降解有机氯农药的微生物菌株分离筛选及应用效果

以有机氯农药 (666、DDT)作为唯一碳源的Tonomura培养基分离筛选后,得到降解 666(BHC)的主要菌株有153号 (芽孢菌属Bacillus)、411号(无色杆菌属Achromobacter)和 512号 (假单孢菌属Pseudomonas),其对 666总量的降解率分别为 59.6%、56.9%和 56%,对 β-666的降解率分别为 55.9%、57.6%和56.9%.降解DDT的主要菌株有:288号(产碱杆菌属Alcaligenes)、410号和 411号 (均为无色杆菌属),其对DDT总量的降解率分别达 5 9.0%、47.5%和 45.1%,对PP′-DDT的降解率为 59.9%、57.6%和 49.6%.将这些分离出的菌株制成复合菌剂,应用于盆栽试验和田间试验,所得到的降解效应类似于纯培养试验,表明田间应用复合菌剂,对降解农药残留是可行的.     

茶叶上拟除虫菊酯类农药降解菌的分离及其特性

生物修复对降解污染基质中的农药是一种对环境有益的方法。目标是要寻找能够降解在茶叶生产中使用的拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解菌。最终在福州某茶园经农药处理过的茶叶中分离降解菌。首先在富集培养基中筛选,接着在以农药为唯一碳源的基础培养基中连续筛选。结果发现,其中一株标号为c1f6的菌株生长的特别良好,经AMS-VITEK120全自动微生物分析系统鉴定,为假单胞菌属的一个未知种。采用HP6890气相色谱仪测定菌株对拟除虫菊酯类农药联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的降解率。在pH7.0的基础培养基发酵液中,以各加100mg·L-1这3种农药为唯一碳源,30℃振荡培养,接种c1f6后3d,这3种农药的降解率分别为55.64%、44.56%和52.19%。采用光密度测定的菌株生长值和农药降解率的关系曲线表明,在基础培养基中,农药降解和菌株生长成正相关,说明菌株能以拟除虫菊酯类农药为唯一碳源和能源进行生长。采用同样的方法测定表明,菌株c1f6对有机磷农药也有一定的降解力,3d对甲胺磷和毒死蜱的降解率分别为27.67%和12.35%。因此,假单胞菌c1f6是一株较广谱的农药降解菌,有望用于生物修复过程,以减少茶叶栽培过程中的产品和环境污染。     

西洋参真菌病害的生物防治

从北京市怀柔区西洋参种植基地中共采集西洋参根围土样20份,分离到一株对西洋参真菌病害有较强拮抗作用的菌株,经PDA平板拮抗试验表明,该菌对西洋参真菌病害的抑制力均在90％以上;田间试验结果表明,该菌对西洋参病害具有一定的防治效果,使四年生西洋参的平均发病率降低了54．2％。     

敌敌畏降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

目的:从受有机磷农药污染的土壤中分离能降解DDVP的菌株,对其进行鉴定和降解特性研究.方法:采用DDVP为惟一碳源和能源的无机盐培养基,通过富集培养、平板划线分离得到一株优势菌,编号为DDW-1,采用形态学、生理生化和16S-rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定,采用气相色谱测定菌株DDW-1对DDVP的降解能力,并进行底物广谱性测试和降解酶定位实验.结果:该菌株鉴定为甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium sp.).降解特性试验结果表明,其最佳生长条件为温度28℃,初始pH为7.0,在该条件下,500mg·L-> DDVP经过DDW-1菌株代谢3d后,降解率达63.7%.结论:菌株DDW-1能降解DDVP,该菌株产胞内酶.     

菌株DLL-1降解土壤和韭菜中甲基对硫磷的研究

施甲基对硫磷7.5、15和22.5kg·hm^-2(a.i.)时,韭菜中最终平均农药残留量为0.633、1.270和1.901mg·kg^-1,自然降解率分别为98.94%、96.44%和96.04%.施用高效农药残留降解菌剂能显著地降低农药残留的含量,施用75kg·hm^-2降解菌剂时,韭菜与土壤中平均农药残留量分别为0.269、0.099mg·kg^-1,与不施菌对照相比,能使农药进一步降低78.82%和98.68%.降解率随着菌剂用量增加而升高,当用量超过75kg·hm^-2时降解率不再提高.菌剂施用时间以施药后3d为最好.     

高分子量多环芳烃降解菌筛选及在土壤电动-生物修复中应用

采用富集培养和多环芳烃双加氧酶基因检测方法,从焦化场地多环芳烃污染土壤分离筛选出9株PAHs降解菌。以高分子量多环芳烃芘为唯一碳源进行摇瓶降解实验,结果表明,J6、S5、S4、S2和B4对芘具有较好的降解能力,21 d时芘降解率均达55%以上,其中B4处理芘的降解率最高,达到70.2%。进一步研究了该5株菌及其混合菌对土壤中芘的降解效果,发现混合菌的降解效果高于单菌的降解效果,其中混合菌H4和单菌B4的降解效果较好,49 d时混合菌H4和单菌B4处理土壤中芘的降解率达29.3%和18.3%。经过16S rRNA基因序列比对,鉴定J6菌株为赤红球菌(Rhodococcus ruber),S5为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),S4和S2是鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingopyxis sp.),B4为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。在电场条件下,混合菌H4和单菌B4处理微生物数量及活性均显著提高,芘的降解率较单独H4和B4处理提高33.0%和20.1%,说明筛选出的5株高分子量多环芳烃降解菌具有较强的电场适应能力,可在高分子量多环芳烃污染土壤电动-微生物修复中应用。     

裂褶菌cfcc7252菌株对孔雀石绿染料的高效降解

【目的】评价裂褶菌cfcc7252菌株降解孔雀石绿(Malachite Green,MG)的能力及其潜在的应用价值。【方法】采用单因子液体培养实验,研究了通气、p H、温度、碳源和氮源种类及浓度、金属离子、盐度、染料浓度对该菌降解效果的影响;采用平皿培养实验,利用植物种子萌发和微生物抑菌实验对降解产物进行毒性测试。【结果】研究结果表明,裂褶菌cfcc7252菌株在好氧和厌氧条件下均能高效降解MG。该菌在10.0 g/L葡萄糖,5.0 g/L酵母浸粉,0.01 mmol/L Zn2+,p H为4.0的液体培养基中培养36 h,对350 mg/L的MG降解率达67.8%;连续降解7次后,其降解率还能保持在95.4%以上。此外,该菌在盐度低于10.20%时,其对MG的降解率均达到98%以上。对植物、微生物的毒性测试结果表明,MG降解产物对红豆、豌豆等植物、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和铜绿假单胞杆菌等微生物基本没有毒性。【结论】裂褶菌cfcc7252菌株在处理以MG为主的染料废水时具有很强的应用潜力。     

高效降解地塞米松的产碱假单胞菌的驯化和筛选

目的为制备清除水环境地塞米松污染的微生物净化剂提供高效降解地塞米松的菌种。方法将从医院废水分离的可降解地塞米松的降解菌(产碱假单胞菌)接种于地塞米松磷酸钠培养液,常规孵箱37℃反复驯化培养。将驯化培养后的细菌接种于地塞米松磷酸钠琼脂平板,常规培养后,挑取单菌落,用高效液相色谱法测定其对地塞米松和地塞米松磷酸钠的降解作用并进行筛选,筛选出的菌株再经形态、染色性和16SrDNA鉴定。观察驯化菌生长特性和降解特性,并与降解菌比较。结果降解菌经驯化培养后,筛选到1株对地塞米松降解作用强的驯化菌,该菌在震荡培养下,对地塞米松磷酸钠的降解率从驯化前的50.86%提高到76.12%,将地塞米松降解为其他物质的降解率从23.63%提高到77.05%。在常规培养下,对地塞米松磷酸钠的降解率从驯化前的20.65%提高到73.84%,将地塞米松降解为其他物质的降解率从22.14%提高到43.08%(P=0.01)。驯化菌的生长曲线与降解菌相似,但降解曲线不同。在接种数小时后即出现降解作用,在48h出现降解高峰,比降解菌提前约48h。结论通过对地塞米松降解菌的驯化和筛选,成功地获得1株具有实用价值的高效降解地塞米松的驯化菌。     

一株广谱农药降解放线菌对敌百虫的降解特性研究

本研究从农药污染土样中筛选出1株具有敌百虫降解特性的菌株Lin F-1,通过显微结构观察,生理生化测试,16S rDNA序列测定和同源性分析,初步鉴定为Streptomyces levis,属于链霉菌属。对该菌的农药降解特性研究表明,Lin F-1对有机磷、有机氯以及菊酯类等农药具有较好的广谱降解能力。在敌百虫浓度为100 mg/L,温度为28℃条件下培养1周,Lin F-1对其降解动力曲线满足降解一级动力学方程ln(Ct/Co)=-1.732 9t+1.893,其最高降解率达到63.3%,敌百虫浓度半数降解时间(DT_(50))为4.41 d。在基础培养基中,Lin F-1的敌百虫最适降解浓度为100 mg/L,同时在加入5种外源碳源的条件下,Lin F-1的生物量和敌百虫降解率均有显著性提高,最高分别达到了106.5 mg/mL和97.7%。     

耐高温石油烃降解菌的筛选及性能研究

目的筛选耐高温石油烃降解菌并对降解条件进行优化。方法以大庆地区石油污染土壤的堆肥样品为研究材料,通过富集培养后分离得到耐高温石油降解菌株,选取降解率最高的菌株,对其降解条件进行了探讨。结果得到6株耐高温石油烃降解菌,其中WY 2最适温度52~58℃,pH值7,石油浓度0.5%,接种量2mL,最佳氮源为硫酸铵,通过16SrDNA序列分析,确定该菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌。结论确定了耐高温石油烃降解菌的最佳降解条件。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.