龙须菜叶绿素-蛋白复合物的分离及鉴定

以海洋经济海藻--龙须菜(Gracilarialemaneiformis)为材料,机械破碎与超声波相结合破碎这种含胶量非常多的细胞,蔗糖密度梯度超速离心纯化其类囊体膜,去垢剂Triton X-100增溶纯化的类囊体膜,再用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心方法分离其叶绿素-蛋白质复合物.P700差示光谱鉴定分离的光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)颗粒,并且检测到了具有DCIP光还原活性的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)颗粒.结果表明,尽管海藻类囊体膜增溶困难,但只要条件合适,可以得到具有活性的光系统颗粒.     

毕氏海蓬子光系统Ⅱ颗粒的分离与鉴定

采用去污剂TritonX-100增溶类囊体膜和高速离心的方法,首次分离和纯化了毕氏海蓬子的光系统Ⅱ（photosystemⅡ,PSⅡ）颗粒,通过光谱学和SDS-PAGE对其进行鉴定并与类囊体膜进行比较。室温吸收光谱结果表明,PSⅡ颗粒在蓝区的叶绿素（chlorophyll,ChOb和胡萝卜素类吸收峰为485nm,在红区的Ch1b吸收峰为655nm,这两个峰值均低于类囊体膜中的。77K荧光发射光谱结果表明,提取的PSⅡ颗粒基本不含光系统Ⅰ（photosystemⅠ,PSI）的低温荧光反射峰737nm。77K荧光激发光谱结果显示,海蓬子PSⅡ颗粒在470-485am之间的Ch1b 和胡萝卜素类的荧光发射峰明显低于类囊体膜的。这说明在PSⅡ中大部分的PSI已被除去。电泳结果显示,海蓬子PSⅡ颗粒缺少PSI反应中心蛋白质亚基PsaA和PsaB,这说明提取到的PSⅡ纯度较高,这为进一步研究毕氏海蓬子PSⅡ的结构与功能奠定基础。     

褐藻裙带菜中PSⅡ复合物及其亚复合物的分离和特性研究

用不连续梯度蔗糖密度超离心,从经Triton X-100增溶的褐藻裙带菜类囊体膜中分离到3种色素蛋白复合物条带,分别是捕光复合物、具有光氧化活性的PSⅡ复合物颗粒（区带Ⅱ）以及PSⅠ（区带Ⅲ）。PSⅡ颗粒经毛地黄皂苷增溶后,再次超离心分离得到3条PSⅡ的亚复合物条带。吸收和荧光激发谱显示其中的区带Ⅱ-1为墨角藻黄素-Chl a／c-蛋白复合物,区带Ⅱ-2为Chl a／c-蛋白复合物,两者都只含20kDa多肽;而鲜绿色的区带Ⅱ-3为不含捕光复合物的活性PSⅡ核心。     

裙带菜PSⅠ复合物的荧光特异性

以褐藻裙带菜（Undaria pinnatifida）为实验材料,采用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心的方法,去污剂SDS为增溶剂（SDS:Chl＝20:1,4℃增溶20 min）,蔗糖密度梯度为60%、50%、40%、30%、20%、15%和10%,分离制备光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)复合物。结果表明, 40% 蔗糖层带所含色素蛋白复合物是PSⅠ复合物。利用红藻作参照对比,光谱结果表明从裙带菜中得到的PSⅠ复合物没有730 nm的荧光峰。分析认为这是所有褐藻包括裙带菜PSⅠ复合物的荧光特异性。     

裙带菜PSⅠ复合物的荧光特异性

以褐藻裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)为实验材料,采用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心的方法,去污剂SDS为增溶剂(SDS:Chi=20:1,4℃增溶20 min),蔗糖密度梯度为60%、50%、40%、30%、20%、15%和10%,分离制备光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)复合物.结果表明,40%蔗糖层带所含色素蛋白复合物是PS I复合物.利用红藻作参照对比,光谱结果表明从裙带菜中得到的PSⅠ复合物没有730 nm的荧光峰.分析认为这是所有褐藻包括裙带菜PSⅠ复合物的荧光特异性.     

从假根羽藻类囊体膜直接分离纯化主要捕光叶绿素a/b蛋白复合体

应用液相色谱层析技术从海生绿藻,即假根羽藻(Bryopsis corticulans Setch.)的类囊体膜直接分离纯化获得了主要捕光叶绿素a/b蛋白质复合体(LHCⅡ).类囊体膜提取物经3％n-Octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside去垢剂处理后,其中的LHCⅡ蛋白质获得与Q型阴离子交换层析柱的特异亲和力,因此LHCⅡ从类囊体膜中被高选择性分离出来.经过蔗糖密度梯度离心,获得了LHCⅡ单体、三聚体和聚集体.多肽组分的SDS-PAGE分析证明纯化获得的LHCⅡ单体、三聚体和寡聚体具有很高的纯度.该LHCⅡ制备物的吸收光谱也说明了其结构的完整性.首次提出了通过少数简单步骤从类囊体膜直接分离、纯化LHCⅡ是可以实现的.     

不同失水状态发菜类囊体膜蛋白的分离及鉴定

采用液氮研磨与超声波破碎相结合的方法,破碎不同失水状态的发菜藻体和细胞,用差速离心法制备发菜类囊体膜粗制品,蔗糖密度梯度高速离心纯化类囊体膜,SDS-PAGE电泳分离类囊体膜蛋白,并对膜蛋白进行了MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS质谱分析和鉴定。结果表明:(1)充分吸胀4h后失水6h的发菜(含水量51.2%)和失水24h的发菜(含水量14.9%),经过多步差速离心后再进行蔗糖密度梯度高速离心,可得到纯化的类囊体膜。(2)发菜类囊体膜蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳分离到14个条带,共鉴定出8种蛋白,根据其功能可分为4类——光合作用相关蛋白(光系统Ⅱ锰稳定蛋白PsbO,F1F0 ATP合成酶α亚基和β亚基)、结构域蛋白、选择性通道蛋白OprB、未知蛋白(hypothetical protein Npun_R1321、Npun_R3785、N9414_02186),它们在发菜的光合作用中具有重要作用。     

低温对水稻类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化及光合机构光能分配的影响

研究了低温胁迫对水稻类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化和光能分配的影响。类囊体膜蛋白组分的SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析结果显示,低温弱光条件下光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)功能蛋白的稳态水平均有所降低。低温(77K)荧光分析表明,低温处理后类囊体膜光能吸收明显下降,而且FPSⅡ/FPSⅠ的比值均较对照组下降,表明低温弱光条件下有更多的激发能被分配到PSⅠ。低温处理同时还改变了类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化水平,捕光天线LHCⅡ蛋白中lhcb1的磷酸化水平明显降低,lhcb2的磷酸化水平增加,进一步证实lhcb2向PSⅠ移动,改变光能分配。PSⅡ反应中心D1、D2蛋白和核心天线CP43的磷酸化水平增高,有利于PSⅡ二聚体的稳定。     

植物光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体外周蛋白结构和功能的研究进展

光合放氧是植物光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的重要功能之一。PSⅡ的入氧反应主要是由PSⅡ氧化侧的4个锰原子组成的锰簇催化的。在类囊体膜的囊腔侧还结合有若干个外周蛋白,对放氧反应起着重要作用。文章总结了植物光系统Ⅱ外周蛋白的结构和功能研究方面的最新进展。     

融合膜中PSⅡ激发的电子推动嵴膜的电子传递和磷酸化

利用毛地黄苷从菠菜叶绿体类囊体膜制备了PSⅡ颗粒,氧化还原差示光谱及SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明其具备PSⅡ的典型特征,它具有从水氧化到质醌还原的酶活性。从大豆磷脂用超声法制备了脂质体。从鼠肝线粒体分离了嵴膜。将制备的PSⅡ颗粒预组装于脂质体,然后将此预组装物(PSⅡ—PL)再与嵴膜组合,此膜系于光下获得了相当量的ATP合成,证明了融合膜中PSⅡ电子传递可推动嵴膜的电子传递和磷酸化机构合成ATP。     

Chemical Cross-linking of Neighboring Thylakoid Membrane Polypeptides

Cross-linking between protein components of whole spinach (Spinacia oleracea var. Nobel) thylakoids and of photosystem I- and II-enriched thylakoid fractions has been produced by reaction with the bifunctional imidoester dimethyl-3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride as well as by the oxidation of intrinsic sulfydryl groups with an orthophenanthrolinecupric ion complex. The mixture of membrane proteins and their cross-linked products has been analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, with a reductive cleavage step of the cross-linkages before the second dimension. Cross-linked aggregates up to a molecular weight of about 130 kilodaltons (kD) were analyzed, and it was inferred that the polypeptides appearing together in the same aggregates were neighbors within the membrane.

In thylakoids as well as in isolated photosystem fractions, oligomers were formed by cross-linking polypeptides of the 60 to 90 kD range, among them the polypeptides of the chlorophyll-protein complex I. Polypeptides of 46, 19, and 12 kD were cross-linked to these complexes. Polypeptides of 25 and 22 kD, which are related to the chlorophyll-protein complex II, were cross-linked in thylakoids as well as in photosystem II fractions, suggesting that in the membrane these molecules are close together. In photosystem II fractions an oligomer having a molecular weight of about 60 kD was formed by cross-linking several polypeptides of different molecular weights: 40, 25, and 22 kD.

Our cross-linking experiments show that protein interactions in the thylakoid membrane occurred mainly among the polypeptides of the two chlorophyll-protein complexes, thus suggesting an oligomeric nature of these apoproteins.

     

Light stress photodynamics of chlorophyll-binding proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana thylakoid membranes revealed by high-resolution mass spectrometric studies

In higher plants the light energy is captured by the photosynthetic pigments that are bound to photosystem I and II and their light-harvesting complex (LHC) subunits. In this study, we examined the photodynamic changes within chlorophyll-protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves adapted to low light and subsequently exposed to light stress. Chlorophyll-protein complexes were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation and blue-native polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). Proteome analysis was performed using SDS-PAGE, HPLC and high resolution mass spectrometry. We identified several rarely expressed and stress-induced chlorophyll-binding proteins, showed changes in localization of early light-induced protein family and LHC protein family members between different photosynthetic complexes and assembled/disassembled subcomplexes under light stress conditions and discuss their role in a variety of light stress-related processes.     

Structural changes and lateral redistribution of photosystem II during donor side photoinhibition of thylakoids

The structural and topological stability of thylakoid components under photoinhibitory conditions (4,500 microE.m-2.s-1 white light) was studied on Mn depleted thylakoids isolated from spinach leaves. After various exposures to photoinhibitory light, the chlorophyll-protein complexes of both photosystems I and II were separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and analysed by Western blotting, using a set of polyclonals raised against various apoproteins of the photosynthetic apparatus. A series of events occurring during donor side photoinhibition are described for photosystem II, including: (a) lowering of the oligomerization state of the photosystem II core; (b) cleavage of 32-kD protein D1 at specific sites; (c) dissociation of chlorophyll-protein CP43 from the photosystem II core; and (d) migration of damaged photosystem II components from the grana to the stroma lamellae. A tentative scheme for the succession of these events is illustrated. Some effects of photoinhibition on photosystem I are also reported involving dissociation of antenna chlorophyll-proteins LHCI from the photosystem I reaction center.     

Biochemical characteristics of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts of dark-grown pine cotyledons

Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) cotyledons were found to synthesize chlorophylls in complete darkness during germination, although the synthesis was not as great as that in the light. The compositions of thylakoid components in plastids of cotyledons grown in the dark and light were compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of polypeptides and spectroscopic determination of membrane redox components. All thylakoid membrane proteins found in preparations from light-grown cotyledons were also present in preparations from dark-grown cotyledons. However, levels of photosystem I, photosystem II, cytochrome b_[ill]/f, and light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes in dark-grown cotyledons were only one-fourth of those in light-grown cotyledons, on a fresh weight basis. These results suggest that the low abundance of thylakoid components in dark-grown cotyledons is associated with the limited supply of chlorophyll needed to assemble the two photosystem complexes and the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex.     

Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Protein : Membrane Insertion, Proteolytic Processing, Assembly into LHC II, and Localization to Appressed Membranes Occurs in Chloroplast Lysates

The apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) is a major integral thylakoid membrane protein that is normally complexed with chlorophyll and xanthophylls and serves as the antenna complex of photosystem II. LHCP is encoded in the nucleus and synthesized in the cytosol as a higher molecular weight precursor that is subsequently imported into chloroplasts and assembled into thylakoids. In a previous study it was established that the LHCP precursor can integrate into isolated thylakoid membranes. The present study demonstrates that under conditions designed to preserve thylakoid structure, the inserted LHCP precursor is processed to mature size, assembled into the LHC II chlorophyll-protein complex, and localized to the appressed thylakoid membranes. Under these conditions, light can partially replace exogenous ATP in the membrane integration process.     

The marginal regions of thylakoid membranes: A partial characterization by polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) solubilization of spinach thylakoids

The detergent Tween-20 solubilized preferentially portions of the marginal regions of Spinacea oleracea L. thylakoid membranes and, thus, opened the inside of the grana to the external media. Differential centrifugation. following Tween-20 solubilization. enabled separate fractions of grana and stromal-exposed membranes to be isolated. Analysis of Tween-20 solubilized material, after pelleting all membrane material by centrifugation at 100 000 g, revealed polypeptides associated with the coupling factor (CF₁) particles, cytochrome b₆/f and photosystem II complexes, suggesting that the marginal membranes contain these proteins. Concomitantly, the 100 000 g pellet was depleted in cytochrome b₆/f and P700, determined spectroscopically, Thus. our results reveal the margin to be a distinct membrane region, which does not contain the light-harvesting centers of photosystem II (LHC II). The implication of these results, in terms of the energetic interaction of components of granal and stromalexposed membrane regions, is discussed.     

Isolation of PS II reaction centre and its relationship to the minor chlorophyll-protein complexes

Evidence is presented for the identification of the chlorophyll- protein complex CPa-1 (CP 47) as the reaction centre of photosystem II (PS II). We have developed a simple, rapid method using octyl glucoside solubilization to obtain preparations from spinach and barley that are highly enriched in PS II reaction centre activity (measured as the light-driven reduction of diphenylcarbazide by 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol). These preparations contain only the two minor chlorophyll-protein complexes CPa-1 and CPa-2. During centrifugation on a sucrose density gradient, there is a partial separation of the two CPa complexes from each other, and a complete separation from other chlorophyll-protein complexes. The PS II activity comigrates with CPa-1 but not CPa-2, strongly suggesting that the former is the reaction centre complex of PS II. Reaction centre preparations are sensitive to the herbicide 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), but only at much higher concentrations than those required to inhibit intact thylakoid membranes. A model of PS II incorporating our current knowledge of the chlorophyll-protein complexes is presented. It is proposed that CPa-2 and the chlorophyll a + b complex CP 29 may function as internal antenna complexes surrounding the reaction centre, with the addition of variable amounts of the major chlorophyll a + b light-harvesting complex.     

Protein synthesis by isolated Acetabularia chloroplasts. Synthesis of the two minor chlorophyll a complexes in vitro

Isolated chloroplasts of Acetabularia incorporate radioactive amino acids into more than 30 polypeptides in the light, including the apoprotein of the P700-chlorophyll a protein complex, the reaction centre core of photosystem I [Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 609. 107-120 (1980)]. In this paper it is shown that the apoproteins of the two minor chlorophyll a complexes, thought to be part of photosystem II reaction centre core, are also synthesized by isolated chloroplasts. Furthermore, they are integrated correctly into the thylakoid membrane in the absence of any cytoplasmic contribution, such that they can be isolated as chlorophyll-protein complexes indistinguishable from those already in the membrane. In contrast, the minor chlorophyll a + b complex 'CP 29' [Camm, E. L. and Green, B. R. (1980) Plant Physiol. 66, 428-432] and its dimers are not synthesized by isolated chloroplasts. In this they resemble the other chlorophyll a + b complex, the light-harvesting complex (LHC). It may be significant that the LHC, which is not essential for photosynthetic activity, is under nuclear control, while the reaction centre polypeptides, cytochrome b559, and cytochrome f, are synthesized on chloroplast ribosomes.     

Differential changes in degradation of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II during flag leaf senescence of rice.

The stability of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) was investigated by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence spectroscopy, absorption spectra and native green gel separation system during flag leaf senescence of two rice varieties (IIyou 129 and Shanyou 63) grown under outdoor conditions. During leaf senescence, photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation rate, carboxylase activity of Rubisco, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, and the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased significantly. The 77 K Chl fluorescence emission spectra of thylakoid membranes from mature leaves had two peaks at around 685 and 735 nm emitting mainly from PSII and PSI, respectively. The total Chl fluorescence yields of PSI and PSII decreased significantly with senescence progressing. However, the decrease in the Chl fluorescence yield of PSI was greater than in the yield of PSII, suggesting that the rate of degradation in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PSI was greater than in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PSII. The fluorescence yields for all chlorophyll-protein complexes decreased significantly with leaf senescence in two rice varieties but the extents of their decrease were significantly different. The greatest decrease in the Chl fluorescence yield was in PSI core, followed by LHCI, CP47, CP43, and LHCII. These results indicate that the rate of degradation for each chlorophyll-protein complex was different and the order for the stability of chlorophyll-protein complexes during leaf senescence was: LHCII>CP43>CP47>LHCI>PSI core, which was partly supported by the green gel electrophoresis of the chlorophyll-protein complexes.