中国独活属花粉形态及分类学和进化意义

中国独活属约26种3变种。本文通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,较系统地分析了21种2变种的花粉。研究结果表明:该属花粉基本为矩形类型,少数种具赤道收缩型。综合中国独活属形态解剖方面的相关特征,将中国独活属分为两大类群,并讨论了独活属的系统位置及其演化趋势。     

中国独活属叶柄的解剖学研究

本文首次观察了我国独活属１５种地柄解剖的结构的基本特变异幅度。根据叶柄的维管束排列,结合横切面形态,近轴面沟槽的有无及形态周缘的变化及髓腔的有无等特征,把１５种独活的叶柄剖分为５个类型。依据各类型的结构特点结合其植物的外部形态,以及细胞学和花粉形态等特征,讨论了这５个类型可能的演化关系和独活属的属下分类问题,作者认为我国西南部的横断山区不仅独活属植物的种类丰富。是该属的频度中心,而且形态分化活跃,     

中国伞形科独活属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国伞形科独活属15个种的果实表面微形态特征进行了比较观察.结果表明:(1)多数种的外果皮表面细胞为凹陷型,细胞形状为4～6边形、不规则形和细胞轮廓不可见.(2)外果皮纹饰可分为网状纹饰和条状纹饰两类;多数种类具有尖囊状或带状表皮毛以及鳞片状或颗粒状的分泌物.(3)其微形态特征在独活属属下种间表现出丰富的多样性,可为种的划分提供重要的分类学依据.(4)结合形态学、孢粉学、细胞学和解剖学等特征对钝叶独活(H.candicans var.obtusifolium)和长裂叶独活(H.millefolium var.longilobum)的系统位置分析认为:将钝叶独活作为白亮独活的变种处理较恰当;将长裂叶独活作为种(H.longilobum)处理,系统位置在裂叶独活(H.millefolium)之后.     

前胡族花粉外壁超微结构及其系统学意义

报道了前胡族(Peucedaneae Drude)当归亚族(Angelicinae Drude)、阿魏亚族(Ferulinae Drude)和环翅芹亚族(TordyliinaeDrude)等3亚族18属18种植物的花粉外壁表面和内部的超微结构.根据花粉外壁超微结构资料,论述了18种及其所在属的系统位置.对现时尚存疑的问题,诸如当归亚族中的山芹属(Ostericum Hoffm.)等7属(种),经分析认为统归于当归属(Angelica L.)不恰当;阿魏亚族中的球根阿魏(Schumannia turcomanica Kuntze)、伊犁芹(Talassiatransiliensis(Herd.)Korov.)、胀果芹(Phlojodicarpus villosus(Turcz.ex Fisch.et Mey.)Turcz.ex Ledeb.)等属的代表种显示其外壁演化程度相差甚大,应以与阿魏属(Ferula L.)分别独立为宜;环翅芹亚族(Tordyliinae Drude)中大瓣芹属(Semenovia Regel et Herd.)与独活属(Heracleum L.)的代表种其外壁演化程度相距甚远,也以分立为宜.     

基于ITS序列探讨法落海的系统分类学地位

为研究法落海的系统分类地位,检测了法落海以及当归属和独活属共12种代表植物的核糖体DNA ITS序列,并结合GenBank中独活属4种代表植物的ITS序列,以羌活属的羌活(Notopterygium incisum)作为外类群,应用序列特征、遗传距离与系统树分析等方法对法落海的系统分类地位进行了分析。结果表明,依据不同的ITS区序列会得出不同甚至截然相反的结论:若依据ITS1序列,法落海应该归属到当归属;若依据ITS2序列,法落海应该归属到独活属。进一步分析法落海与当归属、独活属植物ITS区序列的碱基组成时发现,法落海在ITS1区拥有当归属植物的序列特征,而其ITS2区拥有独活属植物的序列特征。综上分析,支持法落海是介于当归属与独活属之间的一个分类群的系统分类观点。     

东亚与北美当归属花粉形态的比较研究

对东亚与北美当归属（ＡｎｇｅｌｉｃａＬ．）７２种植物的花粉形态特征进行了观察,表明当归属的花粉为一多类型的类群,包含伞形科全部６种花粉类型,说明该属既是一个古老的属,同时又是在发展中不断演化的属。东亚和北美的共有种表明两地区的当归属十分近缘。从两地区存在着古老的姊妹群推断它们共同起源于白垩纪到老第三纪。中国的四川和北美的西北部同为当归属的起源和演化中心。花粉特征还表明当归属的近缘属山芹属（ＯｓｔｅｒｉｃｕｍＭａｘｉｍ．）为一自然的分类群     

中国西南地区独活属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国西南地区独活属16种1变种植物(分隶于中国独活属的全部4个组)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察,测量并统计气孔器大小、密度和气孔指数,并用统计学方法对远轴面气孔器长轴进行显著差异性分析.结果显示:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究类群的叶远轴面及个别类群叶近轴面,气孔器的分布和密度具有种间特异性.表皮毛普遍存在于远轴面及大部分类群近轴面,长短和覆盖密度因种而异.近轴面表皮细胞为多边形或者不规则形,垂周壁平直、浅波状或波状;远轴面表皮细胞形态多不规则形,表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状或波状.在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的附有颗粒状、鳞片状蜡质等结构.气孔器外拱盖形态以及蜡质类型是稳定的鉴别特征.研究表明独活属植物叶表皮特征存在较大的种间差异,对独活属的系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,文中对叶表皮特征在独活属植物分类处理中的应用及系统进化问题等进行了讨论,并建立了以叶表皮微形态特征为依据的分类检索表.     

中国独活属的核型研究

本文首次报道了我国独活属10种(含1变种)的核型,其中8种的染色体数目亦为首次报道。研究表明它们的染色体数目均为2n＝2x＝22,为二倍体,其核型为中部着丝点和亚中部着丝点染色体组成,仅具1A和2A两种类型。有4种具随体染色体,在部分H．vicinum植株中发现有1条B染色体,在H．millefolium var．longilobum中同时存在2n＝22和2n＝24的非整倍体．不同种的染色体形态不同,为分类研究提供了细胞学依据。 本文在核型分析基础上讨论了该属分类群的划分、种间亲缘关系及演化,并结合我国毗邻地区该属细胞学资料和地理分布规律,提出我国西南部的横断山区是独活属的频度中心和多样性中心。     

长室姬蜂属一新种

本文描述了我国山东莱阳莱阳组中的长室姬蜂属(Tanychora)1个新种。这是世界上已知的最古老的姬蜂化石,在研究这个类群的起源和演化上具有重要意义。根据这个属在演化上的原始程度,推断含有此类昆虫化石的苏联、蒙古和我国的有关地层的沉积时代为晚侏罗世。     

西北干旱荒漠区植物属的区系分析

为了分析西北干旱荒漠区种子植物属的组成及其区系特点 ,探讨其起源与演化 ,作者根据多年的调查结果并查阅大量相关资料 ,研究表明 :西北干旱荒漠区分布有种子植物 4 84属 ,其区系特征为单种属、寡种属多 ,优势现象明显 ;植物区系具有强烈的旱生性和古老性 ;区系地理成分复杂多样 ,包含 1 4个分布区类型和 1 4个变型 ,地中海区 -西亚 -中亚分布、北温带分布、旧世界分布、中亚分布类型占据前四位 ,分别占总属的 2 2 .33%、1 7.98%、1 0 .6 9%、7.36 % ;特有成分比较低 ,中国特有成分仅 6属 ,只占总属数的 1 .5 7% ;起源古老 ,多为本土发生     

Karyotype and cytogeography of the genus Heracleum （Apiaceae） in the Hengduan Mountains

In the present study, the karyotypes of 34 populations belonging to 11 species and one variety of Heracleum from the Hengduan Mountains in China were examined. Chromosome numbers and the karyotypes of three species （H. souliei, H. la＇ngdoni, and H. wenchuanense） are reported for the first time, as are the karyotypes of H. moellendorffii and H. henryi （tetraploid）. Populations of H. candicans, H. franchetii, and H. kingdoni in the Hengduan Mountains were found to consist of a mixture of diploid and tetraploid plants. Except for four species of Heracleum, namely H. candicans, H. franchetii, H. henryi, and H.kingdoni, which have both diploid and tetraploid karyotypes, all other species of Heracleum are were found to be diploid. All karyotypes were found to belong to the 2A type of Stebbins, with the exception ofH. candicans var. obtusifolium, which belongs to 2B, and H. hemsleyanum and H. franchetii （Mt. Dujuan, Daocheng, Sichuan, China）, which belong to 1A. There was only a slight difference in the karyotype asymmetry index, which suggests a close kinship for species of Heracleum and that the entire phylogenetic development of Heracleum is relatively primitive. Species that exhibited advanced morphological features were also more advanced in karyotype structure, with the order ofkaryotype evolution being 1A→2A→2B. This phenomenon indicates that the species distributed in the Hengduan Mountains have not diverged completely and that the Hengduan Mountains are a relatively young and active area for the evolution of Heracleum. Polyploidization in Heracleum may be an important evolutionary mechanisms for some species, generating diversity. The biological attributes, distribution range, and the geological history of the genus have all played a part in accelerating the evolution through polyploidization or aneuploidization. It is known that as the distribution latitude of Heracleum decreases from north to south, the chromosome number, ploidy level, and asymmetry structure appear to increase. In the Hengd     

中国独活属的分支分类学研究

研究运用分支分析方法研究了16种独活属植物的系统发育关系。采用最简约性分析的分支与界限法Branch—and—Bound(bandh)的严格一致树(thestrict consensus cladogram)和非加权配对算术平均法up weighted pair group method using arithmetic average method(UPGMA)对其进行分支分析。研究结果表明：两种方法均支持将独活属分为4个组,即多裂叶组Sect．Millefolia、多毛组Sect．Villosa、多管组Sect．Plurivittata、独活组Sect．Heracleum。《中国植物志》中少管组Sect．Wendia的法落海Heracleum apaense没有独立成组,它的系统位置还需要进一步研究。根据PAUP软件分析中的不同处理方法,探讨了中国独活属植物的系统进化及其起源问题。     

Invasive species of Heracleum in Europe: an insight into genetic relationships and invasion history

Several species of the genus Heracleum (Umbelliferae) were introduced into Europe from south-west Asia in the 19th century and are now widespread in many countries. At least three invasive taxa with unresolved relationships to one another are thought to occur in Europe: Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier, H. sosnowskyi Manden, and H. persicum Desf. ex Fischer. They are tall plants forming extensive stands with a high cover. To elucidate genetic relationships between the species, and gain insight into their invasion history, samples were collected from native ranges in Asia and invaded ranges of the three species in Europe and analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Five other Heracleum species were also studied and in total, 189 samples from 72 populations were analysed. The results confirmed that there are three distinct tall Heracleum species invading in Europe. Within each of the three species, plants collected in the invaded range are genetically close to those from their native ranges. A close genetic relationship between the three invasive Heracleum species in Europe was also found. A high overall genetic variability detected in the invaded range suggests that the majority of invading populations were not affected by a genetic bottleneck and that rapid evolution, drift, or hybridization played a role in genetic structuring of invading populations. For H. mantegazzianum , genetic distance of populations in the native range significantly decreased with geographical distance, but not in the invaded range. It is likely that the current pattern of genetic diversity in Europe resulted from multiple introductions of all three species.     

A set of primers for plastid indels and nuclear microsatellites in the invasive plant Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) and their transferability to Heracleum sphondylium

This study reports the isolation and polymorphism characterization of four plastid indels and six nuclear microsatellite loci in the invasive plant Heracleum mantegazzianum. These markers were tested in 27 individuals from two distant H. mantegazzianum populations. Plastid indels revealed the presence of five chlorotypes while five nuclear microsatellite loci rendered polymorphism. Applications of these markers include population genetics and phylogeography of H. mantegazzianum. A very good transferability of markers to Heracleum sphondylium was demonstrated.     

Allelopathy in Heracleum laciniatum: Inhibition of Lettuce Seed Germination and Root Growth

Both dark and red light germination of lettuce seeds (cv. “Maikönig”) as well as their root and hypocotol elongation were inhibited when the seeds were sown in petri dishes together with a few seeds of Heracleum laciniatum Horn. This inhibition was not significantly counteracted by the presence of gibberellic acid (GA₃) or/and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). However, a large proportion of the lettuce seeds germinated abnormally (only cotyledons emerged) when treated with BA in the presence of Heracleum seeds. GA₃ had alone no significant effect on abnormal germination, but it counteracted the effect of BA to some extent. The inhibitory effect of Heracleum seeds gradually disappeared during a moist incubation period of one to seven days in darkness at 25°C. When lettuce seeds were pre-incubated together with Heracleum seeds for one to five days the remaining, non-germinated lettuce seeds had lost their ability for subsequent germination in darkness in distilled water. This induced dark dormancy was to a great extent broken by red light, but not by GA₃ or/and BA. H. laciniatum seeds inhibited the germination of Salix pentandra seeds and to some extent also the germination of radish but had no effect on the germination of spruce.     

Epidermal features of Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev., H. sphondyliutn L. and their hybrid

Leaf surfaces of the native Heracleum sphondyliutn , the alien Heracleum mantegazzianum and the interspecific hybrid were examined using SEM and light microscopy. The surfaces differed in hairiness, especially in the length of the hairs, although the hairs did not differ in general form, or distribution on the leaf surface. Stomata differed little in length, width or frequency, but there were differences in the sort of stomata in relation to the surrounding epidermal cells. The hybrid material was intermediate between the parental species, and sometimes displayed aberrant trichomes that were contorted in contiguous pairs.
The results are discussed in relation to other work on the epidermal features of the Umbelliferae: as a means of discriminating the three taxa, and in relation to the ecological distributions of the species.     

Epidermal features of Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev., H. sphondylium L. and their hybrid

Leaf surfaces of the native Heracleum sphondylium, the alien Heracleum mantegazzianum and the interspecific hybrid were examined using SEM and light microscopy. The surfaces differed in hairiness, especially in the length of the hairs, although the hairs did not differ in general form, or distribution on the leaf surface. Stomata differed little in length, width or frequency, but there were differences in the sort of stomata in relation to the surrounding epidermal cells. The hybrid material was intermediate between the parental species, and sometimes displayed aberrant trichomes that were contorted in contiguous pairs. The results are discussed in relation to other work on the epidermal features of the Umbelliferae: as a means of discriminating the three taxa, and in relation to the ecological distributions of the species.