CYP1B1酶抑制剂的最新研究进展

细胞色素P450(CYP)1B1是CYP1家族的一个亚型,参与多环芳香烃等前致癌物的代谢活化,并在17-β-雌二醇诱导的乳腺癌发生与发展过程中起到了关键性作用。该酶在肿瘤组织中的特异性高表达及在肿瘤细胞耐药中的作用,也已被大量研究证实。该酶的特异性分布及在肿瘤发生与发展中的重要地位,使得它成为抗肿瘤药物研究中的新靶点。其抑制剂研究,在肿瘤预防及克服肿瘤耐药方面具有重要意义。本文综述了近二十年来发现的CYP1B1酶的强选择性抑制剂,同时分析了它们的构效关系,对发现具有肿瘤预防及逆转肿瘤耐药作用的酶抑制剂提供了理论依据。     

CYP1B1基因与青光眼

遗传性青光眼包括两种主要的类型,原发性开角型青光眼(primary open angle glaucoma,POAG)和原发性先天型青光眼(primary congenital glaucoma,PCG).眼前节发育不良(anterior segment dysgenesis,ASD)是眼发育异常的遗传异质性病,与增长的眼内压和青光眼有关,包括Peter's异常、Rieger's异常、无虹膜和虹膜发育不全.CYPIB1基因是PCG的致病基因,也有少数报道是POAG的修饰基因,或是POAG和ASD的致病基因.本文就CYP1B1基因突变与遗传性青光眼和ASD发育不全的关系及其遗传特点作一综述.     

菘蓝CYP83B1基因的克隆与表达分析

对菘蓝（Isatis indigotica Fort.）CYP83B1基因进行了克隆与表达模式分析。结果显示,IiCYP83B1基因全长为1652 bp,包含2个外显子和1个内含子;cDNA全长为1500 bp,编码499个氨基酸。IiCYP83B1编码的蛋白没有跨膜结构域和信号肽,主要定位于内质网膜,属于亲水性蛋白,二级结构主要由无规则卷曲螺旋和α-螺旋组成,与萝卜（Raphanus sativus Linn.）、欧洲油菜（Brassica napus L.）、甘蓝（Brassica oleracea L.）和芜菁（Brassica rapa L.）等植物的CYP83B1蛋白具有较高的同源性。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,IiCYP83B1基因在菘蓝的根、茎、叶、花和果中均有表达,且以叶中的表达量最高;在幼苗期、生长期和花期稳定表达且均显著高于萌芽期;茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）和葡萄糖（glucose,Glu）能够显著促进该基因的表达,而低温（4℃）和水杨酸（salicylic acid,SA）处理对其表达具有一定的抑制效应。本研究结果可为进一步探讨IiCYP83B1基因的功能提供参考。     

氯吡格雷对大鼠肝药物酶CYP3A4 和CYP1A2 表达的影响

目的：氯吡格雷主要由CYP3A4 催化使其激活,CYP1A2 也参与氯吡格雷活化。关于氯吡格雷对肝微粒体酶的影响国内外 文献报道不多,因此本实验通过检测肝细胞色素氧化酶CYP3A4 和CYP1A2 的表达,探讨氯吡格雷对大鼠肝药物酶的影 响。方法：生理盐水为对照组,氯吡格雷设高、中、低三个剂量组（27,13.5,6.75mg/kg/d）,雄性健康大鼠连续灌胃给药7天,脱臼处 死,取肝组织,通过western blot法检测大鼠肝脏CYP3A4 和CYP1A2 蛋白表达情况。结果：1）、氯吡格雷抑制大鼠CYP3A4 蛋白 表达,氯吡格雷高中低剂量组分别比生理盐水组大鼠CYP3A4 蛋白表达量降低（P<0.05）;氯吡格雷低中高剂量组间进行比较,大 鼠CYP3A4 蛋白表达量呈梯度减少（P<0.05）;2）、氯吡格雷抑制大鼠CYP1A2 蛋白表达,氯吡格雷高中低剂量组分别比生理盐水 组大鼠CYP1A2 蛋白表达量降低（P<0.05）,氯吡格雷低中高剂量组间进行比较,大鼠CYP1A2 蛋白表达量呈梯度减少（P<0.05）。 结论：氯吡格雷使肝细胞色素氧化酶CYP3A4 和CYP1A2 的表达量减少,因此氯吡格雷高、中、低3 个剂量组均不同程度的抑制 大鼠肝脏CYP3A4 和CYP1A2 的表达,提示当氯吡格雷与某些主要经CYP3A4 和CYP1A2 代谢的药物合用时,发生代谢性相关 作用的可能性大。     

新型2-喹诺酮类Polo样激酶1抑制剂的设计合成及分子对接研究

目的:设计合成新型2-喹诺酮类Polo样激酶1(Plk1)抑制剂。方法:以Plk1抑制剂ON 01910为先导化合物,利用生物电子等排原理设计一系列2-喹诺酮类衍生物,用Autodock软件将该类化合物与Plk1进行分子对接和虚拟筛选,计算结合自由能;以取代的氯(溴)苄为起始原料,先后经巯基乙酸取代、双氧水氧化、与(对甲氧基)苯胺酰化,再经环合、水解制得目标化合物。结果:设计的化合物大多数与Plk1的结合自由能均比ON 01910的低,结合强度高、稳定性好;合成了16个2-喹诺酮类衍生物,产物结构经1H-NMR确证。结论:所得化合物中有15个为新化合物,化合物的结构设计科学合理,虚拟筛选结果良好,为后续实体筛选和化合物结构优化提供了理论依据和参考。     

环磷酰胺(CYP)通过激活Caspase-1诱导表达抑制小鼠皮肤的生长

环磷酰胺对于子宫内膜癌、B细胞淋巴癌、中央神经系统肿瘤等各类癌症的治疗有着良好的效果.但是,一个重要的问题是它对于患者的皮肤,产生严重的有害作用,产生这个作用的详细机制还不是很清楚.苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色和实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time qPCR)实验结果表明,环磷酰胺诱导caspase-1过量表达,而caspase-1基因的诱导性表达,可能引起了皮肤的非正常凋亡,从而对皮肤构成毒害.     

产黄曲霉毒素B1降解酶菌株的筛选鉴定及发酵条件优化

以香豆素为唯一碳源筛选到27株能高效降解黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的微生物菌株.用高效液相色谱检测AFB1含量的方法进行AFB1降解酶活力测定.以不同菌株发酵上清液中AFB1降解酶活力高低为复筛条件,筛选到AFB1降解酶活力最高的一株菌并命名为HSD8.该菌株经形态学、生理生化及系统发育学方法鉴定为Sinomonas sp..筛选所得最优菌株的发酵上清液中酶活达443 U/mL,通过单因素试验对其产酶发酵条件进行优化,以提高酶活.优化所得最佳发酵条件为:装液量50 mL/250 mL,发酵周期48 h,初始pH 5.0,接种量8％,发酵温度37℃,摇床转速160r/min.在最佳发酵条件下,该菌株发酵上清液中酶活可达548 U/mL,比优化前提高23.7％.优选菌株HSD8在生物降解黄曲霉毒素B1方面具有应用潜力,值得进一步研究开发.     

鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶抑制因子-1高表达抑制黑素瘤细胞在小鼠体内的生长

鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶抑制因子-1(ornithine decarboxylase antienzyme inhibitor-1,OAZI-1)是细胞内调节多胺代谢的重要蛋白质因子。已有研究发现,OAZI-1高表达的黑素瘤细胞在体外能更有效地被抗原提呈细胞识别和吞噬,提示OAZI-1在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有潜在的应用价值。为进一步分析OAZI-1高表达对黑素瘤细胞在小鼠体内生长的影响,高表达OAZI-1的黑素瘤细胞(B16/OAZI-1)被接种到实验小鼠体内,结果发现,接种瘤出现先成瘤随后逐渐消退的现象,至第24 d时,接种瘤的平均体积为36±25 mm3~,而对照细胞接种瘤的平均体积为326±309 mm~3。为探索上述现象的机制,随后分析了B16/OAZI-1在小鼠体内诱导的抗肿瘤免疫效应,结果发现:1)B16/OAZI-1接种显著增加了小鼠脾脏细胞对B16-F1瘤细胞的杀伤活性;2)源于B16-F1的细胞抗原能更有效地促进B16/OAZI-1接种小鼠脾脏细胞的增殖;3)B16/OAZI-1接种小鼠的脾脏细胞具有更强的分泌IFN-γ的能力;4)当在预接种B16/OAZI-1 30 d后的小鼠体内再次接种B16-F1活细胞时,新接种瘤细胞的生长受到显著抑制,小鼠的存活率增加。上述研究结果提示,高表达OAZI-1的黑素瘤细胞在实验动物体内的生长受到显著抑制,其机制可能与OAZI-1能促进肿瘤抗原提呈和诱导抗肿瘤免疫效应相关。     

Cocktail探针药物法评价傣药"雅解沙把" 对大鼠肝药酶P450亚型 CYP1A2、CYP2C19、CYP2E1、CYP3A4 活性的影响

目的:采用cocktail探针药物法研究傣药"雅解沙把"对肝细胞色素P450亚型CYP1A2、CYP2C19、CYP2E1、CYP3A4的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、苯巴比妥钠组(10.8 mg/kg)、"雅解沙把"低剂量组(0.27 g生药/kg)和"雅解沙把"高剂量组(2.43 g生药/kg),按上述剂量灌胃给药,空白对照组灌胃蒸馏水。连续灌胃7天后处死动物,取肝脏制备肝微粒体,以甲硝唑为内标,建立HPLC方法检测Cocktail探针药物奥美拉唑、氯唑沙宗、咖啡因、氨苯砜的代谢情况。结果:与空白对照组比较,"雅解沙把"低剂量组和高剂量组氯唑沙宗的代谢明显升高,氯唑沙宗的含量显著降低(P0.01),"雅解沙把"高剂量组奥美拉唑和氨苯砜的代谢明显升高,奥美拉唑和氨苯砜的含量明显降低(P0.05)。"雅解沙把"低剂量组和高剂量组虽咖啡因代谢较与空白对照组有上升的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:傣药"雅解沙把"能促进肝药酶CYP3A4、CYP2C19、CYP2E1的活性,加速药物代谢,这可能是其解药物毒的作用机制之一。     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 337B3(CYP337B3)的表达、纯化及结晶

【目的】以抗性棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera体内发现的一种基因重组导致的嵌合型P450酶CYP337B3作为研究对象,通过基因克隆、体外重组表达、蛋白质结晶等技术手段,获得CYP337B3(△23)的晶体结构,为深入了解棉铃虫P450酶CYP337B3的结构与功能奠定基础。【方法】对CYP337B3编码基因进行了密码子优化,通过基因重组,将其转化至BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中进行原核表达尝试,通过亲和层析及RESOURCETM Q离子交换层析对CYP337B3(△23)进行体外纯化,利用气相悬滴结晶方法对CYP337B3(△23)进行结晶条件的筛选及X射线晶体衍射。【结果】通过密码子优化,实现了CYP337B3(△23)在大肠杆菌原核表达系统内的大量表达,经过体外纯化及十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,CYP337B3(△23)蛋白纯度可达到95%左右,我们对CYP337B3(△23)进行了蛋白结晶条件的筛选,最终获得了CYP337B3(△23)的结晶条件和蛋白晶体。【结论】本文利用气相悬滴结晶方法获得了CYP337B3(△23)的蛋白晶体,为今后CYP337B3的三维结构解析、功能研究以及最终阐述该种新型的棉铃虫抗药机制奠定了良好的基础。     

AH receptor antagonist inhibits constitutive CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in rat BP8 cells

The BP8 variant of the 5L rat hepatoma cell line is completely devoid of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and is a useful model to examine AHR function. Previous studies showed that BP8 cells, when transfected with mouse AHR, exhibit induction of a plasmid-based reporter even in the absence of exogenous ligands. We transfected BP8 cells with full-length human AHR and found that presence of the AHR alone was sufficient to induce substantial CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA without any exogenous AHR ligand. An AHR antagonist, 3,4-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. When we transfected BP8 cells with a mutated human AHR that is defective in ligand binding, expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was diminished but not abolished. Inhibition by the AHR antagonist along with the diminished response to the mutated AHR indicates that BP8 cells contain some agent that acts as an agonist ligand for the AHR.     

Polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene have higher risk for prostate cancer

Various carcinogenic factors including estrogen metabolites play a role in malignant transformation. These metabolites are formed in part, as a result of the hydroxylation activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1. Variant forms of this enzyme have been shown to enhance its activity, and thus, we hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene can be a risk factor for prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis, the genetic distribution of six different CYP1B1 polymorphisms at intron 1 (C-->T), codon 48 (C-->G), codon 119 (G-->T), codon 432 (C-->G), codon 449 (C-->T), and codon 453 (A-->G) was analyzed in 117 prostate cancer samples and 200 healthy normal subjects from a Japanese population. Results of these experiments demonstrate that the genotype at codon 119 is significantly different between prostate cancer patients and controls (P<0.001). The odds ratio of genotype T/T compared to G/G (reference) was calculated as 4.02 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.73-9.38. All other codons, except 453, showed polymorphisms but were not significantly different between cancer patients and controls. No association was found between stage and grade of cancer with any of the polymorphic sites. This is the first report that demonstrates the polymorphism at codon 119 of CYP1B1 to be associated with prostatic carcinogenesis. These results are important in understanding the role of CYP1B1 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.     

cDNA cloning and characterization of feline CYP1A1 and CYP1A2

Deficiency of drug glucuronidation in the cat is one of the major reasons why this animal is highly sensitive to the side effects of drugs. The characterization of cytochrome P450 isoforms belonging to the CYP1A subfamily, which exhibit important drug oxidation activities such as activation of pro-carcinogens, was investigated. Two cDNAs, designated CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b, corresponding to the CYP1A subfamily were obtained from feline liver. CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b cDNAs comprise coding regions of 1554 bp and 1539 bp, and encode predicted amino acid sequences of 517 and 512 residues, respectively. These amino acid sequences contain a heme-binding cysteine and a conserved threonine. The cDNA identities, as well as the predicted amino acid sequences containing six substrate recognition sites, suggest that CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b correspond to CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, respectively. This was confirmed by the kinetic parameters of the arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities of expressed CYPs in yeast AH22 cells and by the tissue distribution of each mRNA. However, theophylline 3-demethylation is believed to be catalyzed by CYP1A1 in cats, based on the high V(max) and low K(m) seen, in contrast to other animals. Because feline CYP1A2 had a higher K(m) for phenacetin O-deethylase activity with acetaminophen, which cannot be conjugated with glucuronic acid due to UDP-glucuronosyltransferase deficiency, it is supposed that the side effects of phenacetin as a result of toxic intermediates are severe and prolonged in cats.     

Molecular modelling of human CYP1B1 substrate interactions and investigation of allelic variant effects on metabolism

Molecular modelling of human CYP1B1 based on homology with the mammalian P450, CYP2C5, of known three-dimensional structure is reported. The enzyme model has been used to investigate the likely mode of binding for selected CYP1B1 substrates, particularly with regard to the possible effects of allelic variants of CYP1B1 on metabolism. In general, it appears that the CYP1B1 model is consistent with known substrate selectivity for the enzyme, and the sites of metabolism can be rationalized in terms of specific contacts with key amino acid residues within the CYP1B1 heme locus. Furthermore, a mode of binding interaction for the inhibitor, alpha-naphthoflavone, is presented which accords with currently available information. The current paper shows that a combination of molecular modelling and experimental determinations on the substrate metabolism for CYP1B1 allelic variants can aid in the understanding of structure-function relationships within P450 enzymes.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrole-based chalcones as CYP1 enzyme inhibitors,for possible prevention of cancer and overcoming cisplatin resistance

Inhibitors of CYP1 enzymes may play vital roles in the prevention of cancer and overcoming chemo-resistance to anticancer drugs. In this letter, we report synthesis of twenty-three pyrrole based heterocyclic chalcones which were screened for inhibition of CYP1 isoforms. Compound 3n potently inhibited CYP1B1 with an IC₅₀ of ～0.2 μM in Sacchrosomes? and CYP1B1-expressing live human cells. However, compound 3j which inhibited both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 with an IC₅₀ of ～0.9 µM, using the same systems, also potently antagonized B[a]P-mediated induction of AhR signaling in yeast (IC₅₀, 1.5 µM), fully protected human cells from B[a]P toxicity and completely reversed cisplatin resistance in human cells that overexpress CYP1B1 by restoring cisplatin’s cytotoxicity. Molecular modeling studies were performed to rationalize the observed potency and selectivity of enzyme inhibition by compounds 3j and 3n.     

Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences of guinea pig CYP2B18 and rat CYP2B2: absence of a phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module in the upstream region of the CYP2B18 gene

Potential mechanisms were investigated whereby CYP2B18, a cytochrome P450 gene exhibiting high constitutive expression but only low levels of phenobarbital-inducibility in the guinea pig liver, may be differentially regulated versus the highly inducible rat CYP2B2 gene. To comparatively assess potential regulatory sequences associated with CYP2B18, a guinea pig genomic library was screened enabling isolation of the CYP2B18 gene. The genomic screening process resulted in the identification of at least four closely-related CYP2B18 genes, designated here as CYP2B18A-D. Of these isolates, CYP2B18A exhibited sequence identical to that of the CYP2B18 cDNA. Further, the deduced amino acid sequence of the CYP2B18 cDNA was identical to that of N-terminal and internally-derived peptide sequences obtained in this investigation from CYP2B18 protein isolated from guinea pig liver. Genomic structural sequences were derived for CYP2B18A, together with the respective 5'-upstream and intronic regions of the gene. Comparison of the CYP2B18A and CYP2B2 gene sequences revealed the lack of repetitive LINE gene sequences in CYP2B18A, putative silencing elements that effect neighboring genes, although these sequences were present in both 5'-upstream and 3'-downstream regions of CYP2B2. We determined that the phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module was absent from the 5'-upstream region as well as the intronic regions of CYP2B18A gene. We hypothesize that the compromised phenobarbital inducibility of CYP2B18A stems from its lack of a functional phenobarbital responsive enhancer module.