高CO2浓度下4种豆科乔木种子萌发和幼苗生长

 本文研究了高CO2浓度(550×10-6±50×10-6)对4种豆科乔木的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果如下：(1)高CO2浓度能使光叶红豆种子萌发率提高12％,对其它种的萌发没有明显影响。(2)高CO2环境能增加4种幼苗根瘤数量,提高根瘤的固氮活性和根瘤中可溶性糖的含量。(3)在高CO2环境下生长的幼苗叶片净光合速率比对照CO2环境(约350×10-6)下生长的幼苗提高66.7％～105.9％。在高CO2浓度和对照CO2浓度下生长的幼苗,移至相同C02浓度下测定时,光合速率无明显的差异。高CO2环境下生长并测定的幼苗叶片暗呼吸速率和对照CO2浓度下生长并测定的幼苗的测值差异不大,前者较后者低5.58％～l0.55％。(4)在高CO2环境下生长的4种幼苗干物质比对照的增加29.79％～50.30％,根系增加量较大,根冠比略上升。幼苗的相对生长速率和单位叶率上升,而叶面积比率下降。(5)幼苗对高CO2环境的反应和种的生态特性有关。喜光的大叶合欢幼苗对高CO2环境的反应较大,喜光而具一定耐荫性的猴耳环幼苗次之,而耐荫的光叶红豆和茸荚红豆幼苗则较小。     

种皮和播种深度对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响

在玻璃温室内遮荫条件下,研究种皮和播种深度(0、2、5、10和15 cm)对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响.结果表明： 种皮对辽东栎种子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,去除种皮后,种子萌发率显著升高,不同播种深度处理种子萌发率平均升高19.4%,且萌发指数和活力指数显著增大,萌发进程加快.去皮种子和非去皮种子的萌发率均在2 cm播种深度下最大,分别为78.9%和62.2%;萌发指数和活力指数均在2 cm播种深度下最大,而萌发速率系数在5 cm播种深度下最大.去皮处理幼苗的单株叶面积和干质量与非去皮处理相比均显著增大,但比根长显著减小.去皮和非去皮处理幼苗株高均在5 cm播种深度下最大,分别为13.8和14.2 cm;基径随播种深度增加逐渐增大,而主根长、侧根数和最大侧根长均减小;幼苗干质量受播种深度影响较小.     

水引发对油松种子和幼苗的生理效应及其作用机理

为了解决油松种子在直播造林中发芽率低、幼苗抗旱性差的问题,研究了油松种子水引发的方法及引发对其种子和幼苗的生理效应,并对水引发后幼苗的抗旱机理进行了探索。结果表明:油松种子水引发的最佳条件为10℃,闭光条件下分批给种子加水,加水总量为种子初始质量的30%,引发10 d。水引发可显著(P0.05)降低种子的半数发芽天数和硬实率,显著提高种子的发芽指数、最终发芽率和活力指数;水引发种子的可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量相比对照也得到提高。水引发可增加油松幼苗的茎粗、鲜重及根长,降低其相对苗高;并极显著(P0.01)提高了幼苗过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和根内脱氢酶活性,降低了游离氨基酸含量。干旱胁迫下,引发种子的幼苗脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别高于对照39.6%、118.9%,丙二醛含量低于对照93.4%,均达极显著水平。综合分析认为,水引发提高了种子可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量为种子萌发提供了保障,从而提高了种子发芽率,并通过增强幼苗抗氧化酶活性、降低丙二醛含量,进而增强幼苗抗氧化系统的功能,最终明显提高其抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫下华北驼绒藜种子大小及苞片对萌发和幼苗生长的影响

干旱是影响荒漠区植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的关键因素.以多年生强旱生半灌木华北驼绒藜为对象,研究了不同干旱程度(0、100、200、300和400g·L-1PEG6000)下,种子大小及苞片有无对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫显著抑制了种子萌发和幼苗地上部的生长.100和200 g ? L-1 PEG6000...     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下茄子种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

研究了150mmol·L^-1NaCI胁迫下,外源24-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对茄子种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,0．05mg·L^-1外源EBR显著缓解150mmol·L^-1NaCI胁迫伤害,使茄子种子发芽率提高了8．23％,发芽势提高15．91％,发芽指数提高了17．23％,活力指数提高了44．29％;幼苗株高、根长和植株鲜重分别提高了56．67％、23．83％和56．68％;抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT和APX）活性分别增加了13．75％、24．00％、28．64％和21．46％,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别提高30．96％和23．66％;MDA含量、Ｏ产生速率分别降低了29．58％和14．80％。表明0．05mg·L^-1外源EBR能显著促进盐胁迫下茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,明显缓解叶片氧化损伤,增强茄子的耐盐能力。     

Reproductive capacity,germination and survivorship of Lithospermum caroliniense on Lake Huron sand dunes

Summary The flowering of pin (long-styled) and thrum (short-styled) plants in populations of Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt.) McMill. was synchronized and both morphs had an extended period of flowering. The plants produced a large number of flowers that did not set seeds — hence the seed production per plant was very low. The seeds showed strong dormancy. Even under natural conditions, only 19% of the seeds produced seedlings. However, seedling survival was relatively high probably due to rapid root growth to deeper layers where moisture was not limiting. The probability of survival of seedlings increased with age; survival of seedlings, juveniles and adults after 2 years was 39, 68 and 98%, respectively. The dry weight of roots increased from 10% in June to 42% in September whereas the proportion of biomass contained in leaves, stems and hypocotyls decreased with age.     

Maternal and direct effects of elevated CO2 on seed provisioning, germination and seedling growth in Bromus erectus

Elevated CO₂ can affect plant fitness not only through its effects on seed production but also by altering the quality of seeds and therefore germination and seedling performance. We collected seeds from mother plants of Bromus erectus grown in field plots at ambient and elevated CO₂ (m-CO₂, maternal CO₂) and germinated them in the greenhouse in a reciprocal design under ambient and elevated CO₂ (o-CO₂, offspring CO₂). This design allowed us to examine both the direct effects of elevated CO₂ on germination and seedling growth and the indirect (maternal) effects via altered seed quality. Elevated m-CO₂ significantly increased seed mass and increased the C:N ratio of seeds from field-grown plants. Percentage and rate of germination were not affected by the m-CO₂ or o-CO₂ treatments. Similarly, elevated m-CO₂ had no significant effect on seedling size as estimated by the total leaf length. When differences in seed mass were adjusted by using seed mass as a covariate in ANOVA, a negative effect of m-CO₂ on seedling size appeared which increased with increasing seed mass (significant covariate×m-CO₂ interaction). This may indicate that the advantage of increased seed mass at elevated m-CO₂ was offset by the reduced concentration of nitrogen (and possibly other nutrients) in these seeds. In contrast to m-CO₂, elevated o-CO₂ greatly increased seedling size, and this stimulatory effect of elevated o-CO₂ was found to increase with increasing seed mass (significant covariate×o-CO₂ interaction). Taken together, these results suggest that in B. erectus transgenerational effects of elevated CO₂ are relatively small. However, other factors (genetic and environmental) that contribute to variation in seed provisioning can critically influence the responsiveness of seedlings to elevated CO₂. Received: 10 May 1999 / Accepted: 6 January 2000     

死、活地被物对红松伴生树种天然更新影响的实验研究

1963年在小兴安岭丰林自然保护区红松林及有关的皆伐迹地上设置了61组,325个实验样方,定期观察到1965年,以研究死、活地被物对人工播种的红松林伴生树种种子发芽和幼苗初期存活、生长的影响。实验表明死、活地被物,特别是死地被物的干湿变化剧烈,影响幼苗的成活,甚至使种子或幼根无法接触土壤,因而种粒越小,或轻而带翅,受影响越大。此外本文还指出了桦树种子的强迫休眠和延迟发芽现象。讨论了实验结果在红松林演替和人工促进天然更新中的意义。     

Quantitative genetic analysis of seed vigour and pre-emergence seedling growth traits in Brassica oleracea

The ability of seeds to germinate and establish seedlings in a predictable manner under a range of conditions has a direct contribution to the economic success of commercial crops, and should therefore be considered in crop improvement. We measured traits associated with seed vigour and pre-emergence seedling growth in a segregating population of 105 doubled haploid Brassica oleracea lines. The germination traits measured were: mean germination times for unstressed germination; germination under water stress or germination after a heat treatment; and conductivity of seed leachate. The seedling growth traits measured were: seed weight; seedling growth rate; and seedling size at the end of the exponential growth phase. There were some correlations, notably among germination traits, and between seed weight and pre-emergence seedling growth. Heritability of the various traits was typically in the 10–15% range, with heritability of conductivity and mean germination time under water stress 25 and 24% respectively. Collectively the results indicate that germination and pre-emergence seedling growth are under separate genetic control. Quantitative trait loci analyses were carried out on all measurements and revealed significant loci on linkage groups O1, O3, O6, O7 and O9. We suggest that genes at these loci are important in determining predictable seed germination and seedling establishment in practice.     

黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长对盐胁迫的响应

研究不同浓度(0、1、2、3、6、9、14、18g.L-1)的盐溶液(NaCl、MgSO4、盐渍土壤)对河西走廊中部荒漠边缘的黑果枸杞种子吸胀、萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应。结果表明:黑果枸杞种子吸胀速率随NaCl、MgSO4和土壤溶液浓度的增大呈先升后降的趋势,吸水速度随胁迫时间的延长而减慢;种子萌发率随3种盐浓度的增大而降低,盐胁迫解除后种子仍具有较高的萌发率;发芽指数、活力指数、根长、下胚轴随3种盐浓度的增大而降低或先升后降,根轴比随盐胁迫的增强先升后降;随3种盐浓度的增大,种苗损害率增大,3种盐的胁迫效应依次NaCl>MgSO4>盐渍土壤溶液。黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长对NaCl胁迫较为敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是6g.L-1;种子萌发能耐受较高浓度的MgSO4的胁迫,幼苗生长对MgSO4胁迫较敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是9g.L-1;种子萌发和幼苗生长对生境盐渍土壤具有较强的耐受能力和适应性。     

黄瓜种子及其萌发期的化感作用研究

以大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子为受体,采用实验室培养皿种子发芽生物测试法研究了黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发、胚根和芽苗分泌物、芽苗腐解物和芽苗浸提液的化感效应。结果表明:(1)黄瓜种子浸提液对大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子萌发均有化感抑制作用,即黄瓜种子内含有某些化感抑制物质。(2)在水浸提过的黄瓜种子萌发过程中,它不仅对其近邻套种的大白菜、萝卜和番茄种子萌发产生化感抑制作用,而且其胚根和芽苗分泌物对后茬播种的4种蔬菜种子发芽也表现出不同程度的化感抑制作用;黄瓜芽苗腐解物和芽苗水浸提液也对各受体蔬菜种子发芽与生长产生不同程度的化感抑制作用,且随着腐解芽苗量的增加或浸提液浓度的升高,各受体蔬菜种子的发芽指标值、化感效应指数值和综合效应值随之降低。(3)黄瓜种子浸提液及芽苗各器官的化感物质对黄瓜种子的萌发与生长产生了自毒作用,且黄瓜芽苗腐解物、芽苗浸提液、胚根及芽苗分泌物对受体黄瓜的自毒作用均为最大。研究发现,黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发时期以及芽苗各器官的化感物质主要是通过抑制受体胚根的生长而起化感抑制作用,即受体蔬菜种子胚根对化感效应最为敏感;因黄瓜种子及萌发期释放化感物质的途径有所不同,导致受体大白菜、萝卜、黄瓜和番茄的化感响应也不相同;在黄瓜种子萌发和芽苗生长的早期,化感物质即开始在芽苗体内进行合成与积累,一部分可通过胚根和芽苗分泌途径释放到环境中,另一部分可通过芽苗腐解途径释放化感物质,并对受体蔬菜种子萌发与生长表现出较强的化感抑制作用。     

A butenolide, isolated from smoke, can overcome the detrimental effects of extreme temperatures during tomato seed germination

The butenolide, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2, 3-c]pyran-2-one, is an highly active compound isolated from plant-derived smoke. This compound is known to stimulate seed germination in a wide range of plants akin to smoke or aqueous extracts of smoke. The present study attempted to elucidate the role of the butenolide in overcoming detrimental effects of low and high temperatures on tomato seed germination and seedling growth. The germination percentage followed a parabolic curve for temperatures ranging from 10 to 40°C, with 25°C being the optimum for all treatments. Control seeds showed radicle emergence at two extreme temperatures (10 and 40°C) and seedlings failed to develop further, even upon prolonged incubation. By comparison the butenolide-treated seeds grew into phenotypically normal seedlings at these non-optimum temperatures. The smoke–water-treated seeds had an intermediate response as only a fraction of germinated seed developed into normal seedlings. Seedling vigour indices as well as seedling weight were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) for butenolide-treated seeds at all temperatures. Furthermore, seedlings developed in the presence of the butenolide had about a 1:1 correspondence between root and shoot length. Butenolide-treated seeds grew better than the control seeds in the temperature shift experiments. A gradual decline in the vigour index values was recorded with an increased duration of incubation at the extreme temperatures. Results of the present study are very important from an horticultural point of view as they indicate the potential use of the butenolide compound in restoring normal seed germination and seedling establishment in tomato below and above optimum temperatures.     

NaCl胁迫下海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗生长过程的生理特性变化

以1／4 Hoagland溶液为基础培养液,研究了0．5％、1．0%、1．5％、2．0％和2．5％NaCl处理对海滨锦葵[Kostelezkya rirginica（L．）Presl．]种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,发现随着培养液中NaCl浓度的增加,海滨锦葵种子萌发率逐渐降低;当NaCl浓度达2．5％时种子不萌发,但NaCl胁迫解除后,种子的萌发率水平与对照相当。幼苗在含0．5％～1．0%NaCl的培养液中生长状况良好,叶绿素含量和根系活力明显增高;但当NaCl浓度达1．5％-2．0％时,叶绿素含量和根系活力逐渐下降;与对照相比,NaCl胁迫下幼苗的MDA水平降低。结果表明,NaCl胁迫对海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗牛长有一定的影响,但海滨锦葵可通过种子休眠、增加根系活力、降低体内MDA水平来缓解一定的盐害效应．以适应盐胁迫的生长环境．     

臭氧水浸种对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

臭氧水处理10、30和50 min后的黄瓜种子,种子萌发及幼苗生长均受到促进,种子的发芽率和活力指数、萌发种子的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和淀粉酶的活性以及呼吸速率、幼苗的壮苗指数和根系活力均有提高;处理70和90min的黄瓜种子萌发和生长则受到抑制,种子电解质外渗,过氧化氢酶和淀粉酶活性下降.     

聚乙二醇（PEG）浸种对茎瘤芥老化种子活力及其幼苗生长的影响

茎瘤芥品种‘永安小叶’老化种子经聚乙二醇（PEG）浸种后,其种子活力和幼苗生长与PEG浓度有一定的相关性,不同浓度PEG浸种后的茎瘤芥种子膜透性均降低,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数增大,幼苗根干重、茎干重和根长也均增大,幼苗叶片中丙二醛（MDA）含量降低。幼苗生长与种子活力的变化趋势一致,PEG浓度小于30%时呈增大趋势,大于30%时呈减小趋势,但均大于不做PEG处理的;幼苗叶片中MDA含量与种子膜透性变化趋势一致,PEG浓度小于25%时,呈降低趋势,大于25%时则呈升高趋势,但这些指标均低于不做PEG处理的。     

冬小麦幼苗生长和化感物质对CO2和O3浓度升高的响应

利用开顶式气室(OTC), 采用盆栽试验研究了CO₂浓度为550 μL·L^-1、O₃浓度为60 μL·L^-1及CO₂浓度为550 μL·L^-1+O₃浓度为60 μL·L^-1对7个冬小麦品种幼苗生物量和化感物质丁布(DIMBOA)的影响.结果表明：在高CO₂浓度下,冬小麦幼苗地上生物量与丁布含量在品种间存在显著差异,品种碧蚂1号幼苗和根干质量比对照（CO₂浓度为370 μL·L^-1,O₃浓度为40 μL·L^-1）增加了36.8%和24.7%;丁布含量增幅为5.7%~184.6%.除碧蚂1号和陕139外,高浓度O₃导致冬小麦生物量降低,但使所有品种丁布含量显著增加,变幅为0.5~3倍.交互作用下所有品种根干质量降低,长武134地上部质量、根质量和丁布含量降幅最大,分别为82%、27.9%和35.5%;与长武134、远丰175和兰考217丁布含量降低相反,陕139丁布含量增加84.6%.聚类分析显示,不同处理和不同品种均显著影响丁布含量,陕139、兰考217和长武134在高CO₂和O₃浓度处理下聚为一类,而陕139在所有处理中丁布含量均表现为增加.表明化感物质丁布可以作为气候变化条件下,尤其是CO₂和O₃变化下抗性育种的特定指标.     

磁化水对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的生物学效应

为研究磁化水对作物的生物学效应,本文详细分析了磁化水处理对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。研究结果显示：磁化水处理小麦的种子发芽参数与对照相比无显著差异;磁化水处理对小麦的株高、根长、地上部和根部鲜重等生长参数也无显著影响;同样,磁化水处理在叶片色素含量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量、含水量、细胞汁液渗透势等重要生理特征参数方面也未显示出显著差异。此外,磁化水并未显著影响小麦叶片的光合作用。综上所述,磁化水处理对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长无明显的生物学效应。     

Regenerative traits of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America

I studied the seed rain, seedling bank, newly emerged seedlings, and seed bank of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America (Québec, Canada). The main objective was to determine to what extent the tree species present on the site differed in some of their regenerative traits. All the species present on the quadrats as mature trees contributed to the annual seed rain, although seed rain was strongly dominated by yellow birch and sugar maple. The seedling bank was mostly composed of red maple and sugar maple, but inputs from the 1988 cohort were mostly red maple and yellow birch seedlings. Seedling mortality was high in general (from 60% to 100%), but sugar maple had the lowest mortality of the tree species present. Two species maintained a seed bank on the study site: yellow birch and american basswood. Some species not present on the quadrats, but having populations nearby, disseminated seeds onto the quadrats (i.e. white ash and grey birch). Other species, not present on the quadrats as mature individuals, had seeds in the seed bank although they did not participate in the seed rain, did not maintain a seedling bank, and did not establish seedlings in 1988 (i.e. pin- cherry and Rubus spp.). Red maple, sugar maple, and yellow birch showed contagion in the dispersion pattern of their seeds in the seed rain (and the seed bank for yellow birch), and of their seedlings in the seedling bank and the 1988 cohort. Seedlings of american beech and american basswood of the seedling bank and the 1988 cohort were randomly dispersed over the quadrats, although their seeds in the seed rain had a contagious dispersion pattern. It has often been proposed in the literature that regenerative traits come only in “compatible assemblages” and that, consequently, species may be grouped according to their strategy of regeneration: e.g. species that maintain a seed bank vs those with a seedling bank; species with either a seed or a seedling bank vs those with the ability to sprout. In the community studied, it appears that regenerative traits do not come in neatly packaged exclusive assemblages, although the species do seem to possess different combinations of regenerative traits. However, yearly variations in seed production, seed germination, and seedling survival may render difficult the identification of strategies of regeneration.     

Effects of below- and above-ground herbivores on plant growth,flower visitation and seed set

Separate and combined effects of root and leaf herbivores on plant growth, flower visitation and seed set were tested in a factorial experiment using potted mustard, Sinapis arvensis, at an old fallow field. A 50% leaf removal by cabbageworms (Pieris rapae) when the seedlings had their first four leaves reduced plant height and shoot mass, and delayed the onset of flowering. Root herbivory by two wireworms (Agriotes sp.) over the whole experiment changed flower visitation; the number of flower visitors per plant was higher in plants with root herbivores than in plants without root herbivores. Combined leaf and root herbivory affected flowering period, number of fruits per plant and number of seeds per fruit. Plants attacked by leaf and root herbivores had a shorter flowering period and produced fewer fruits per plant than plants with root herbivores only. Although the experimental plants faced major herbivore-induced growth changes, plant reproduction (seed set and weight per plant) was similar in all treatments, documenting their ability to effectively compensate for leaf and root herbivory.     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下大黄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

该研究以掌叶大黄、唐古特大黄和药用大黄种子为材料,采用双层滤纸培养法,设置系列浓度NaCl (0、100、150、200、250 mmol/L) 胁迫试验,以及系列浓度水杨酸(SA)溶液(0、50、100、150、200、250 mg/L)拌种和浸种后盐胁迫实验,测定3种大黄种子萌发及幼苗生长指标,揭示外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下大黄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果显示：(1)随NaCl浓度增大3种大黄种子的发芽率均呈直线下降趋势,且子叶、胚轴、根和苗等生长均受到强烈抑制。(2)在拌种条件下, 200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下掌叶大黄苗长在200 mg/L SA处理下受到显著促进; 200 mmol/L NaCl浓度盐胁迫下唐古特大黄种子发芽率在250 mg/L SA处理下受到显著抑制;100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下药用大黄种子发芽势在200 mg/L SA处理下受到显著抑制,其发芽率在150 mg/L SA处理下得到显著抑制,其苗长在250 mg/L SA处理下受到显著抑制。(3)在浸种条件下, 200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下掌叶大黄种子发芽率在50 mg/L SA处理下显著提高,其幼苗根长和苗长的生长在250 mg/L SA处理受到显著促进;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下唐古特大黄种子的发芽势在200 mg/L SA处理下得到显著促进,其幼苗根和苗的生长在50 mg/L SA处理下得到显著促进;100 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫下药用大黄根和苗的生长在100 mg/L SA处理下均得到显著促进。研究表明,3种大黄种子和幼苗对盐胁迫的响应趋势一致,但对不同浓度SA拌种和浸种的响应有较大差异。