巢湖安氏异钩虾生物学的初步研究

巢湖越年的安氏异钩虾交配季节为2—4月,水温10—18℃。从交配产卵至幼体孵出,需10天左右时间。雌性抱卵30—110枚,平均75枚,能重复产卵。在繁殖期间两性长时间抱对。 在实验室培养条件下,春季最早孵出的幼体,每经一次蜕皮,体长约增长0.5毫米,自3月下旬至5月上旬,蜕皮次数多,生长快,比较巢湖自然状态下与实验室培养条件下,幼体增长的速度,前者略高于后者。     

红螯螯虾繁殖习性的研究

对红螯螯虾的繁殖习性进行了较为详细地描述。性成熟的雌虾通常经过生殖蜕皮后交配、产卵,受精卵粘附于腹肢的刚毛上;在水温２８℃左右的条件下,幼体孵出的约需３９天,性成熟雌虾能多次产卵。     

温度对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响

报道了具水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响,２０～３２℃恒温条件,随着温度的升高历期变句。真永恒蜂在武泽地区一可发生２～３代。幼蛛发育到成熟所蠕蜕皮次数与温度有关,在各种温度下,均以蜕皮６次的个体最多,２７℃恒温条件下,产卵率最高,化率最高;３０』下单此产卵量最大。每蛛携带幼蛛的时间随温度和升高的而缩短。根据真水蛛蛛在６种恒温下的的幼蛛存活率,雌蛛产卵率,产量量和孵化率组了真水狼蛛在不同温度条件下的实验种各增     

中华绒螯蟹Eriocheir sinensis H.Milne-Edwards的幼体发育

1.本文所报道毛蟹的幼体发育试验,全部是在实验室内进行的。 2.毛蟹的幼体发育共经五个(氵蚤)状幼体期和一个大眼幼体期。卵孵化出膜的幼体即为第一(氵蚤)状幼体,而不是早期(氵蚤)伏幼体或原(氵蚤)伏幼体。这两种幼体应该是在卵膜内度过的。 3.在水温11—22℃,盐度为9‰的实验室条件下,从幼体出膜到第一期幼蟹的出现,共经39—40天。每蜕一次皮,即进入另一发育时期,其所需的时间,随着温度的升高而缩短。其发育速度见下表: 幼体名称 水温(℃) 日数 第一(氵蚤)状幼体 11—17 7—9 第二(氵蚤)状幼体 17—18 5—6 第三(氵蚤)状幼体 18—20 6—7 第四(氵蚤)状幼体 16—19.5 5—6 第五(氵蚤)状幼体 16.5—19 7—8 大眼幼体 19—22 9—10 4.饵料、盐度、水温和水质等因子对幼体有着不同程度的影响。 5.(氵蚤)状幼体以两对颚足外肢末端的羽伏刚毛的数目,胸、腹肢的大小与形状和尾叉内面中部刚毛的数目为分期的主要依据。     

李拭库蠓生活史的研究(双翅目:蠓科)

在重庆地区所作有关李拭库蠓生活史的研究,观察在实验条件结合自然情况下进行。设计了虫尸培养法,在虫尸培养内幼期处于严格控制的条件下,可以确切地观察卵的孵化、幼虫蜕皮、化蛹和羽化等现象,解决了库蠓变态发育的规律。 李拭库蠓的主要动物宿主是牛和家猪,雌虫吸取血液后糖类对卵巢的发育并不是必需的。9—11.5℃时胃血消化和卵巢发育仍能缓慢地进行。雌虫在20—28℃时一般在吸血后第3—4日间产卵,产卵数为40—213。 幼期发育的时间随温度和食物而改变。虫尸培养,在27±1℃时自卵至成虫为28—44天(卵期3天:第一龄幼虫6—8天:第二龄幼虫5—10天;第三龄幼虫6—9天:第四龄幼虫5一11天;蛹期3天)。当6.8—22℃时,共需101—212天(卵期3—8天;第一龄幼虫9—31天;第二龄幼虫27—35天;第三龄幼虫34—48天:第四龄幼虫25—80天:蛹期3—10天)。夏季室温条件下泥土培养基内自卵至成虫为22—32天。     

杂色鲍的胚胎发育

杂色鲍（Ｈaliotis diversicolor Reeve）的胚胎发育分为个阶段共３２个发育期,其中,卵裂阶段有１３个时期：受精期、第１极体放出期、第２极体放出期、２细胞分裂早期、２细胞期、４细胞期、８细胞期、１６细胞期、３２细胞期、６４细胞期、１２８细胞期、桑椹期和囊胚期。胚胎发育阶段有４个时期：原肠期、担轮幼体早期、担轮幼体晚期和担轮幼体孵化瞬期、胚后发育阶段有１３个时期：担轮幼体期、面盘幼虫早期、面盘幼体中期、面盘幼体后期、匍匐幼体中期、铺匐幼体后期、围口壳幼体早期、围口壳幼体中期、围口壳幼体后期、上足分化幼体早期、上足分化幼体中期和上足分化幼体后期。幼鲍阶段有２个时期：第１呼吸孔出现早期,和１呼吸孔出现,须适宜水温范围内,随着水温升高,孵化期相应缩短,在水温１８－３４℃条件下,受精卵不同程度都能孵化,但孵化率和孵化时间则有很大差别。在水温18℃时,鲍卵从受精至开始孵化需经历11hr32min,孵化率占2.5‰,平均孵化期为26hr15min,孵化速率为0.0381,周限增长率为1.0010/hr;而在水温22℃条件下,经过7hr30min才开始孵化,平均孵化期为23hr5min,孵化速率为0.0415,周限增长率为1.0202/hr。鲍卵受精后,在水温为23.7-28.5℃、盐度为32.8‰-34.5‰（比重10223-1.0229）的条件下,只需经23－24d能发育为幼鲍（为第一个呼吸孔出现期）。     

红螯螯虾胚胎发育研究Ⅰ.胚胎外部结构的形态发生

详细研究了红螯螯虾（Ｃｈｅｒａｘ ｑｕａｄｒｉｃａｒｉｎａｔｕｓ）胚胎的外部形态发育过程。在水温２８℃的条件下,整个发育过程约需３９ｄ,顺次经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前无节幼体期、后无节幼体期、复眼色素形成期及孵化准备期。刚孵化出的幼体在形态结构上与成体相似。     

镇海棘螈早期个体发育研究

根据野外观察和室内实验 ,对镇海棘螈的早期个体发育过程进行了研究。结果显示 ,镇海棘螈早期发育过程与琉球棘螈的个体发育过程非常相似 ,它们的平衡枝均不发达且在前肢芽晚期迅速消失。温度和湿度对胚胎发育具有显著影响。室温下 ,从受精卵到孵化需 2 9d左右。孵化幼体体长呈配合对数曲线增长 ,其体全长 (S)与日龄 (T)的关系可表示为S =1 2 974 9+6 2 398lnT(Sig.F <0 0 1 )。水生生活阶段为 58～ 88d。室内幼体的水生发育时间和变态个体大小与野外的情况有较大的差异 ,可能与营养条件和自然条件下的持续干旱有关。变态前的外鳃萎缩期是镇海棘螈早期个体发育过程中的死亡高峰期。     

荒漠沙蜥胚胎生长发育的温度适应性研究

为研究荒漠沙蜥胚胎发育的温度适应性,我们设定了3个温度(26℃、30℃、34℃)孵化荒漠沙蜥受精卵,并在胚胎孵化过程中对胚胎代谢和心率、新生幼体的形态学特征和幼体静止代谢率的温度适应性进行了研究。结果显示,随着卵的发育,荒漠沙蜥的胚胎代谢率和心率逐渐上升,在孵化后期达到最大;胚胎的心率对孵化温度具有较高的敏感性,随环境温度上升心率显著加快。孵化温度对荒漠沙蜥新生幼体的部分形态学指标有显著影响,26℃下孵化的荒漠沙蜥幼体体型较大。新生幼体的代谢率均比胚胎代谢率高,且不同温度下孵出的幼体其热适应性有较大差异,30℃组孵化出的新生幼体代谢水平最低。我们推测幼体在与孵化温度相同的环境下消耗较少的能量便可保证基本的生理活动需求;相反,个体需要消耗更多的能量才能适应从胚胎到幼体的不同生活史阶段的环境温度变化。     

中华卵索线虫的体外培养

在研究中华卵索线虫的体外培养方法的同时,对其在不同培养基中的生长发育情况进行了观察。结果表明：以培养基TC－199加20％热灭活胎牛血清的培养效果较为理想,大多数线虫可存活3个月,最大虫体长55．1mm,宽204．13um,其发育程度大致与该种索线虫在宿主粘虫体内寄生8－9天的情况相近,培养期间观察到2次蜕皮;第一次蜕皮在卵内,第二次在培养6－8天之后,口针消失,虫体内滋养物体发育明显,尾部附器已经形成,没有观察到生殖原基的发育。     

Brain-independent development in the moth Sesamia nonagrioides

The caterpillars of Sesamia nonagrioides developing under long-day (LD) photoperiod pupate in the 5th or 6th instar whereas under short day (SD) conditions they enter diapause and undergo several extra larval molts. The diapause is terminated within 1-3 instars upon transfer of SD larvae to the LD conditions. Brain removal from the 6th instar larvae promotes pupation followed by imaginal development; however, one third of the SD larvae and 12% of the LD larvae debrained at the start of the instar first undergo 1-2 larval molts. The incidence of larval molts is enhanced by the brain implants. Exclusively pupal molts occur in the LD larvae debrained late in the 6th instar. Decapitation elicits pupation in both LD and SD larvae, except for some of the 4th and 5th and rarely 6th instar that are induced to a fast larval molt. The pupation of decapitated larvae is reverted to a larval molt by application of a juvenile hormone (JH) agonist. No molts occur in abdomens isolated from the head and thorax prior to the wandering stage. Abdomens isolated later undergo a larval (SD insects) or a pupal (LD insects) molt. Taken together the data reveal that in S. nonagrioides (1) several larval molts followed by a pupal and imaginal molt can occur without brain; (2) an unknown head factor outside the brain is needed for the pupal-adult molt; (3) brain exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory effect on the corpora allata (CA); (4) larval molts induced in CA absence suggest considerable JH persistence.     

Control of larval-pupal-adult molt in the moth Sesamia nonagrioides by juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids

Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae reared under long day (LD; 16L:8D) conditions pupate after 5 or 6 larval instars, whereas under short day (SD; 12L:12D) conditions they undergo up to 12 additional molts before pupating. This extended period of repeated molting is maintained by high levels of juvenile hormone (JH). Previous work demonstrated that both LD and SD larvae decapitated in the 6th instar pupate but further development is halted. By contrast, about one-third of SD larvae from which only the brain has been removed, undergo first a larval molt, then pupate and subsequently developed to the adult stage. Debrained LD larvae molt to larvae exceptionally but regularly pupate and produce adults. Implanted brains may induce several larval molts in debrained recipient larvae irrespectively of the photoperiodic conditions. The results of present work demonstrate that the prothoracic glands (PGs) and the corpora allata (CA) of debrained larvae continue to produce ecdysteroids and JHs, respectively. PGs are active also in the decapitated larvae that lack JH, consistent with the paradigm that CA, which are absent in the decapitated larvae, are the only source of this hormone. Completion of the pupal-adult transformation in both LD and SD debrained insects demonstrates that brain is not crucial for the development of S. nonagrioides but is required for diapause maintenance. Application of JH to headless pupae induces molting, presumably by activating their PGs. It is likely that JH plays this role also in the induction of pupal-adult transformation in debrained insects. Application of the ecdysteroid agonist RH 2485 (methoxyfenozide) to headless pupae also elicits molting: newly secreted cuticle is in some cases thin and indifferent, in other cases it bears distinct pupal or adult features.     

Regeneration of midgut epithelial cell in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with viruses

In the larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the regeneration of midgut cells infected with a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV), a flacherie virus (FV), and a small DNA virus (SDV) was studied. Large numbers of newly developed cells appeared in the CPV-infected part of the midgut epithelium just before larval molt, and along with their development, the CPV-infected old columnar cells were discharged into the midgut lumen during the molt. On the other hand, in the uninfected portion of the midgut only a few cells developed, and no columnar cells were discharged. Similarly, the marked replacement of midgut epithelial cells during larval molt was also observed in larvae infected with CPV + FV. In the larvae infected with CPV + SDV, the columnar cells lost their regenerative ability, and because of the exfoliation of infected columnar cells, the midgut epithelium consisted mainly of uninfected goblet cells at a late stage of infection. The degree of epithelial regeneration varied with the silkworm strain and the dosage of the virus.     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂滞育诱导及滞育后发育

本研究针对人工繁育白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang过程中出现的小蜂滞育现象, 对其滞育诱导的光周期反应及敏感光照虫态进行了调查。结果表明: 沈阳地区的白蛾周氏啮小蜂属长日照型昆虫, 以老熟幼虫进入滞育状态, 但在不同的温度条件下诱导滞育的临界光周期不同, 在18℃时诱导滞育的临界光周期处于13L∶11D和14L∶10D之间; 在21℃和24℃时诱导滞育的临界光周期变短, 处于12L∶12D和13L∶11D之间。白蛾周氏啮小蜂滞育诱导的敏感光照虫态为幼虫期, 且以幼虫的后期最为敏感, 但整个幼虫期接受短光照对滞育的形成更为有利。通过观察白蛾周氏啮小蜂滞育后在18℃, 21℃, 24℃和30℃的恒温条件下的发育历期, 由最小二乘法计算出白蛾周氏啮小蜂老熟幼虫滞育后发育起点温度和有效积温分别为14.60±0.31℃和209.38±8.72日·度。这些结果可为进一步研究白蛾周氏啮小蜂的种蜂长期保存技术和指导商品蜂生产, 正确把握放蜂时机提供理论依据。     

Effects of food deprivation on the development of Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) is a natural enemy of several insect pests and feeds on pollen and nectar to survive periods when prey is scarce. The effect of the feeding interval on the development, survival, fecundity, and longevity of C. maculata was determined. Newly hatched larvae of C. maculata were reared individually and fed with eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) at intervals of one, two, and three days under controlled conditions (23 ± 1oC; 60 ± 10% RH; 12 h phtophase). The duration of larval instars and the total larval stage was prolonged as the feeding interval increased. The larval period lasted on average 9.2 ± 0.19 days when the larvae were fed daily with prey, and 14.6 ± 0.48 days when food was offered at three-day intervals. There was an inverse relationship between food intervals, survival, and weight of larvae and adults of the coccinellid. Survival rate of larvae fed daily was 76.8%, while the rate was 50.0% and 23.4% for larvae fed every two and three days, respectively. Coleomegilla maculata showed fecundity of 781.1 ± 149.02, 563.4 ± 80.81 and 109.0 ± 103.0 eggs when fed daily and at intervals of two and three days, respectively.     

The morphogenesis of Ascaris suum to the infective third-stage larvae within the egg.

Studies of the morphology of Ascaris suum larvae developing in the egg during embryonation in vitro at room temperature showed that 2 molts take place within the egg. The first larval stage (L1) appeared in the egg after 17-22 days of cultivation, the first molt to the second larval stage (L2) took place from day 22 to day 27, and the second molt to the third larval stage (L3) started on day 27 and continued during the 60-day observation period. Infectivity of the eggs was studied by oral egg inoculation in mice and showed that the L3 are the infective stage for mice. Molting to the L3 stage occurs gradually over a period of 2-6 wk, and it is recommended to have an additional maturation period so the infectivity of an egg batch may reach maximum level.     

Developmental regulation of energy metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans

Changes in energy metabolism during larval development in Caenorhabditis elegans have been investigated using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR). The relative concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, sugar phosphates, and other metabolites were observed to change during larval development, producing stage-specific spectra. These spectra are consistent with enzyme assays for isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase, indicating that high activity of the glyoxylate pathway during embryonic development decreases during the first larval (L1) stage, and respiration during the L2, L3, and L4 stages occurs preferentially through the TCA cycle. Metabolic strategies were further studied using mutants that are predisposed to enter the dauer stage, a developmentally arrested third-stage larva formed under conditions of overcrowding and limited food. After the L1 molt, energy metabolism in animals destined to become dauer larvae diverges from that of animals committed to growth. Relative to the L1, the L2 larvae committed to growth exhibit increased isocitrate dehydrogenase activity as well as increases in ATP and other high-energy phosphates, but predauer (L2d) larvae exhibit declining enzyme activities and declining levels of high-energy phosphates. The predominant phosphorus NMR signal in dauer larva extracts corresponds to inorganic phosphate. We conclude that metabolism is regulated during C. elegans larval development, with a major transition apparent after the L1 stage. This transition does not occur in larvae destined to form dauer larvae.     

Evaluation of medium supplements for in vitro cultivation of Wuchereria bancrofti

Third-stage larvae (L3) of Wuchereria bancrofti molt to the fourth stage in an in vitro culture medium composed of NCTC 135 and Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (1:1; v/v) supplemented with 10% human serum and a mixture of anti-bacterial and anti-mycotic agents. In the present investigation this culture medium was used to examine the effects of different concentrations of human serum, medium supplements, and serum replacements on larval growth, development, and molting. Several medium supplements and serum replacements were evaluated including hemin, Nutridoma, and a mixture of soybean lipids, bovine serum albumin, and transferrin. The supplements tested could not support larval growth and development in the absence of serum and they did not have an enhancing effect on larval growth and development in combination with human serum. A medium supplement of 30% human serum resulted in molting of 80-94% of L3s and optimum growth to the mid to late fourth stage. This culture system provides an excellent alternative to experimentally infected animals as a source of larvae undergoing the third molt and fourth-stage larvae for screening potential anti-filarial compounds and for immunologic and biochemical studies.     

北极茴鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育

研究对人工繁殖的北极茴鱼(Thymallus arcticus grubei)胚胎发育开展系统观察,记录分析其胚胎及仔鱼发育各时期的形态特征,旨在为北极茴鱼的人工繁育和种质资源保护提供必要的基础数据。结果显示,北极茴鱼受精卵呈圆球形,金黄色,沉性卵,未吸水卵径(2.46±0.14) mm,吸水卵径(3.14±0.18) mm,卵黄质内有多个油球。油球的数量和空间分布在胚胎发育过程中发生了规律性变化。在孵化水温(11.06±0.72)℃,溶氧8.3—9.8 mg/L条件下,历时301h完成整个胚胎发育过程,所需积温为3384.84h·℃,经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化出膜7个阶段,共26个时期。北极茴鱼仔鱼尾鳍、胸鳍的分化和眼色素沉积在受精卵胚胎发育后期就已经完成,背鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍和脂鳍等在胚后发育过程中相继分化。其初孵仔鱼平均全长为(9.33±0.35) mm,仔鱼卵黄囊呈圆球形, 18日龄时卵黄囊和油球被完全消耗。其早期发育阶段(0—16日龄)的生长特性符合公式:y=0.0005x⁴–0.0201x³+0....