained embryos or transferred embryos and AMH. Basal serum AMH levels were significantly higher than those measured on the hCG-day, which appeared significantly reduced. There was a significant correlation between AMH in normal responders and AMH in both high and poor responders.Conclusions
Our data confirm the clinical usefulness of AMH in ART-cycles to customize treatment protocols and suggest the necessity of verifying an eventual permanent decrease in AMH levels after IVF. 相似文献4.
This study demonstrates that a small amount of chelating agent in the freeze-drying solution is necessary to prevent the deterioration of spermatozoa during freeze-drying and subsequent preservation at 4 degrees C. We freeze-dried mouse epididymal spermatozoa in the solutions containing Tris-HCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent. Spermatozoa stored for various times up to 1 year at 4 degrees C were injected intracytoplasmically into individual oocytes, and the normality of chromosomes in fertilized oocytes was analyzed. In addition, embryos derived from freeze-dried spermatozoa were transferred into recipients to determine their developmental ability. Chromosomes were maintained well when spermatozoa were freeze-dried in a solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl and 1mM EDTA (73%), and 57% of embryos developed to term. Of embryos derived from spermatozoa stored for 1 year, 65% developed into live offspring. On the other hand, when spermatozoa were freeze-dried in a solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl and 0 or 50 mM EDTA, spermatozoa that maintained karyotypically normal chromosomes were 64% or 22%, and only 16% or 3% of embryos were developed to term, respectively. This finding suggested that mouse spermatozoa can be freeze-dried in a simple solution containing the same composition as that used to preserve extracted DNA. 相似文献
5.
Background
Sperm from C57BL/6 mice are difficult to cryopreserve and recover. Yet, the majority of genetically modified (GM) lines are maintained on this genetic background.Methodology/Principal Findings
Reported here is the development of an easily implemented method that consistently yields fertilization rates of 70±5% with this strain. This six-fold increase is achieved by collecting sperm from the vas deferens and epididymis into a cryoprotective medium of 18% raffinose (w/v), 3% skim milk (w/v) and 477 µM monothioglycerol. The sperm suspension is loaded into 0.25 mL French straws and cooled at 37±1°C/min before being plunged and then stored in LN2. Subsequent to storage, the sperm are warmed at 2,232±162°C/min and incubated in in vitro fertilization media for an hour prior to the addition of oocyte cumulus masses from superovulated females. Sperm from 735 GM mouse lines on 12 common genetic backgrounds including C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, 129S1/SvImJ, FVB/NJ and NOD/ShiLtJ were cryopreserved and recovered. C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ fertilization rates, using frozen sperm, were slightly reduced compared to rates involving fresh sperm; fertilization rates using fresh or frozen sperm were equivalent in all other lines. Developmental capacity of embryos produced using cryopreserved sperm was equivalent, or superior to, cryopreserved IVF-derived embryos.Conclusions/Significance
Combined, these results demonstrate the broad applicability of our approach as an economical and efficient option for archiving and distributing mice. 相似文献6.
Takehito Kaneko Hideyuki Ito Hidefusa Sakamoto Manabu Onuma Miho Inoue-Murayama 《PloS one》2014,9(11)
Sperm preservation is a useful technique for the maintenance of biological resources in experimental and domestic animals, and in wild animals. A new preservation method has been developed that enables sperm to be stored for a long time in a refrigerator at 4°C. Sperm are freeze-dried in a solution containing 10 mM Tris and 1 mM EDTA. Using this method, liquid nitrogen is not required for the storage and transportation of sperm. We demonstrate that chimpanzee, giraffe, jaguar, weasel and the long-haired rat sperm remain viable after freeze-drying. In all species, pronuclei were formed after the injection of freeze-dried sperm into the mouse oocytes. Although preliminary, these results may be useful for the future establishment of “freeze-drying zoo” to conserve wild animals. 相似文献
7.
L. Ringoir J. W. Widdershoven S. S. Pedersen J. M. Keyzer V. J. Pop 《Netherlands heart journal》2014,22(5):234-239
Background
The prevalence and diagnostic value of heart failure symptoms in elderly primary care patients with hypertension is unknown.Aim
To assess the prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of symptoms in association with an abnormal echocardiogram.Design and setting
Cross-sectional screening study in five general practices in the south-east of the Netherlands.Method
Between June 2010 and January 2013, 591 primary care hypertension patients aged between 60 and 85 years were included, without known heart failure and not treated by a cardiologist. All patients underwent an echocardiogram and a structured interview including assessment of heart failure symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, oedema, cold extremities, and restless sleep.Results and conclusion
Restless sleep was reported by 25 %, cold extremities by 23 %, fatigue by 19 %, shortness of breath by 17 %, and oedema by 13 %. Oedema was the only symptom significantly associated with an abnormal echocardiogram (positive predictive value was 45 %, sensitivity 20 %, and specificity 90 %, OR 2.12; 95 % CI = 1.23–3.64), apart from higher age (OR 1.06; 95 % CI = 1.03–1.09), previous myocardial infarction (OR 3.00; 95 % CI = 1.28–7.03), and a systolic blood pressure of >160 mmHg (OR 1.62; 95 % CI = 1.08–2.41). Screening with echocardiography might be considered in patients with oedema. 相似文献8.
Narumi Ogonuki Manami Mori Akie Shinmen Kimiko Inoue Keiji Mochida Akihiko Ohta Atsuo Ogura 《PloS one》2010,5(6)
Background
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been widely used to study the mechanisms of mammalian fertilization and to rescue male-factor infertility in humans and animals. However, very few systematic analyses have been conducted to define factors affecting the efficiency of ICSI. In this study, we undertook a large-scale series of ICSI experiments in mice to define the factors that might affect outcomes.Methodology/Principal Findings
We used a 5×3×2 factorial design with the following factors: mouse genotype (ICR, C57BL/6, DBA/2, C3H/He, and 129/Sv strains), type of male germ cells (epididymal sperm, elongated or round spermatids), and their freeze–thawing treatment. The efficiencies (parameters) of each developmental step were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (significance level P<0.01). The type of male germ cells affected all the four parameters observed: oocyte survival after injection, cleavage of oocytes, implantation, and birth of offspring. Genotype affected the oocyte survival, cleavage and birth rates, whereas freeze–thawing had no effects on any of the parameters. There were significant genotype/cell type interactions for oocyte survival and cleavage, indicating that they were determined by a combination of strain and germ cell maturity. Multiple comparisons revealed that spermatozoa and elongated spermatids gave better implantation and birth rates than did round spermatids, while spermatozoa and elongated spermatozoa were indistinguishable in their ability to support embryonic development. The best overall efficiency (birth rate per oocytes injected) was obtained with frozen–thawed DBA/2 strain elongated spermatids (23.2±4.2%).Conclusions/Significance
The present study provides the first comprehensive information on ICSI using the mouse as a model and will contribute to the efficient use of materials, time, and efforts in biomedical research and clinics involving ICSI. 相似文献9.
S. I. Lok D. J. Lok P. van der Weide B. Winkens P. W. Bruggink-André de la Porte P. A. Doevendans R. A. de Weger P. van der Meer N. de Jonge 《Netherlands heart journal》2014,22(9):391-395
Background
There is increasing interest in utilising novel markers of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). Recently, it was shown that alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), an acute-phase protein and major inhibitor of cathpesin G, plays a role in the pathophysiology of HF and may serve as a marker for myocardial distress.Objective
To assess whether ACT is independently associated with long-term mortality in chronic HF patients.Methods
ACT plasma levels were categorised into quartiles. Survival times were analysed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression, without and with correction for clinically relevant risk factors, including sex, age, duration of HF, kidney function (MDRD), ischaemic HF aetiology and NT-proBNP.Results
Twenty healthy individuals and 224 patients (mean age 71 years, 72 % male, median HF duration 1.6 years) with chronic HF were included. In total, 159 (71 %) patients died. The median survival time was 5.3 (95 % CI 4.5–6.1) years. ACT was significantly elevated in patients (median 433 μg/ml, IQR 279–680) in comparison with controls (median 214 μg/ml, IQR 166–271; p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that ACT was not independently related to long-term mortality in chronic HF patients (crude HR = 1.03, 95 % CI 0.75–1.41, p = 0.871; adjusted HR = 1.12, 95 % CI 0.78–1.60, p = 0.552), which was confirmed by Kaplan-Meier curves.Conclusion
ACT levels are elevated in chronic HF patients, but no independent association with long-term mortality can be established. 相似文献10.
Background and Aims
Previous work has shown that the entire photosynthetic light response curve, based on both Mitscherlich and Michaelis–Menten functions, could be predicted in an interspecific context through allometric relations linking the parameters of these functions to two static leaf traits: leaf nitrogen (N) content and leaf mass per area (LMA). This paper describes to what extent these allometric relations are robust to changes in soil fertility and the growth irradiance of the plants.Methods
Plants of 25 herbaceous species were grown under controlled conditions in factorial combinations of low/high soil fertility and low/high growth irradiance. Net photosynthetic rates per unit dry mass were measured at light intensities ranging from 0 to 700 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).Key Results
The differing growth environments induced large changes in N, LMA and in each of the parameter estimates of the Mitscherlich and Michaelis–Menten functions. However, the differing growth environments induced only small (although significant) changes in the allometric relationships linking N and LMA to the parameters of the two functions. As a result, 88 % (Mitcherlich) and 89 % (Michaelis–Menten) of the observed net photosynthetic rates over the full range of light intensities (0–700 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR) and across all four growth environments could be predicted using only N and LMA using the same allometric relations.Conclusions
These results suggest the possibility of predicting net photosynthetic rates in nature across species over the full range of light intensities using readily available data. 相似文献11.
Background
Anogenital distance (AGD), a sexually dimorphic measure of genital development, is a marker for endocrine disruption in animal studies and may be shorter in infant males with genital anomalies. Given the correlation between anogenital distance and genital development, we sought to determine if anogenital distance varied in fertile compared to infertile adult men.Methods
A cross sectional study of consecutive men being evaluated for infertility and men with proven fertility was recruited from an andrology clinic. Anogenital distance (the distance from the posterior aspect of the scrotum to the anal verge) and penile length (PL) were measured using digital calipers. ANOVA and linear regression were used to determine correlations between AGD, fatherhood status, and semen analysis parameters (sperm density, motility, and total motile sperm count).Findings
A total of 117 infertile men (mean age: 35.3±17.4) and 56 fertile men (mean age: 44.8±9.7) were recruited. The infertile men possessed significantly shorter mean AGD and PL compared to the fertile controls (AGD: 31.8 vs 44.6 mm, PL: 107.1 vs 119.5 mm, p<0.01). The difference in AGD persisted even after accounting for ethnic and anthropomorphic differences. In addition to fatherhood, on both unadjusted and adjusted linear regression, AGD was significantly correlated with sperm density and total motile sperm count. After adjusting for demographic and reproductive variables, for each 1 cm increase in a man''s AGD, the sperm density increases by 4.3 million sperm per mL (95% CI 0.53, 8.09, p = 0.03) and the total motile sperm count increases by 6.0 million sperm (95% CI 1.34, 10.58, p = 0.01). On adjusted analyses, no correlation was seen between penile length and semen parameters.Conclusion
A longer anogenital distance is associated with fatherhood and may predict normal male reproductive potential. Thus, AGD may provide a novel metric to assess reproductive potential in men. 相似文献12.
H. J. Heuvelman M. W. A. van Geldorp A. P. Kappetein M. L. Geleijnse T. W. Galema A. J. J. C. Bogers J. J. M. Takkenberg 《Netherlands heart journal》2012,20(12):487-493
Objective
To prospectively evaluate the clinical course of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and identify factors associated with treatment selection and patient outcome.Methods
Patients diagnosed with severe AS in the Rotterdam area were included between June 2006 and May 2009. Patient characteristics, echocardiogram, brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and treatment strategy were assessed at baseline, and after 6, 12, and 24 months. Endpoints were aortic valve replacement (AVR) / transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and death.Results
The study population comprised 191 patients, 132 were symptomatic and 59 asymptomatic at study entry. Two-year cumulative survival of symptomatic patients was 89.8 % (95 % CI 79.8–95.0 %) after AVR/TAVI and 72.6 % (95 % CI 59.7–82.0 %) with conservative treatment. Two-year cumulative survival of asymptomatic patients was 91.5 % (95 % CI 80.8–96.4 %). Two-year cumulative incidence of AVR/TAVI was 55.9 % (95 % CI 47.5–63.5 %) in symptomatic patients. Sixty-eight percent of asymptomatic patients developed symptoms, median time to symptoms was 13 months; AVR/TAVI cumulative incidence was 38.3 % (95 % CI 23.1–53.3 %). Elderly symptomatic patients with multiple comorbidities were more likely to receive conservative treatment.Conclusions
In contemporary Dutch practice many symptomatic patients do not receive invasive treatment of severe AS. Two-thirds of asymptomatic patients develop symptoms within 2 years, illustrating the progressive nature of severe AS. Treatment optimisation may be achieved through careful individualised assessment in a multidisciplinary setting. 相似文献13.
Asghar Mesbahi Vahid Jafarzadeh Nahideh Gharehaghaji 《Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy》2012,17(3):146-150
Background
Application of less toxic normoxic polymer gel of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) for radiation therapy has been studied in recent years.Aim
In the current study the optical and NMR properties of NIPAM were studied for radiation therapy dosimetry application.Materials and methods
NIPAM normoxic polymer gel was prepared and irradiated by 9 MV photon beam of a medical linac. The optical absorbance was measured using a conventional laboratory spectrophotometer in different wavelengths ranging from 390 to 860 nm. R2 measurements of NIPAM gels were performed using a 1.5 T scanner and R2–dose curve was obtained.Results
Our results showed R2 dose sensitivity of 0.193 ± 0.01 s−1 Gy−1 for NIPAM gel. Both R2 and optical absorbance showed a linear relationship with dose from 1.5 to 11 Gy for NIPAM gel dosimeter. Moreover, absorbance–dose response varied considerably with light wavelength and highest sensitivity was seen for the blue part of the spectrum.Conclusion
Our results showed that both optical and NMR approaches have acceptable sensitivity and accuracy for dose determination with NIPAM gel. However, for optical reading of the gel, utilization of an optimum optical wavelength is recommended. 相似文献14.
Monica Borgatti Roberta Rizzo Maria Beatrice Dal Canto Daniela Fumagalli Mario Mignini Renzini Rubens Fadini Marina Stignani Olavio Roberto Baricordi Roberto Gambari 《PloS one》2008,3(12)
Background
During the last years, several studies have reported the significant relationship between the production of soluble HLA-G molecules (sHLA-G) by 48–72 hours early embryos and an increased implantation rate in IVF protocols. As consequence, the detection of HLA-G modulation was suggested as a marker to identify the best embryos to be transferred. On the opposite, no suitable markers are available for the oocyte selection.Methodology/Principal Findings
The major finding of the present paper is that the release of ICAM-1 might be predictive of oocyte maturation. The results obtained are confirmed using three independent methodologies, such as ELISA, Bio-Plex assay and Western blotting. The sICAM-1 release is very high in immature oocytes, decrease in mature oocytes and become even lower in in vitro fertilized embryos. No significant differences were observed in the levels of sICAM-1 release between immature oocytes with different morphological characteristics. On the contrary, when the mature oocytes were subdivided accordingly to morphological criteria, the mean sICAM-I levels in grade 1 oocytes were significantly decreased when compared to grade 2 and 3 oocytes.Conclusions/Significance
The reduction of the number of fertilized oocytes and transferred embryos represents the main target of assisted reproductive medicine. We propose sICAM-1 as a biochemical marker for oocyte maturation and grading, with a possible interesting rebound in assisted reproduction techniques. 相似文献15.
Objective
Olfaction is impaired in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The study has two aims: (1) to determine whether changes in cation concentration occur in the olfactory mucus of mice with CRS, which may affect chemo-electrical transduction, (2) and to examine whether these alterations are physiologically significant in humans.Study Design
Animal study in mice and translational study in humans.Methods
Inflammation was induced by sensitization and chronic exposure of 16 C57BL/6 mice to Aspergillus fumigatus. The control group included 16 untreated mice. Ion-selective microelectrodes were used to measure free cation concentrations in the olfactory mucus of 8 mice from each treatment group, while the remaining mice were sacrificed for histology. To validate the findings in the animal model, olfactory threshold was measured in 11 healthy human participants using Sniffin’ Sticks before and after nasal irrigation with solutions that were composed of either of the cation concentrations.Results
In 8 mice, olfactory mucus of chronically inflamed mice had lower [Na+] (84.8±4.45 mM versus 93.73±3.06 mM, p = 0.02), and higher [K+] (7.2±0.65 mM versus 5.7±0.20 mM, p = 0.04) than controls. No difference existed in [Ca2+] (0.50±0.12 mM versus 0.54±0.06 mM, p = 0.39). In humans, rinsing with solutions replicating ion concentrations of the mouse mucosa with chronic inflammation caused a significant elevation in the median olfactory threshold (9.0 to 4.8, p = 0.003) but not with the control solution (8.3 to 7.8, p = 0.75).Conclusion
Chronic inflammation elevates potassium and lowers sodium ion concentration in mice olfactory mucus. Nasal irrigation with a corresponding solution induced olfactory threshold shift in humans. 相似文献16.
Objective
Safety concerns about the Riata ICD shock lead were recently raised, with insulation failure due to conductor externalisation. Its incidence and presentation were assessed, and predictors of insulation failure and lead survival of the Riata 1580–1582 were studied, retrospectively, before the official recall.Methods
All 374 patients at the Erasmus Medical Center between July 2003 and December 2007 with a 1580, 1581 or 1582 shock lead.Results
The majority of the patients were male (78 %), with a median age of 60 years (IQR 52–70); primary prevention in 61 %. Median follow-up was 60.3 months (IQR 35.5–73.2), with 117 (31 %) patients dying. Electrical abnormalities (mainly noise, 65 %) were observed in 20/257 patients (7.8 %). Definite conductor externalisation was confirmed with fluoroscopy or chest X-ray in 16 patients, and in one after extraction. One patient presented with a drop in the high-voltage impedance trend with a short circuit of the ICD system during defibrillation testing, and needed to be shocked externally. In 8 more patients, conductor externalisation was found during an elective procedure. No predictors of externalisation could be found, except for the use of single coil (p = 0.02). Median time to conductor externalisation was 5 years (IQR 3.1–6.2). Lead externalisation was observed in 5.4 % (95 % CI 3.1–9.3) at 5 years and 22.7 % (95 % CI 13.6–36.6) at 8 years.Conclusion
A high incidence of insulation defects associated with conductor externalisation in the Riata ICD lead family is observed. The mode of presentation is diverse. This type of insulation failure can lead to failure of therapy delivery. 相似文献17.
N Mangalat Y Liu NY Fatheree MJ Ferris MR Van Arsdall Z Chen MH Rahbar WA Gleason J Norori DQ Tran JM Rhoads 《PloS one》2012,7(9):e43910
Background
There are few carefully-designed studies investigating the safety of individual probiotics approved under Investigational New Drug policies.Objectives
The primary aim of this prospective, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was to investigate if daily treatment of adults with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR) for 2 months is safe and well-tolerated. Our secondary aim was to determine if LR treatment has immune effects as determined by regulatory T cell percentages, expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and −4 on circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs), cytokine expression by stimulated PBMC, and intestinal inflammation as measured by fecal calprotectin.Methods
Forty healthy adults were randomized to a daily dose of 5×108 CFUs of LR (n = 30) or placebo (n = 10) for 2 months. Participants completed a daily diary card and had 7 clinic visits during treatment and observation.Results
There were no severe adverse events (SAEs) and no significant differences in adverse events (AEs). There were no differences in PBMC subclasses, TLRs, or cytokine expression after treatment. The probiotic-treated group had a significantly higher fecal calprotectin level than the placebo group after 2 months of treatment: 50 µg/g (IQR 24–127 µg/g) vs. 17 µg/g (IQR 11–26 µg/g), p = 0.03, although values remained in the normal clinical range (0–162.9 µg/g). LR vials retained >108 CFUs viable organisms/ml.Conclusions
LR is safe and well tolerated in adults, without significant changes in immunologic markers. There was a small but significant increase in fecal calprotectin, perhaps indicating some element of immune recognition at the intestinal level.Trial Registration
Clinical Trials.gov NCT00922727相似文献18.
Mandalia S Mandalia R Lo G Chadborn T Sharott P Youle M Anderson J Baily G Brettle R Fisher M Gompels M Kinghorn G Johnson M McCarron B Pozniak A Tang A Walsh J White D Williams I Gazzard B Beck EJ;NPMS-HHC Steering Group 《PloS one》2010,5(12):e15677
Background
The number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) is increasing in the UK. This study estimated the annual population cost of providing HIV services in the UK, 1997–2006 and projected them 2007–2013.Methods
Annual cost of HIV treatment for PLHIV by stage of HIV infection and type of ART was calculated (UK pounds, 2006 prices). Population costs were derived by multiplying the number of PLHIV by their annual cost for 1997–2006 and projected 2007–2013.Results
Average annual treatment costs across all stages of HIV infection ranged from £17,034 in 1997 to £18,087 in 2006 for PLHIV on mono-therapy and from £27,649 in 1997 to £32,322 in 2006 for those on quadruple-or-more ART. The number of PLHIV using NHS services rose from 16,075 to 52,083 in 2006 and was projected to increase to 78,370 by 2013. Annual population cost rose from £104 million in 1997 to £483 million in 2006, with a projected annual cost between £721 and £758 million by 2013. When including community care costs, costs increased from £164 million in 1997, to £683 million in 2006 and between £1,019 and £1,065 million in 2013.Conclusions
Increased number of PLHIV using NHS services resulted in rising UK population costs. Population costs are expected to continue to increase, partly due to PLHIV''s longer survival on ART and the relative lack of success of HIV preventing programs. Where possible, the cost of HIV treatment and care needs to be reduced without reducing the quality of services, and prevention programs need to become more effective. While high income countries are struggling to meet these increasing costs, middle- and lower-income countries with larger epidemics are likely to find it even more difficult to meet these increasing demands, given that they have fewer resources. 相似文献19.
M. Martínez-Sellés T. Datino L. M. Figueiras-Graillet H. Bueno F. Fernández-Aviles 《Netherlands heart journal》2013,21(11):499-503
Background
The influence of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) on the long-term prognosis of nonagenarians who survive acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been demonstrated.Objective
Our aim was to study the association between new-onset AF and long-term prognosis of nonagenarians who survive AMI.Methods
From a total of 96 patients aged ≥89 years admitted during a 5-year period, 64 (67 %) were discharged alive and are the focus of this study.Results
Mean age was 91.0 ± 2.0 years, and 39 patients (61 %) were women. During admission, 9 patients (14 %) presented new-onset AF, 51 (80 %) did not present AF, and 4 (6 %) had chronic AF. During follow-up (mean 2.3 ± 2.6 years; 6.6 ± 3.6 years in survivors), 58 patients (91 %) died, including the 9 patients with new-onset AF. Cumulative survival at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months was 68.3 %, 57.2 %, 49.2 %, 47.6 %, and 31.8 %, respectively. The only two independent predictors of mortality in the multivariate analysis were age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.28; p = 0.04) and new-onset AF (HR 2.3; 95 % CI 1.1–4.8; p = 0.02).Conclusion
New-onset AF is a marker of poor prognosis in nonagenarians who survive AMI. 相似文献20.
JK Hom B Wang S Chetty J Giddy M Mazibuko J Allen RP Walensky E Losina KA Freedberg IV Bassett 《PloS one》2012,7(8):e43281