人类疱疹病毒8型与非KS肿瘤的研究进展

人类疱疹病毒8型(Human herpesvirus-8,HHV-8)又名Kaposi肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(Kaposi's sarcoma-associaled herpesvirus,KSHV),属Rhadino病毒或者γ-2疱疹病毒,与γ-1疱疹病毒、EB病毒(EBV)同属人类γ疱疹病毒,是由Chang等在1994年采用代表性差异分析法从一例AIDS-KS患者的病变组织中发现的一种新病毒.随着对HHV-8及其亚型的深入研究,其与非Ks肿瘤的关系也逐渐引起了各国学者的关注.近年来大量研究表明其与非KS肿瘤疾病的关系密切.     

疱疹病毒科研究进展

疱疹病毒是一类大型双链DNA病毒.至今已发现9种疱疹病毒可感染人类,分别是单纯疱疹病毒1型、2型(HSV-1、2)、带状疱疹病毒(VZV)、EB病毒(EBV)、人巨细胞病毒(HCMV),以及人疱疹病毒(HHV)-6A、HHV-6B、HHV-7、卡波济肉瘤相关病毒(HHV-8)等,它们是已知感染人类的病毒种类数最多的一个病毒科.     

人疱疹病毒6 型感染与药物超敏综合征

人类疱疹病毒6型(human herpesvirus 6,HHV-6)是1986年由美国癌症中心首先从淋巴增生及获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome,AIDS)患者外周血单个核细胞中分离得到的一组嗜人淋巴细胞的双链DNA病毒,与人类疱疹病毒7型(human herpesvirus 7,HHV-7)及人巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)同属于疱疹病毒B亚科.     

疱疹病毒的微生态问题

疱疹病毒的分子生物学基础疱疹病毒科在医学领域中熟知已久,可分为三个亚科,α、β和γ。α亚科包括人和动物的疱疹病毒,如人的单纯疱疹病毒1型、2型(HSV—1,2),牛乳腺炎病毒,假狂犬病毒,马流产病毒等,其 DNA 分子量范围为87～105×10~6d。β亚科包括人和鼠的巨细胞病毒(HCMV,MCMV),其DNA 分子量为130～150×10~6d.γ亚科包括人的Epstein-Barr 病毒(EBV)和几种灵长类(猴)病毒,其 DNA 分子量为85～115×10~6d。最近发现的人 B 细胞白血病病毒(HBLV),称为人疱疹病毒—6型(HHV—6),亚科不明。     

人类疱疹病毒6型

<正>人类疱疹病毒6型(HHV-6)最先是从淋巴细胞增生性疾病患者中分离出来的一种新的疱疹病毒。其抗原性和遗传学特性与疱疹病毒1型,疱疹病毒2型,巨细胞病毒(CMV),水痘一带状疱疹病毒(VZV)及EBV均不相同。后来发现HHV-6是幼儿急疹(ES)的病原体。本文就HHV-6的血清流行病学,从ES患儿中的分离检测,与HHV— 6感染有关的疾病及其病毒学特性等综述如下。     

异型流感病毒感染相关T淋巴细胞增殖活性及IFN-γ阳性Ｔ淋巴细胞水平研究

为探讨机体异型流感病毒间交叉保护作用机制,将实验动物随机分成实验组和对照组,测定异型流感病毒感染后病毒载量,T淋巴细胞增殖活性和IFN-γ阳性CD3＋CD8＋及CD3＋CD4＋淋巴细胞水平的变化。结果显示,异型流感病毒感染后产生的交叉免疫应答反应可能与T淋巴细胞增殖有关;与CTL及Th1类淋巴细胞水平相关,并有时间限制性;IL-2可以加强异型流感病毒感染后IFN-γ阳性CD3＋CD8＋淋巴细胞水平。本研究为制备能够抵御变异流感病毒感染的疫苗提供了理论基础。     

EB病毒侵入宿主细胞机制的研究进展

EB病毒(Epstein-barr virus,EBV),与多种人类疾病尤其是恶性肿瘤相关,包括单核细胞增多症、伯基特淋巴瘤和鼻咽癌等,其进入宿主细胞的机制仍是研究的热点。经过多年的研究,已经确定了EBV侵入宿主细胞时的部分关键蛋白以及不同的模式。病毒包膜糖蛋白gp350/220(EBV glycoprotein 350/220)与B淋巴细胞表面受体CR2(Complement Receptor type 2)的相互作用以及其他病毒糖蛋白如gp42(EBV glycoprotein 42)、gB(EBV glycoprotein B)、gH(EBV glycoprotein H)和gL(EBV glycoprotein L)的相互作用,使得EBV能够有效侵入B淋巴细胞。由于绝大多数上皮细胞缺少CR2受体,病毒侵入上皮细胞的机制要比侵入B淋巴细胞复杂得多。主要有三种EBV进入上皮细胞的模式:①EBV通过感染的B淋巴细胞或郎罕氏细胞直接接触上皮细胞,"转移感染"进入上皮细胞;②EBV利用自身的相关蛋白与宿主相应的受体蛋白相结合后,通过膜的融合或内吞作用,感染上皮细胞;③感染EBV的上皮细胞经基底膜将病毒颗粒传递给邻近的细胞。本篇综述将介绍近年来在EBV进入B淋巴细胞与上皮细胞的相关机制的研究进展。     

人类疱疹病毒8的致瘤作用

人类疱疹病毒８（ＨＨＶ８）是一新近发现的γ２疱疹病毒,又名Ｋａｐｏｓｉ肉瘤相关疱疹病毒,具有独特的致瘤机制。它编码类似于人趋化因子受体的Ｇ蛋白偶联受体,可诱导血管内皮细胞恶性转化,引起了人们的普遍关注。１．ＨＨＶ８的特性Ｃｈａｎｇ等［１］于１９９４年从艾滋病相关的Ｋａｐｏｓｉ肉瘤组织分离出人疱疹病毒的基因片段,１９９６年克隆成功［２］,与另外两个嗜淋巴性的γ疱疹病毒——ＥＢ病毒和Ｓａｉｍｉｒｉ疱疹病毒有较高序列同源性。ＨＨＶ８在组织中多处于潜伏状态,呈溶细胞性感染。病毒呈多面体壳状包裹颗粒,直径…     

埃巴病毒潜伏膜蛋白的研究进展

埃巴病毒(Epstein-Barr Virus, EBV)是一种在人群中感染率高达90%的γ-疱疹病毒,其感染宿主细胞后常以潜伏形式存在并伴随终生,在一定条件诱导下,由潜伏感染转化为裂解感染,导致多种恶性肿瘤的发生。LMP1和LMP2是EBV编码的重要潜伏膜蛋白,它们锚定于细胞膜脂筏区,通过与宿主细胞内多种信号传递分子如TRAF家族蛋白、Caspase家族蛋白和STAT家族等相互作用,参与细胞内多条信号转导通路,进而影响细胞迁移与凋亡,与淋巴组织增生性疾病和恶性肿瘤的发生有着密切联系。本文阐述了LMP1和LMP2的结构特征,在宿主细胞内的基因表达调控及参与信号转导途径的机制等,旨在推进EBV发病机理研究及疫苗的研发等科研进展。     

Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Encodes a Second PML-Modifying Protein

The ORF75c tegument protein of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) promotes the degradation of the antiviral promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein. Surprisingly, MHV68 expressing a degradation-deficient ORF75c replicated in cell culture and in mice similar to the wild-type virus. However, in cells infected with this mutant virus, PML formed novel track-like structures that are induced by ORF61, the viral ribonucleotide reductase large subunit. These findings may explain why ORF75c mutant viruses unable to degrade PML had no demonstrable phenotype after infection.     

Turnover of T Cells in Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68-Infected Mice

Respiratory challenge of C57BL/6 mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 induces proliferation of T lymphocytes early after infection, as evidenced by incorporation of the DNA precursor bromodeoxyuridine. Using pulse-chase analysis, splenic and peripheral blood activated T lymphocytes were found to continue dividing for at least a month after the initial virus challenge. The results are in accord with the idea that T cells are stimulated for a substantial time after the acute, lytic phase of virus infection is resolved.     

Signaling through Toll-Like Receptors Induces Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Reactivation In Vivo

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) establishes a lifelong infection in mice and is used as a model pathogen to study the role of viral and host factors in chronic infection. The maintenance of chronic MHV68 infection, at least in some latency reservoirs, appears to be dependent on the capacity of the virus to reactivate from latency in vivo. However, the signals that lead to MHV68 reactivation in vivo are not well characterized. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), by recognizing the specific patterns of microbial components, play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of TLR ligands to induce MHV68 reactivation, both in vitro and in vivo. The stimulation of latently infected B cell lines with ligands for TLRs 3, 4, 5, and 9 enhanced MHV68 reactivation; the ex vivo stimulation of latently infected primary splenocytes, recovered from infected mice, with poly(I:C), lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, or CpG DNA led to early B-cell activation, B-cell proliferation, and a significant increase in the frequency of latently infected cells reactivating the virus. In vivo TLR stimulation also induced B-cell activation and MHV68 reactivation, resulting in heightened levels of virus replication in the lungs which correlated with an increase in MHV68-specific CD8⁺ T-cell responses. Importantly, TLR stimulation also led to an increase in MHV68 latency, as evidenced by an increase in viral genome-positive cells 2 weeks post-in vivo stimulation by specific TLR ligands. Thus, these data demonstrate that TLR stimulation can drive MHV68 reactivation from latency and suggests that periodic pathogen exposure may contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of chronic gammaherpesvirus infection through stimulating virus reactivation and reseeding latency reservoirs.     

Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 LANA Acts on Terminal Repeat DNA To Mediate Episome Persistence

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) ORF73 (mLANA) has sequence homology to Kaposi''s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). LANA acts on the KSHV terminal repeat (TR) elements to mediate KSHV episome maintenance. Disruption of mLANA expression severely reduces the ability of MHV68 to establish latent infection in mice, consistent with the possibility that mLANA mediates episome persistence. Here we assess the roles of mLANA and MHV68 TR (mTR) elements in episome persistence. mTR-associated DNA persisted as an episome in latently MHV68-infected tumor cells, demonstrating that the mTR elements can serve as a cis-acting element for MHV68 episome maintenance. In some cases, both control vector and mTR-associated DNAs integrated into MHV68 episomal genomes. Therefore, we also assessed the roles of mTRs as well as mLANA in the absence of infection. DNA containing both mLANA and mTRs in cis persisted as an episome in murine A20 or MEF cells. In contrast, mTR DNA never persisted as an episome in the absence of mLANA. mLANA levels were increased when mLANA was expressed from its native promoters, and episome maintenance was more efficient with higher mLANA levels. Increased numbers of mTRs conferred more efficient episome maintenance, since DNA containing mLANA and eight mTR elements persisted more efficiently in A20 cells than did DNA with mLANA and two or four mTRs. Similar to KSHV LANA, mLANA broadly associated with mitotic chromosomes but relocalized to concentrated dots in the presence of episomes. Therefore, mLANA acts on mTR elements to mediate MHV68 episome persistence.