滩涂海水种植-养殖系统细菌生态学研究

滩涂海水种植-养殖系统是一种新型的生态养殖模式．对种植红树林的滩涂种植-养殖系统中细菌的生物量分布和水质的分析结果表明,由于红树林的净化作用,该系统内的水质达到Ⅱ～Ⅲ类海水水质标准,而对照塘的处于Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水质标准．系统中处理塘的异养菌、弧菌、磷细菌和产酶类细菌的数量比未种红树林的对照塘低1～2个数量级．用CORREL软件分析了细菌与水质的相关关系,异养菌、弧菌、磷细菌和产酶类细菌的数量与水体中的氮磷含量呈正相关．其中异养菌与弧菌的相关系数为0．9205,与氮磷的相关系数为0．6535(N)、0．8342(P),表明异养菌和弧菌可作为滩涂海水养殖系统水质的生物监测指标．     

养殖中后期高位池对虾水体微生物群落结构及水体理化因子

针对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)高位池越冬棚养殖模式,采集养殖中后期水样,分析水体微生物群落结构、优势菌种类和水体理化因子的动态变化。结果表明:越冬棚保温效果良好,池塘水温由搭棚前最低的20.6℃上升并维持稳定于26.5℃左右,可满足对虾正常生长需求;养殖中后期水体异养细菌数量在5.10×104~2.95×105cfu·m L~(-1)波动,菌群结构相对稳定,优势菌数量在养殖后期略有增加;嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter)、亚硫酸杆菌(Sulfitobacter)等在养殖中后期均为优势种,搭棚后黄杆菌(Flavobacteria)、生丝微菌(Hyphomicrobium)等形成优势;亚硝氮、硝氮和水温是影响养殖中后期水体微生物群落分布的主要理化因子。研究表明,搭建越冬棚有利于保持养殖池塘水环境的相对稳定,养殖中后期水体氮素水平的控制尤为重要。因此,为促进水中有益菌的生态优势,调控水体菌群结构和生态功能,建议在养殖中后期,尤其是搭建越冬棚前后合理使用益生菌制剂,净化水质,稳定生态环境。     

异育银鲫养殖环境典型病原微生物检测和细菌群落解析

【背景】水产养殖病害是限制淡水渔业发展的一个重要因素,养殖环境的微生物状况与鱼类健康紧密相关,已引起人们广泛关注。【目的】阐明养殖水体和沉积物中病原微生物丰度和细菌群落多样性变化特征。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR方法和末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术,对异育银鲫养殖环境水体和沉积物中的典型病原微生物进行定量检测,以及细菌群落多样性分析。【结果】养殖过程中病原菌丰度呈现不同的变化趋势,嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(A. sobria)和维氏气单胞菌(A. veronii)与鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型丰度变化呈显著正相关。水体中病原菌丰度受pH、温度和溶解氧等环境因子的影响显著。T-RFLP分析表明沉积物样品较水体样品细菌群落组成复杂,并且沉积物细菌群落动态变化幅度高于水体。水体和沉积物中细菌T-RFs数量范围分别在11-29和20-32之间,Shannon-wiener指数在1.44-2.87和2.44-3.25之间。【结论】养殖水体中的病原菌丰度高于沉积物,而沉积物细菌群落丰富度和多样性高于水体。病原菌丰度和细菌群落结构变化与环境因子密切相关,明确养殖池塘环境中病原微生物的生态分布和丰度变化,将为指导养殖过程中病原性疾病发生早期预警提供理论依据。     

凡纳滨对虾低盐度高产虾池环境微生物生态研究

对广东珠三角地区,凡纳滨对虾低盐度高产虾池环境微生物调查结果,养殖水体异养菌平均数量为5.15×10⁴cfu·mL^-1,致病性弧菌为5.00×10³cfu·mL^-1,池底泥浆中异养细菌平均数量为2.41×10⁶cfu·mL^-1,致病性弧菌为1.45×10⁵cfu·mL^-1。不同虾池异养细菌的数量差别小而稳定,致病性弧菌的数量差别及波动大。淤泥较深的老化虾池,水体和泥浆中异养细菌平均分别为6.10×10⁴cfu·mL^-1和2.89×10⁶cfu·mL^-1,致病性弧菌为6.00×10³cfu·mL^-1和2.14×10⁵cfu·mL^-1;无淤泥虾池水体和泥浆中异养细菌平均分别为4.53×10⁴cfu·mL^-1和2.08×10⁶cfu·mL^-1,致病性弧菌为4.34×10³cfu·mL^-1和9.86×10⁴cfu·mL^-1。老化虾池底泥致病性弧菌明显偏高,成为老化虾池易爆发虾病的重要原因。低盐度虾池水体异养菌和致病性弧菌的数量变化,表现为养殖前期高,中后期低而稳定;池底泥浆中异养菌和致病性弧菌的数量变化,呈不规则波动。高的养殖水温对养殖环境异养菌和致病性弧菌表现抑制作用,养殖环境微生物与水体浮游藻类也有一定的关系。     

方斑东风螺养殖环境中细菌数量变动与环境因子的相关性和主成分分析

该研究采用培养法与荧光显微计数法对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)养殖水体和底沙的细菌数量进行了调查, 并监测主要环境因子, 包括水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧、水体氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、底质总氮(TN)、总磷(TP), 旨在掌握方斑东风螺养殖环境中细菌数量变化情况, 并探讨细菌数量与环境因子的关系。结果显示, 东风螺养成期水体总细菌(WTB)、异养菌(WHB)、弧菌(WV)数量分别为: 4.15×104—4.36×106 cells•mL–1、4.13×103—9.67×105 CFU•mL–1、1.83×102— 1.42×104 CFU•mL–1; 底沙中异养细菌(SHB)和弧菌(SV)数量分别为:1.26×106—3.69×107 CFU•g–1和6.25×104—2.07×106 CFU•g–1; 水体总细菌显著高于水体及底沙中异养菌及弧菌数。相关性分析结果表明, 水体总细菌数量与溶解氧(P<0.01)和亚硝酸盐氮(P<0.05)呈显著负相关, 与氨氮呈正相关(P<0.05); 水体异养菌与盐度呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 与溶解氧极显著负相关(P<0.01); 水体弧菌数量与温度呈负相关(P<0.05); 底沙弧菌数量与温度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01), 与盐度呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 底沙异养菌(SHB)与各环境因子无明显相关性。主成分分析结果表明, 温度与溶解氧在该养殖系统中占重要地位, 不同时期环境的主导因子存在差异。     

阿哈湖深层水中微生物和硫酸还原菌数量及群落结构空间变化

采用荧光原位杂交法分析了贵州阿哈湖深层水环境中总微生物、真细菌和硫酸盐还原菌数量。结果表明:该湖水中微生物总量为1.6×107个.L-1,真细菌占微生物总量的52.9%,且微生物总量和真细菌数量垂直变化无明显差异。随着水体深度的增加,活性微生物数量增加,且微生物的群落结构更加复杂。阿哈湖深层水体中有一定数量的硫酸盐还原菌存在。     

光合细菌对鲤养殖水体生态系统的影响

光合细菌(Photosynthetic Bacteria,简称PSB)是一种不放氧光合作用的细菌总称,近年来,光合细菌在理论和应用上都受到了广泛的重视,一方面由于它是研究光合作用的理想材料,另一方面,它又有广泛的应用价值.光合细菌在处理高浓度有机废水,生产单细胞蛋白,水产养殖和禽畜饲养,改善植物营养状况等方面已有不少报道1-4,本文研究了光合细菌在鲤养殖水体中的增殖和分布规律以及它对水体中异养细菌、浮游动物及水质的影响,以阐明光合细菌在该生态系统中的作用.       

闽东一水电站输水管道阻塞原因探讨

对福建省闽东某水电站水库的水体及地下输水管道中的微生物生态和理化因子的调查分析结果表明,造成该水库电站输水管道连年阻塞的主要原因可能是由于铁细菌生长繁殖所致。该水库中的铁细菌主要为鞘细菌。水体温度及总铁含量对鞘细菌数量的消长具有显著影响。该水库中存在的鞘细菌最适生长条件为Ｔ２１～２５℃,ｐＨ６．１６～６．８７,Ｆｅ＞０．４３ｍｇ／Ｌ。该菌可在水深０．５～４０ｍ范围内生存。自然气候对Ｔ、总铁和悬浮物３项水体理化因子有影响,而ｐＨ、ＤＯ和ＣＯＤ则受微生物生命活动的影响。夏季为鞘细菌繁殖高峰期。建议电站地下输水管道的疏通工作以安排在９月份之后较妥     

上海市内不同水质的河道春季浮游细菌群落结构分析

2008年4月采集上海市城郊结合地区的4条河道午潮港、横港、朝阳河和曹杨环浜的水样, 测定水样的相关理化数据, 计算水环境质量综合指数; 提取水样中浮游细菌的总DNA, 进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析; 并对水体中的可培养浮游细菌的数量进行测定。结果表明, 污染严重的河道浮游细菌的生物量较高, 而多样性明显偏低, 河道不同采样点的微环境影响浮游细菌的组成, 河道中浮游细菌的组成与生物量的变化与水环境质量密切相关。     

鼎湖山森林地表水水质状况分析

对鼎湖山生物圈保护区内两溪流水源水质状况进行了调查,结果发现：①鼎湖山地表水总体水质较好,符合地面水环境质量标准的I类水源水质标准。区内水体受污染程度低,绝大多数指标均符合饮用水卫生标准。②水体pH值较低,Al含量较高,总有机碳测定表现出整个水体受到一定程度的有机污染。水体中有害金属Mn和Pb含量略高,但都远低于饮用水卫生标准。③对地表水来源过程环节的水化学分析比较表明：大气降水、穿透水、土壤溶液（30cm层和80cm层）和地表水水样的pH值呈现“M”形变化。酸雨和土壤表层酸化是该区地表水pH值偏低的主要原因。地表水和30cm土壤溶液中的Al浓度分别是大气降水的5倍和8倍,地表水中的Al主要来源于酸雨对土壤的淋溶。地表水中的Na主要来源于大气降水。大气降水Pb浓度是地表水的17倍,林冠吸收富集和土壤固定吸附使地表水中的Pb大幅度降低。穿透水和土壤溶液中的Mn、K、Ca、Mg、Sr比大气降水和地表水浓度高,反映了元素被酸雨淋溶、活化和被植物、土壤吸收吸附的过程。从长远看,尽管在森林保存完好的地区,区域环境的恶化及酸雨对地表水水质的影响仍不容忽视。     

鱼虾混养生态系中细菌动态变化的研究

中国对虾和黑鲷混养生态系中几种主要细菌的动态变化研究结果表明 ,养殖初期 ,鱼虾混养池水体中异养菌总量和硝酸盐还原菌数量较低 ,但高于对照的对虾单养池 .随着养殖时间的推移 ,对照池的两种菌的菌量急剧增加 ,8、9月份菌量仍维持在较高水平 ;而混养池的菌量在高温季节虽有增加 ,但仍保持在 10 4 cells·ml-1范围内 ,增长幅度远远低于对照池 ,且 9月底开始下降 .底泥中的细菌数量与水体中细菌有相似的变化规律 ,但一般高于同期水中菌量 1～ 2个数量级 .混养池中的弧菌数量一直低于同期对照池 .可见 ,鱼虾混养可通过对养殖生态系中细菌的激活和调节作用 ,调节生态系统的物质循环 ,使其保持高速、稳定运行 ,为对虾生长提供一个健康而稳定的环境 ,同时增加综合养殖效益     

九孔鲍养殖水体及其肠道不同菌群抗药性研究*

为更好地防治鲍鱼病害的发生和流行,对分离自广东汕尾健生鲍鱼养殖场九孔鲍养殖环境及其肠道中不同细菌菌群的耐药性进行了研究。结果表明,四环素、青霉素G、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那霉素和新生霉素均对绝大多数异养菌和弧菌菌株都不敏感或无作用;相反,氟哌酸、红霉素、氯霉素以及环丙沙星等则均对它们比较敏感;复方新诺明、链霉素和多粘霉素B对弧菌菌株均有作用,而且多粘霉素B也对水体中的异养菌群相当有效。     

Population dynamics of Aeromonas spp. in an urban river watershed

Density of Aeromonas spp. at one site in the Buffalo River and at four sites on its upstream tributaries was followed from June 1992–June 1993. Membrane filtration counts of Aeromonas during the summer ranged between 18 and 4000 ml⁻¹, which were one to two logs higher than faecal coliform and faecal streptococci densities. Aeromonas spp. in the Buffalo River, and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, and the heterotrophic plate count throughout the watershed, increased by approximately one log during summer rainstorms. However, Aeromonas spp. increased only by a factor of two during rainstorms at the upstream sites. Aeromonas spp. showed a strong positive correlation with both indicator bacteria and total suspended solids at the upstream sites during the summer but not the winter. Correlations between Aeromonas and indicator bacteria remained strong in the Buffalo River during the winter, signifying that different conditions exist in the Buffalo River and its upstream tributaries. The strong correlation between Aeromonas spp. and indicator bacteria in the Buffalo River suggest that, in the absence of media capable of the quantitative recovery of potentially pathogenic aeromonads, standard faecal coliform analyses may adequately assess public health risks from Aeromonas spp. in an urban river used for recreational purposes.     

Seasonal distribution of facultatively enteropathogenic vibrios (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) in the freshwater of the Elbe River at Hamburg

Between June 1981 and December 1982 the incidence of Vibrio cholerae, V. mimicus and V. parahaemolyticus was determined at two sampling sites on the Elbe River at Hamburg. A total of 183 strains was isolated from 147 water samples. Of these, 107 belonged to non-01 V. cholerae (ten strains producing a cholera-like enterotoxin); 33 were identified as V. mimicus , including two enterotoxin producers; 42 strains were Kanagawa-negative cultures of V. parahaemolyticus ; and one was V. fluvialis. The highest incidence was observed from June to September with about 10² organisms/1. Halophilic vibrios, less than five organisms/1, were detectable during the period June/July to October. The vibrio incidence was not influenced by the numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms or faecal bacteria. In general water temperature correlated with the seasonal variation. Thus, a temperature rise over 10° to 20°C was followed by a distinct increase in vibrio numbers. Of 14 chemical parameters only chloride concentration might have had an influence on the seasonal variation. It is concluded that the three Vibrio species are indigenous organisms of the Elbe River.     

滩涂贝类养殖环境的细菌分布

从贝类养殖滩涂的底泥中共分离到2976株细菌,经鉴定可归于18个属与肠杆菌科的部分属,其中梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的部分属、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等为优势菌属.统计结果表明,在养殖滩涂的沉积物环境中,异养细菌的菌群组成具有明显的陆源性特点,而且在时空分布上有着较大的差异.在数量分布上,全年异养细菌、反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的数量分别波动在1.62×103-2.00×105cfu/g、1.50×104-5.00×107个/g、9.00×104-9.0×107个/g和9.00×103-4.00×106个/g之间,此外,反硝化细菌、氨化细菌均与异养细菌在数量上呈正相关,而且氨化细菌与异养细菌之间的相关性极其显著,而硫酸还原菌与异养细菌在数量上呈负相关.     

Hexavalent chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from river sediments.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known carcinogen and mutagen; however, the actual mechanisms of Cr toxicity are unknown. Two approaches were used to isolate Cr(VI)-resistant bacteria from metal-contaminated river sediments. Diluted sediments were plated directly onto a peptone-yeast extract (PYE) medium containing 0 to 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Approximately 8.4 x 10(5) CFU g-1 were recovered on 0 microgram of Cr(VI) ml-1, whereas 4.0 x 10(2) CFU g-1 were recovered on PYE plus 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Alternatively, continuous culture enrichment techniques were employed using PYE and 100 micrograms Cr(VI) ml-1 input at dilution rates of 0.02 and 0.10 h-1. After six residence periods, 10(9) CFU were recovered on PYE agar containing 0 microgram of Cr(VI) ml-1 and 10(7) CFU on PYE agar plus 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Of 89 isolates obtained by direct plating onto PYE, 47% were resistant to 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1, and 29% were resistant to 250 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. When the same isolates were plated onto PYE containing Cr(III), 88% were resistant to 100 micrograms ml-1 but only 2% were resistant to 250 micrograms ml-1. Cr, Co, Sb, and Zn were found in significantly higher concentrations at an industry-related contaminated site than at a site 11 km downstream. Total Cr in the sediments at the contaminated site averaged 586 micrograms (dry weight) g-1, and the downstream site averaged 71 micrograms (dry weight) g-1. The Cr recovered from acid-digested Ottawa River sediment samples was predominantly hexavalent. Five acid digestion procedures followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy were compared and found to be 30 to 70% efficient for recovery of Cr relative to neutron activation analysis. A population of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria was recovered from sediments containing elevated levels of Cr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A method of the selective isolation and enumeration of marine Vibrionaceae

A noninhibitory medium and GasPack anaerobic culture system were employed for the selective enumeration and isolation of Vibrionaceae in seawater and marine sediments.Vibrio counts obtained by the new method for seawater and sediment samples were compared with vibrio numbers in the heterotrophic bacterial population appearing on a medium routinely employed in the laboratory for such counts. The ratio of the former to the latter counts ranged from 0.5 to 1.3, the average being 0.96. The seawater and sediment bacteria that grew and produced visible colonies on the medium under anaerobic conditions for 3 days at 20°C were almost exclusively vibrios.From the results reported here it is concluded that most of the vibrios present in seawater and sediment samples can be recovered by the new method developed in this study.     

池塘氮循环中各种细菌与理化因子的相关性研究

对精养鱼池的水体及淤泥进行多次采样,用统计学分析处理,结果表明：硝化类细菌总体上与各主要理化因子的相关性较强（R＞0．60）,其中氨化菌主要与溶氧相关程度较高;反硝化菌主要与有效磷相关程度较高;亚硝化菌主要与氨氮负相关程度较高;硝化菌主要与亚硝酸盐相关程度较高。硝化类细菌与异养菌之间的相关性则更强,如反硝化菌与厌养菌（R＝0．944,P＝0．001）、拓硝化菌和好氧异养菌（R＝0．832,P＝0．003）皆显正相关,亚硝化菌和厌氧异养菌（R＝－0．76,P＝0．009）显负相关;而在硝化类细菌之间的相关程度却较弱（R＜0．60）,表明池塘硝化类细菌对水质具有一定的调控作用,但相互之间的依赖性不强,各自相对独立地发挥作用。     

Seasonal distribution of facultatively enteropathogenic vibrios (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) in the freshwater of the Elbe River at Hamburg

Between June 1981 and December 1982 the incidence of Vibrio cholerae, V. mimicus and V. parahaemolyticus was determined at two sampling sites on the Elbe River at Hamburg. A total of 183 strains was isolated from 147 water samples. Of these, 107 belonged to non-01 V. cholerae (ten strains producing a cholera-like enterotoxin); 33 were identified as V. mimicus, including two enterotoxin producers; 42 strains were Kanagawa-negative cultures of V. parahaemolyticus; and one was V. fluvialis. The highest incidence was observed from June to September with about 10(2) organisms/l. Halophilic vibrios, less than five organisms/l, were detectable during the period June/July to October. The vibrio incidence was not influenced by the numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms or faecal bacteria. In general water temperature correlated with the seasonal variation. Thus, a temperature rise over 10 degrees to 20 degrees C was followed by a distinct increase in vibrio numbers. Of 14 chemical parameters only chloride concentration might have had an influence on the seasonal variation. It is concluded that the three Vibrio species are indigenous organisms of the Elbe River.