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1.
Sexual selection theory implies a tight coupling between the evolution of male sexual display and the sensory capabilities
of the female. In sexually dimorphic species it is proposed that this might lead to sex differences in a species’ perceptive
abilities. However, supporting evidence for this is rare, and to date there is only one example; three-spined sticklebacks,
Gasterosteus aculeatus. Here, the female’s visual system is reported to become more red-sensitive during the summer breeding season; a time when
sexually mature males display a red throat and belly to potential mates. In contrast, a shift in sensitivity is not apparent
in males. These results, although commonly quoted, are surprising because previous observations suggest that both sexes may
benefit from the detection of the male’s red colour patch; in females the intensity of red coloration can influence the choice
of mate, and in males the conspicuous red colouration can aid the detection of rival males. To investigate this paradox we
repeated the original optomotor experiment using a fully controlled design. In contrast to the earlier result, we found that
both males and females exhibit a shift in their sensitivity to red during the reproductive period. These new data therefore
do not support the hypothesis that sex differences in perceptual abilities occur in sexually dimorphic species. 相似文献
2.
Sandra H. South Dianna Steiner G?ran Arnqvist 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2009,276(1673):3671-3678
Male mate choice in species with conventional sex roles is difficult to explain and has, therefore, been the focus of many recent theoretical models. These models have focused on variance in female quality and, to a lesser extent, male investments/costs associated with mating. In this study, we investigate the costs of courtship and copulation in the polygynous mosquito Sabethes cyaneus. In this species, both males and females possess elaborate ornaments. Previous studies suggest that the most likely explanation for the presence of these ornaments is mutual mate choice. Thus, this system provides an excellent model for exploring the evolution of mutual mate choice in polygynous species. We disentangle the costs of courtship and copulation by monitoring male survival in three groups of males: housed alone (group 1); able only to court females (group 2); or able to court and copulate with females (group 3). We show that males incur a cost of courtship and copulation and that courtship intensity is negatively related to male longevity. Our results suggest that courtship and copulation carry additive costs to males. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of current mutual mate choice theory and suggest that courtship costs may be an unappreciated key factor in the evolution of male mate choice. 相似文献
3.
Lee Alan Dugatkin Gerard J. FitzGerald Julie Lavoie 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1994,39(2):215-218
Synopsis Juvenile three-spined sticklebacks,Gasterosteus aculeatus, were given a series of four choice tests to determine whether they avoided schools of conspecifics in which individuals were parasitized with the ectoparasiteArgulus canadensis. Results from these tests indicate that juvenile sticklebacks can avoid schools of parasitized conspecifics. Furthermore, parasites alone did not elicit an avoidance response, suggesting that it is both the presence of the parasite and its effect on stickleback behavior that causes avoidance of parasitized individuals. 相似文献
4.
Randal J. Snyder 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1991,31(4):381-388
Synopsis Migratory fishes should exhibit higher growth rates and larger body size than nonmigrants. To test this hypothesis, laboratory reared threespine sticklebacks,Gasterosteus aculeatus, representing three populations from a single drainage in northern California, U.S.A. were compared. These populations differ in their migratory patterns, ranging from highly migratory anadromous forms to nonmigratory freshwater residents. The nonmigratory inland population was significantly smaller in standard length at most ages, with correspondingly reduced growth rates compared to the more migratory upstream and estuary populations. Von Bertalanffy growth functions described the growth trajectories of these fish well, accounting for approximately 99% of the variance in body size exhibited by these populations. Broad sense heritability estimates for body size were significant for all three populations at age 60 days but were significant only for the inland population at later ages. The results of this study provide evidence of genetically-based variation in growth rate and body size among these stickleback populations, and these differences are consistent with the hypothesis that adaptation to different migratory lifestyles has occurred. 相似文献
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Female mate choice can be hypothesised in most nocturnal primates, since females show a higher investment in their offspring than males. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate if female grey mouse lemurs perform mate choice and whether age, relatedness (to the male), or male advertisement call activity systematically influence their decisions. A two-way mate choice design was developed in which females could choose between two males. Mate choice was deduced from the time spent in proximity to the males and from mating behaviour. During oestrus 12 of 17 females participated actively in the experiment and all of them showed either a significant spatial (n=11) or behavioural (n=1) preference for one male. In four cases copulations were observed. The influence of age on female mate choice was not statistically significant. In the cases with copulations, however, females mostly preferred the older male. This might indicate a preference for older age as an indicator of experience, fitness, and/or status. The influence of relatedness on female mate choice could not be definitely clarified. However, results imply a mechanism of kin recognition on the basis of familiarity. In the majority of choices, females preferred the male with higher trill call activity. Since trill call activity correlates with the relative dominance status of males, these results suggest an importance of the male dominance status for female mate choice in grey mouse lemurs. Altogether our findings indicate that females use a complex of different cues to choose their mates. 相似文献
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In amphibians, theory predicts that male mate choice with respect to female body size can be expected to occur when female
fecundity is related to body size and when the time and energy invested into one mating are relatively large. Based on experimental
observations, we tested whether male mate choice occurs in a population of the Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi), a species in which both assumptions are likely to be met. When a male B. andrewsi was placed with a gravid female and a non-gravid similar-sized female, the male did not discriminate between them. When two
gravid females with distinct size differences were provided to a male, the male preferred the larger one. In an experiment
in which two different-sized gravid females were put in two separate transparent cylinders to exclude potential chemical cues,
males spent more time in proximity to the larger gravid females and jumped more frequently towards the larger gravid females
than the smaller ones. These findings suggest that male B. andrewsi recognizes female body size, exhibits mate choice, and prefers to mate with larger females that provide greater reproductive
potential. 相似文献
9.
We compared the shoaling behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, infected with the microsporidian, Glugea anomala, to that of non-infected conspecifics. Infected fish lost significantly more weight than non-infected fish during a period of food deprivation, suggesting a metabolic cost to parasitism. In binary shoal choice tests, non-infected test fish showed an association preference for a shoal of non-infected over a shoal of infected conspecifics; infected test fish displayed no preference. Infected fish, however, showed a higher overall tendency to shoal than non-parasitised fish. Furthermore, infected fish occupied front positions within a mixed school. We consider the behavioural differences between infected and uninfected fish in the context of their potential benefits to the fish hosts and the parasites. 相似文献
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11.
Genetics of osteal plate polymorphism and microevolution of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
V. V. Ziuganov 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1983,65(3):239-246
Summary The results of genetical studies of osteal plate polymorphism of threespine stickleback Gasterosteus
aculeatus reported to date (Munzing 1959; Hagen and Gilbertson 1973; Avise 1976) are discussed and proposed inheritance models are considered. Results of crosses between the morphs of G. aculeatus from the White Sea are presented. An attempt has been made by the author to devise a unifying model for the inheritance of plate morphs within the whole range of G. aculeatus. The role of polymorphism in the microevolutionary processes taking place within this complex species is discussed. 相似文献
12.
A new model of lateral plate morph inheritance in the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Banbura 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1994,88(6-7):871-876
The threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus, is polymorphic for the arrangement of lateral bony plates. It is confirmed in this paper that four morphs (not three) should be distinguished in this species: low plated, low plated with a keel, partially plated and completely plated. A new model is proposed to explain the inheritance of these morphs which involves one major gene with three alleles displaying a dominance hierarchy withA (completely plated) dominant toa (low plated) which is dominant toa
k (low plated with keel). The dominance of theA allele is modified to semidominance by a dominant alleleC at a second locus. This scheme explains all the results of relevant breeding experiments published so far. Field data also fulfill predictions derived from this model. 相似文献
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Summary Life history theory predicts that migratory fishes should delay reproduction, be larger at first reproduction, and have higher fecundities than nonmigrants. We tested this hypothesis by comparing life histories of anadromous (estuary) and resident freshwater (upstream) threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from the Navarro River, California, USA. Using a split-brood, two-environment breeding design, families from cach population were divided and reared in both freshwater and seawater overwintering environments. In both treatments, the more migratory estuary sticklebacks were larger at first reproduction and had large initial clutch sizes; in the freshwater treatment, the estuary sticklebacks matured later than the upstream fish. Population means varied little across treatments, indicating that the average effects of the different overwintering conditions were slight. The responses of individual families to a given overwintering treatment were highly variable in both populations, as reflected in significant family x treatment effects for all traits. Phenotypic correlations among life history traits were significant and positive for most traits, and were similar in magnitude in both populations. Differences in the relative degree of specialization for migration may in part explain variation in life history between these populations. 相似文献
17.
Marek S. Zitara Jadwiga Gronczewska Edward F. Skorkowski 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》1997,117(4):571-577
In the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) is encoded by three loci, Ldh-A, Ldh-B, and Ldh-C. LDH-B4 isoenzyme restricted its function to eye and brain, while LDH-C4 isoenzyme functions in the eye. In the Dead Vistula stickleback population, none of LDH loci is polymorphic. The LDH-B4 and LDH-C4 isoenzymes from the eye were purified to homogeneity to specific activity of 186 and 229 μmol NADH min−1mg−1, respectively, at 30°C. Some physico-chemical and kinetic properties revealed that eye LDH-C4 isoenzyme was more thermostable and had a higher affinity to pyruvate than LDH-B4 isoenzyme. Lower Km for pyruvate of eye LDH-C4 isoenzyme distinguishes it from fish LDH-C4 isoenzyme isolated from liver. 相似文献
18.
Cordero C 《Journal of theoretical biology》2005,232(3):443-449
Signa are structures of the inner wall of the female corpus bursae (structure where males deposit a spermatophore during copulation) of many Lepidoptera that assist in tearing open spermatophores. In this paper, three hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of signa are proposed. The first hypothesis considers natural selection pressures arising from ecological changes that favor an increase in oviposition rate as the force behind the evolution of signa. The other two hypotheses involve sexual selection. The second hypothesis proposes that sexually antagonistic coevolution is responsible of the evolution of signa: According to this hypothesis, the inverse relation between the length of the female's refractory period and the amount of ejaculate remaining in her corpus bursae, observed in most Lepidoptera studied, selects in males a decreased rate of spermatophore digestion (e.g. a thicker spermatophore envelope or a higher chitin content) that increases the length of the refractory period beyond the female's optimum; in response, females evolved signa as a counteradaptation to restore the female's optimum by increasing the rate of spermatophore digestion. The last hypothesis considers that signa may have evolved as a female device for cryptic choice of males based on the ability of these to influence the length of post-copulatory female refractory period. The different hypotheses make different predictions of the sequence of appearance of specific ecological factors and novel phenotypic traits through evolutionary time. Therefore, testing the relative importance of the hypotheses requires a formal comparative analysis. 相似文献
19.
The food selection and diet of juvenile three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) was studied in the littoral of a brackish-water sea area. The sampling stations were located in a eutrophicated area, where the plankton was characterized by rotifers, in a noneutrophicated zone, where copepods predominated, and in the intermediate zone, characterized by cladocerans. In all areas the fish preferred microcrustaceans to rotifers, but they did not feed strictly according to the size-selection hypothesis. Nor did they take the most abundant prey species. With some exceptions the species chiefly eaten by and also selected by fish, were those which had the largest biomass in the plankton. 相似文献
20.
We examined the affect of handling on reproductive signal expression in male threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Spectrophotometric techniques have become popular methods for measuring fish color, but the measurements require handling of the subjects in order to make measurements. Fish can undergo rapid physiological color change in response to stress. As such, handling fish may induce color changes and measured colour may not be representative of signal appearance under non-stressful conditions. We measured the reflectance characteristics of the opercular, ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral areas of 41 reproductive males from Hotel Lake, BC, Canada using spectroradiometry immediately upon capture and again at 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min post-capture. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that post-capture handling did not affect opercular or ventro-lateral reflectance characteristics over the 20 min period. However, we did observe a change in dorso-lateral reflectance characteristics of parental males over the experiment. The results of our study show that handling does not influence reflective properties of two key components of stickleback reproductive signals during a time frame that is reasonable for taking field measurements of signal color. 相似文献