A Festschrift for Roland L. Weinsier: Nutrition Scientist,Educator, and Clinician1

Roland L. Weinsier, M.D., Dr.P.H., devoted himself to the fields of nutrition and obesity for more than 35 years. He contributed outstanding work related to the treatment of obesity through dietary and lifestyle change; metabolic/energetic influences on obesity, weight loss, and weight regain; body composition changes accompanying weight loss and regain; the health benefits and risks of weight loss; nutrition education for physicians; and nutrition support of sick patients. He served on the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) National Task Force on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, as Chair of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Department of Nutrition Sciences, and as Founder and Director of its NIDDK‐funded Clinical Nutrition Research Center. He was a long‐time and active member of NAASO, serving in the roles of Councilor, Publications Committee Chair, Continuing Medical Education Course Director, Public Relations Committee Chair, and Membership Committee Co‐Chair, to name just a few. He was well respected as a staunch defender of NAASO's scientific integrity in these roles. Sadly, Roland Weinsier died on November 27, 2002. He will be missed and remembered by many as a revered and beloved teacher, mentor, healer, and scholar.     

Nutrient dynamics in small mesotrophic fens surrounded by cultivated land

Summary Release of inorganic N and P in the organic soils of three small quaking fens in The Netherlands was studied by means of in situ incubation of the peat soil in plastic bottles. One of the fens had higher biomass production and lower species richness than the other two. The former fen is located in an area with downward groundwater percolation, whereas the latter fens are situated in an area of upward seepage of groundwater rich in calcium and bicarbonate.Mineralization of N proved to be slow in the low-productive fens, and 6 times faster in the highly productive fen. In the latter fen the amount of N mineralized during a certain period exceeded by far the amount accumulated in that period in the above-ground parts of the vegetation.The release of inorganic P was extremely slow in the two low-productive fens and rapid in the highly productive fen. The release rates were not related to the total P content of the soils. The slow P release in the low-productive fens may be due to the continuous inflow of groundwater rich in Ca, Al and Fe compounds.It can be concluded that the soil is a potentially large source of inorganic N and P in quaking fens. The importance of the soil versus other N and P sources is greater in nutrient-rich fens.     

The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on seed yield and composition in peas

Summary The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on seed yield and seed nutrient content inPisum sativum L. cv Sprite were studied. In the first experiment (spring-sown) seed yield was increased by 55% due to the combined effect of high nitrogen and phosphorus, although in subsequent experiments (during the summer) nitrogen had no effect on seed yield, and a response to phosphorus was obtained in only one of two experiments. In all experiments, increased plant nitrogen and phosphorus supply resulted in increased concentration of the respective element in the seed.     

共生珊瑚异养营养研究进展

共生珊瑚的异养营养指有虫黄藻共生的珊瑚在同化作用过程中,除通过虫黄藻光合作用获取营养之外,还可以从外界环境中直接摄取现成的有机物,经消化吸收后转变为自身的组成物质或储存为能量.国内外异地养殖或繁育虫黄藻共生珊瑚的研究多集中在光照、水流、水质等条件对珊瑚生长的影响,对共生珊瑚异养营养需求与供应方面的关注较少.本文从共生珊瑚异养营养来源、影响共生珊瑚异养营养供应的因素以及研究手段等方面,对国内外研究进展进行了综述,探讨异养营养供应对共生珊瑚的意义.总的来说,目前共生珊瑚异养营养的研究尚处于起步阶段,不论是研究方法或者珊瑚选择摄食的内在机制,都需要深入探究.     

The impact of mineral nutrients in food crops on global human health

Nutrient sufficiency is the basis of good health, productive lives and longevity for everyone. Nutrient availability to people is primarily determined by the output of foods produced from agricultural systems. If agricultural systems fail to provide enough food diversity and quantity to satisfy all the nutrients essential to human life, people will suffer, societies will deteriorate and national development efforts will stagnate. Importantly, plant foods provide most of the nutrients that feed the developing world. Unfortunately, as a result of population pressures, many global food systems are not currently providing enough micronutrients to assure adequate micronutrient intakes for all people. This has resulted in an increasing prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders) that now afflicts over three billion people globally mostly among resource-poor women, infants and children in developing countries. The consequences of micronutrient malnutrition are profound and alarming for human existence. Agricultural approaches to finding sustainable solutions to this problem are urgently needed. This review presents some ways in which plant nutritionists can contribute to preventing micronutrient malnutrition in sustainable ways.     

植物的磷营养：磷酸盐运转系统及其调节

对近年来植物磷营养中有关Ｐｉ运转系统及其调节等方面的研究进展进行简要介绍,并对今后有关的研究趋势作了初步展望。     

经胃镜鼻空肠置管早期肠内营养与肠外营养对急性重症胰腺炎患者血糖等变化的对比研究

目的:探讨经胃镜鼻空肠置管肠内营养与肠外营养对重症胰腺炎患者血糖及相关指标的影响。方法:将32例重症胰腺炎患者随机分为早期肠内营养组(EEN,18例)和肠外营养组(PN,14例)。详细记录治疗期间的血糖波动,第4d、10d营养指标和淀粉酶等变化,并观察临床恢复情况。结果:早期肠内营养组血糖水平波动较肠外营养组平稳(P<0.01)。入院第4天EEN组患者的各项营养指标和淀粉酶指标恢复明显高于PN组患者(P<0.01)。并发症发生率EEN组少于PN组,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:经胃镜鼻空肠置管早期肠内营养对重症胰腺炎患者营养支持的较好方法,方便血糖调控,同时可促进机体康复,减少并发症的发生。     

早期肠内营养辅助治疗重症胰腺炎的临床疗效分析

目的：探讨早期肠内营养辅助治疗重症胰腺炎的临床效果。方法：选择2009年4月-2012年2月我院收治的重症胰腺炎患者共46例,随机分为实验组和对照组各23例,实验组在综合治疗的基础采用早期肠内营养治疗（EN）,而对照组在综合治疗的基础上采用全胃肠外营养治疗（TPN）,比较两组患者的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮水平及血淋巴细胞百分比变化、血淀粉酶和尿淀粉酶恢复正常时间、住院时间及病死率,并比较两组治疗前及治疗后24、48及72小时的APACHEII评分。结果：治疗后,实验组患者的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮水平及血淋巴细胞百分比变化均较对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶恢复时间、病死率及住院时间分别均明显较对照组降低或缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗24、48及72小时后,实验组APACHEII评分均较治疗前显著减低（P〈o．05）,而对照组治疗24、48h后APACHEⅡ评分与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,治疗72h后APACHEII评分较治疗前显著减低（P〈O．05）。结论：采用早期肠内营养辅助治疗重症胰腺炎患者能有效保护肠黏膜屏障功能,改善患者的营养状况,增强患者的免疫力,并改善患者的预后。     

两种营养支持方式在胃肠道肿瘤患者术后的疗效对比研究

目的:比较两种营养支持方式在胃肠道肿瘤患者术后的疗效.方法:回顾性分析2009年4月至2012年11月在我院治疗的胃肠道肿瘤患者80例的临床资料,按数字随机分为两组,观察组(40例)给予早期肠内营养支持治疗,对照组(40例)给予肠外营养支持治疗,治疗7d,比较两组的治疗前后体重、前白蛋白、白蛋白、淋巴细胞总数及亚群构成情况,并记录两组治疗后情况.结果:两组治疗前体重、前白蛋白、白蛋白、淋巴细胞总数及亚群构成情况均无明显差异;治疗7d后,观察组体重(58.05± 8.46)kg、前白蛋白(25.99± 5.36)g/L、白蛋白(37.1±11.2)g/L,明显大于对照组的(53.12± 12.37)kg、(22.96± 4.37)g/L、(33.5± 8.8)g/L,P＜0.05;观察组淋巴细胞总数(1.22± 0.32)× 109/L、CD3+(60.28± 10.56)％、CD4+(34.06±9.67)％、CD8+(25.76±5.98)％、CD4+/CD8+(1.50±0.65),明显大于对照组的(1.07±0.43)× 109/L、(56.74±9.95)％、(31.08±8.06)％、(22.14±5.77)％、(1.39±0.72),P＜0.05;观察组住院时间(9.9±2.4)d、排气时间(3.8±1.8)d、肠蠕动恢复时间(3.5±2.0)d、腹部不适发生率12.5％均明显小于对照组的(15.1±3.8)d、(6.1±1.9)d、(4.8±1.7)d、腹部不适发生率37.5％,P＜0.05.结论:早期肠内营养支持能改善胃肠道肿瘤患者术后的营养状态,增强免疫抵御能力,改善肠功能,降低不良反应发生,有利于患者的预后.     

肝移植术后营养治疗

近30多年来,肝移植技术已逐步成熟,并迅速发展成为治疗终末期肝病的首选方法。随着肝移植例数的增加,手术经验的积累,手术技巧的提高,与手术相关的并发症逐渐减少。而许多围手术期因素成为影响肝移植成败的关键。适宜的肝移植围手术期营养治疗,可以提高手术成功率,降低术后并发症,促进受体和移植肝功能的恢复,从而改善预后,提高受体与移植肝的近远期存活率。     

Zinc nutritional status in obese children and adolescents

Studies in animals and humans have corroborated that zinc (Zn) metabolism is altered in obesity. The present work intends to evaluate the Zn nutritional status in obese children and adolescents by the determination of some biochemical parameters and analyses of the diets. The investigation was carried out in a group of obese children and adolescents (n=23) and compared to a control group (n=21), both between 7 and 14 yr of age. A software analyzed diet information from 3-d food records. Body composition was evaluated by body mass index, bioelectrical impedance, and skinfold measurements. Zinc nutritional status was evaluated by Zn determination in plasma, erythrocyte, and 24-h urine, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (γ=213.9 nm). Diets consumed by both groups had marginal concentrations of zinc. Zinc concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes were significantly lower in the obese group. Urinary zinc excretion was significantly higher in the same group. The results allowed one to conclude that zinc nutritional status in obese individuals is altered.     

An investigation into the interaction between nitrogen nutrition,photosynthesis and photorespiration

Photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation, photorespiration and levels of glycollate oxidase and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase were measured in barley, wheat and maize plants grown on media containing nitrate or ammonium or in plants transferred from nitrate to ammonium. The CO₂ compensation point and photorespiratory CO₂ release were not altered by the nitrogen growth regime nor by transfer from nitrate to ammonium. In barley and wheat plants grown on ammonium the levels of glycollate oxidase and RuBP carboxylase per unit leaf area were higher than in nitrate grown material. These differences were not evident when the results were expressed on a protein or chlorophyll basis. The ratio of glycollate oxidase activity to RuBP carboxylase activity was not altered by the nitrogen regime.     

早期肠内营养联合谷氨酰胺对重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床效果

目的:评价早期肠内营养联合谷氨酰胺对老年重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)营养状况的影响效果。方法:将我院收治的106例老年SAP患者随机分为观察组与对照组。观察组给予早期肠内营养联合谷氨酰胺营养支持,对照组给予完全胃肠外营养支持。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后的血淀粉酶(AMY)、尿淀粉酶(UAMY)、APACHE-Ⅱ评分、Ranson评分、血清白蛋白(ALB)、血清前白蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TRF)及体重的变化情况;比较两组患者住院天数及并发症的发生率。结果:与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后AMY、UAMY、APACHE-Ⅱ评分及Ranson评分均显著下降,且观察组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后ALB、PA、TRF及体重均显著提高,且观察组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,观察组住院时间短,并发症发生率低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:早期肠内营养联合谷氨酰胺营养支持干预较完全胃肠外营养在治疗老年SAP中能有效缓解机体高分解代谢,明显改善患者营养状况,减少并发症的发生率。     

不同营养方式治疗对重症急性胰腺炎患者预后的影响

目的：通过临床试验,}匕较不同营养方式治疗重症急性胰腺炎的效果,并分析不同方法对患者预后的影响。方法：选取我院在2011年11月至2012年11月收治的150例重症急性胰腺炎患者,随机分为三组：肠外营养组（PN）;肠内营养组（EN）;肠外＋肠内营养组（PN＋EN）,每组50例。仔细观察三组患者在住院接受营养治疗期间的情况,分别在第5天和第10天检测三组患者的血淀粉酶和免疫指标,并且对三组患者的住院时间、住院费用、消化道不良反应等指标进行比较。结果：在接受不同的营养支持后,（PN＋EN）组患者的血淀粉酶、免疫指标、住院时间、住院费用、消化道不良反应等指标可见明显下降;与PN组和EN组相比差异显著,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：重症急性胰腺炎患者接受营养支持对治疗其疾病非常重要,对重症胰腺炎患者实施肠外＋肠内的营养支持更加安全有效,便于患者吸收,有助于保护肠道粘膜屏障,降低感染率,改善患者的身体状况,非常值得临床上广泛推广应用。     

双歧杆菌预防重症胰腺炎患者肠道菌群失调的临床研究

目的探讨双歧杆菌及早期肠内营养对急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）患者出现肠道菌群失调的预防及治疗作用。方法对2010年在成都市第五人民医院消化内科住院的99例SAP患者,随机分为3组：全胃肠外营养治疗组（TPN）;普通肠内营养（GEN）;生态营养组（EEN）（肠内营养加双歧杆菌管饲）,每组33例。分别观察3组患者腹痛缓解时间、血淀粉酶下降时间、肠道菌群失调症的发生率、平均住院日的差异。结果 SAP发病7～10 d时GEN及EEN组较TPN组相比,腹痛缓解时间、血淀粉酶恢复时间及并发症发生率均有显著降低（χ2=11.943,P〈0.01）。平均住院日（t=5.496,P〈0.01）明显缩短。SAP患者肠道菌群失调症总发生率是36.7%,TPN组肠道菌群失调发生率57.1%,GEN组肠道菌群发生率42.8%,EEN组肠道菌群发生率14.3%。结论生态营养组EEN较普通肠内营养组GEN和肠外营养组TPN能减少SAP肠道菌群失调的发生,并能缩短其病程,改善预后。     

Growth and mineral nutrition of two Chlorococcalean algae

The effect of composition of the medium and pH on the growth of Pediastrum duplex Meyen and Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood was studied. Both species showed preference to alkaline conditions. The ammonium nitrate grown colonies of D. pulchellum lacked mucilage and showed a more compact form, resembling D. pulchellum var. minitum Deflandre. From this it appears that D. pulchellum var. minitum is a nutritional variant of the species and not a stable variety.     

海蛇乙醇浸出物的营养成分分析

目的分析四种海蛇蛇体乙醇浸出物（ＡＥＢＦＳＳ）的营养成分。方法采用自动氨基酸分析仪,高效液相色谱仪和原子吸收分光光度仪。结果ＡＥＢＦＳＳ含有大量蛋白质和糖类物质;含有１９种氨基酸和１６种矿物元素。结论海蛇浸酒具有药用及营养功效。