生物操纵在富营养化湖泊生态恢复中的应用及问题综述

近年来,水体富营养化已成为全球范围内日趋严重的水环境问题之一,而生物操纵则是通过改变水生食物网结构、降低浮游植物生物量、使水体变清,成为富营养水体生态修复的有效途径.论文综述了生物操纵理论的产生和发展、概述其在国内外湖泊生态修复中的应用、总结其在实际应用中面临的挑战,重点讲述了生物操纵后幼鱼暴发的原因及所产生的负面效应...     

经典与非经典生物操纵理论及其应用

湖泊是我国的重要水资源之一,为人类提供了无法替代的生态及社会服务功能。但我国湖泊富营养化日趋严重。以食物网为基础的经典与非经典生物操纵成为湖泊富营养化修复的重要理论支撑。论文综述了经典与非经典生物操纵理论的原理、发展与应用,分析了鱼类(肉食性、滤食性)、浮游动物在控制藻类数量上发挥的功能,并讨论了两种理论的适用条件及实际应用中遇到的问题,以期为我国富营养化湖泊修复工作提供参考。经典与非经典生物操纵理论均是通过改变食物网结构控制藻类,分别利用浮游动物、滤食性鱼类控制藻类数量,但两者都未降低水中N、P含量。因此,实施有效的藻类水华生物操纵应与其它修复措施联合使用。     

湖泊富营养化治理的生态工程

1996年对长春南湖的富营养化实施了生治理工作,调查结果表明,通过收获水生高等植物和鱼产品带出湖体的P量分别为149．6和189．9kg,通过蚌体生长固定的P量为153.4kg,三者合计492.9kg,与湖体会年P输入量大体持平,生态工程运转后,水质明显好转,湖水中的总P浓度逐年下降,浮游植物个体密度减小,种类数增加,生态工程是城市湖泊富营养化治理较为理想的方法。     

应用人工神经网络评价湖泊的富营养化

应用人工神经网络方法,以化学需氧量、总氮、总磷和透明度作为评价参数,经反复尝试,构建了具有４层结构用于评价湖泊富营养化的误差逆传播网络．其输入层有４个神经元,２个隐含层也各有４个神经元,输出层有１个神经元．以太湖富营养化评价标准作为样本模式提供给网络,按照误差逆传播网络的学习规则对网络进行训练,经过３７６８４次学习后,网络达到预先给定的收敛标准．使网络具备了识别湖泊富营养化程度的功能．应用该网络对我国１７个湖泊的富营养化程度进行评价,操作过程简便易行,评价结果切合实际,展示了这种方法的一系列优点．     

湖泊富营养化模型研究进展

自多湖泊富营养化引起人类注意以来,科学家们就设法通过使用数学模型来模拟湖泊富营养化的发生,预测湖泊对不同管理措施的响应,以便批出合理的治理措施。总的来说,湖泊富营养化模型大概经历了以下三个发展阶段：（1）单限制因子模型,如磷模型;（2）多限制因子模型,如浮游植物初级生产力估测模型;（3）生态－动力学模型,它是目前也是以后发展的主不充。随着人们对湖泊生态系统认识的提高和计算机技术的发展,生态与水动力耦合模型、面向对象模型和神经网络模型等具有良好的发展前景。     

湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用

湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用冯玉国（冶金部山东地质勘查局三队,烟台２６４００２）ＡＧｒｅｙＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌｏｆｌａｋｅＥｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．ＦｅｎｇＹｕｇｕｏ（Ｎｏ．３ＴｅａｍｏｆＳｈａｎｄ...     

富营养化湖泊溶解性有机碳生物可利用性研究进展

富营养化湖泊溶解性有机碳(DOC)包括内源和外源性碳源,不同来源碳源在物质化学结构组成和分子量级等方面具有显著差异,进而影响到对细菌的生物可利用性和碳素在食物网中的传递效率。根据国内外文献,综述了内外源DOC在碳稳定同位素值域上的显著差异,建议通过对DOC碳稳定同位素的分析来识别富营养化湖泊中DOC的主要来源;通过对比内外源DOC在碳水化合物、结合态中性糖和腐殖质含量上的差异,并结合细菌生长参数如细菌二级生产力、细菌呼吸作用及细菌生长效率来分析内外源DOC对细菌的生物可利用性。从富营养化湖泊DOC来源的角度探讨其生物可利用性和碳素传递效率,有助于了解富营养化湖泊食物网中碳素循环特征,加强对湖泊生态学的认识,为湖泊环境治理与保护提供科学依据。     

富营养化湖泊沉积物磷原位控制技术

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考虑气候因子变化的湖泊富营养化模型研究进展

气候因子是影响湖泊营养状态和进程的主要自然因素.在全球气候变化的趋势下,将气候因子的变化纳入湖泊富营养化模型中,可以为湖泊演化趋势分析和环境管理决策提供技术支持.本文首先分析了气温、降水、光照和大气等气候因子对湖泊富营养化的影响,进而对考虑气候因子变化的数理统计与分析模型、生态动力学模型、系统生态学模型及智能算法等的研究进行了综述.在此基础上,对完善气候因子变化下湖泊营养状态变化的模型研究进行了展望：1)加强气候因子作用于湖泊营养状态的机理研究;2)选择合适的气候模拟模型,合理设置气候变化情景,在不同模型嵌套时保证时空尺度的匹配;3)以水动力学模型为基础,耦合生态模型及智能算法等,并结合良好的气候模拟模型,以精确模拟预测气候变化下湖泊富营养化的演化过程和趋势.     

附着生物在浅水富营养化湖泊藻-草型生态系统转化过程中的作用

不同营养盐水平下附着生物对水生植物影响的实验结果表明, 随营养盐浓度的升高, 附着生物的生物量随之增加, 且对水生植物光合作用的抑制作用也相应增强. 结合其他研究的风浪、光照、营养盐形态和鱼的牧食对水生植物的影响, 得出在浅水富营养化湖泊中, 草型生态系统与藻型生态系统互相转化的先决条件是营养盐水平, 当其浓度发生变化时, 对生态系统造成胁迫, 导致生态系统不稳定, 此时, 外部的任何一点扰动(如风浪、高水位、鱼等)就有可能使得原来的生态系统发生崩溃, 新的与环境相协调的生态系统得以建立. 从理论上解释了湖泊生态系统在草型和藻型之间转化的机理, 为湖泊富营养化治理与生态修复提供了理论依据.     

Ecological restoration in eutrophic Lake Wuli: A large enclosure experiment

A large-scale enclosure experiment for lake restoration was carried out in Lake Wuli, a northern bay of shallow and eutrophic Lake Taihu in China. The large enclosure with an area of 10 ha was set up in the littoral zone and was bordered by waterproof fabric which did not cover the sediments. Multiple approaches were used and included fish removal, piscivorous fish stocking, shoreline reconstruction, aquatic macrophyte planting, benthic macro-animal stocking, and silver carp cultivation in pens for reduction of cyanobacteria. The results showed that the coverage of aquatic macrophytes increased from 0% to 45.7%. Mean concentrations of TN and TP inside the enclosure from May 2004 to May 2008 were 22.2% and 26.0% of those outside, respectively. Secchi depth was 0.40 m outside the enclosures and 0.75 m inside. However, responses of phytoplankton to the restoration project lagged behind improvement of water quality and reestablishment of aquatic plants. The phytoplankton biomass gradually decreased after the third year of the restoration. Stocking piscivorous fish and planting submerged macrophytes could not increase zooplankton biomass and enhance graze pressure on phytoplankton, most likely due to high omnivorous fish density and lower nutrition inside the enclosure. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton was observed in May and October every year. Zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratios were significantly negatively correlated with phytoplankton biomass outside (r = −0.440, p < 0.01) and inside the enclosure (r = −0.336, p < 0.05) from February 2004 to March 2007. Therefore, phytoplankton biomass inside and outside the enclosure was lower in May and October. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton in spring may result in occurrence of the clear-water phase that facilitated growth of submerged macrophytes in the littoral in Lake Wuli, and a clear-water state and improved water quality would likely be sustained throughout the year after reestablishment of submerged macrophytes.     

不同水生动植物组合对富营养化水体的净化效应

随着城市经济的快速发展,湖泊、水库等水生生态系统的富营养化已成为世界普遍存在的环境问题之一。水体富营养化源于流入水体中的过量营养物质(如N、P等)。在温度和光照作用下,富营养化水体中的藻类大量繁殖,致使水质下降,水体功能退化,甚至失去资源和景观价     

Changes of phytoplankton communities in Lakes Naivasha and Oloidien, examples of degradation and salinization of lakes in the Kenyan Rift Valley

Increasing degradation of the water quality, caused by overuse and salinization, leads to considerable changes of the phytoplankton composition in Kenyan Rift Valley lakes. Exemplarily, the phytoplankton communities and biomasses of deteriorating freshwater Lake Naivasha and salinizing Lake Oloidien were studied between 2001 and 2005, accompanied by physico-chemical measurements (pH, total phosphorus and nitrogen, alkalinity, conductivity). Over the last three decades, the ecology of these two water basins has been subjected to dramatic changes, caused by excessive use of water and catchment area by man. In L. Naivasha a shift in the dominance of coccoid cyanobacteria towards dominance of Chlorophyceae (Botryococcus terribilis) was observed. Lake Oloidien exhibited a shift in the dominance of coccoid Chlorophyceae towards dominance of cyanobacteria (Arthrospira fusiformis, Anabaenopsis elenkinii). Phytoplankton findings and chemical data demonstrate that L. Naivasha has developed towards a eutrophic freshwater lake while L. Oloidien has progressed towards a hypereutrophic alkaline-saline lake. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

杭州西湖引流冲污前后浮游藻类变化及防治富营养化效果评价

1988年4月—1989年4月西湖各湖区浮游藻类逐月分析资料表明,引水冲污后西湖蓝藻个体数量比例从1981年的84.4％下降到69.7％,藻种数118种增至192种;以蓝藻占绝对优势的群落结构特征及多项水质指标的TSI均值表明,西湖水体依然属富营养类型,且有缓慢发展趋势,引水并未根本改变西湖水质特性。根据藻量及多样性指数的方差分析,对各湖区污染及富营养程度进行了多重比较。     

以浮游植物评价达赉湖水质污染及营养水平

1987—1988年在30个样点,四季采样,对达赉湖的浮游植物进行了种类组成,生物量、种群数量、优势种、污染指示种、硅藻指数、综合指数等群落生态学的初步研究,应用后五项参数对达赉湖水质污染及营养水平进行了评价。达赉湖浮游植物年均值达54.7×106个/L(细胞数,或个体数为2.3×106个/L),硅藻指数为149.3,综合指数为5.6。群落组成中污染指示种占65%,春季以绿藻的十字藻、卵囊藻为优势种,其它3个季节均以蓝藻中的微囊藻、鱼腥藻、腔球藻占优势,表明达赉湖已受到中等程度污染,属于蓝、绿藻型富营养湖。     

肇庆星湖水质现状与变化趋势

在2002年对星湖四个子湖进行采样调查,运用相关加权综合营养状态指数来评价水质营养状态,结果富营养化程度由高到低依次为波海湖、中心湖、青莲湖、仙女湖。与1996～1997年的调查结果比较,波海湖仍处于富营养化状态,中心湖富营养化程度加剧,其富营养化程度超过了青莲湖和仙女湖,由中营养型过渡到了中富营养型。营养盐与叶绿素a的相关分析表明,硝态氮与叶绿素有正相关关系,与磷盐没有明显相关性,说明了硝态氮是星湖初级生产力的主要限制因子之一,而磷的含量充足,对初级生产力没有明显的限制作用。与1996～1997年比较,星湖总氮负荷增加46.5%,总磷负荷下降40.8%,而叶绿素a由6.0mg·m^-3升高到16.9mg·m^-3,说明星湖的富营养化仍在进一步加剧。     

Ecological restoration and factors regulating phytoplankton community in a hypertrophic shallow lake,Lake Taihu,China

A restoration program for the control of cyanobacterial blooms and the re-establishment of submerged macrophytes was conducted in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu since 2003. The effect of this ecological projects on plankton community and water quality, and factors regulating phytoplankton community were investigated in 2005. In general, some improvements of water quality occurred in the ecological restoration region, especially in the region of restoring aquatic macrophytes, where we detected significant reduction of nutrients. However, it seems the abundance of phytoplankton cannot be effectively control by the present ecological engineering. The phytoplankton abundance was high in the target restoration zone. Results of CCA and correlation analysis indicate that the phytoplankton community was mainly controlled by physico-chemical factors. Cyanobacteria species were positively related with pH, temperature, TP and TSS, while negatively related with TN, TN/TP and conductivity. The most discriminant variable was TN/TP, which explained 15% of the total variance of phytoplankton. However, TN was more important for the fluctuation of TN/TP than TP. It suggested that TN may be the ultimate factor controlling the phytoplankton community in Lake Taihu. Variation partitioning analysis showed that the pure contribution of crustacean was low for the variation of phytoplankton, suggesting that top-down control by crustacean zooplankton was weak in Lake Taihu. In general, this study suggested the reduction of nutrient load should be more important than top-down control using zooplankton for the ecosystem restoration in Lake Taihu.     

杭州西湖底栖动物群落的研究

对杭州西湖的底栖动物,在25个布点,四季采样,共获54种。其中寡毛类22种,摇蚊幼虫18种,其它各类动物14种。如果不包括三潭内湖,则西湖中只采到21种。底栖动物的加权年平均密度为443.9个/m~2,生物量为1.473g/m~2;摇蚊幼虫的数量居次。软体动物相当贫乏,与该湖富营养化程度较重,底泥松软,水生植被缺乏有关。在苏堤以西3个湖区,底栖动物的数量明显高于东面两个湖区,反映了环境条件的差异。西湖底栖动物的优势种如霍甫水丝蚓等,Ig数值表明它们均呈聚集分布。然而在水草繁茂的三潭内湖,底栖动物多达48种,优势种组成也有较大差异。文中对底栖动物数量的季节变动作了分析,并对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行了初步估算。