转录病毒载体介导的稳定表达口蹄疫病毒3D基因的BHK21细胞系的建立

[目的]研究口蹄疫病毒RNA聚合酶在BHK-21细胞中的稳定表达状况,为研究RNA聚合酶生物学活性及其基囚工程疫苗研制提供科学依据.[方法]从重组质粒pMD18-T-3D扩增口蹄疫病毒3D基因,通过分子克隆技术构建莺组逆转录病毒表达载体pBPSTR1-3D.用pBPSTR1-3D和pVSV-G双质粒瞬时转染GP2-293包装细胞,收获重组逆转录病毒,然后感染BHK-21细胞,嘌呤霉素持续筛选12 d后获得阳性克隆,并用有限稀释法挑选单个阳性细胞克隆.[结果]应用PCR、RT-PCR技术可从体外反复传代的阳性细胞中扩增到3D基因,证实目的外源基因能转录并被稳定整合进宿主细胞基因组中.经SDS-PAGE、Western blot、间接免疫荧光检测到在不同代次的阳性细胞中有目的蛋白表达.[结论]本试验利用逆转录病毒载体介导的基因转移技术,将外源基因插入到靶细胞的基因组中,构建了稳定表达口蹄疫病毒RNA聚合酶的包装细胞系,为研究3D基因表达及其蛋白定位提供了方便,也为下一步研究RNA聚合酶生物学功能和疫苗研制提供了科学依据.     

慢病毒载体pITA-HBP1的制备及感染效率的测定

慢病毒载体是目前基因治疗中研究较多的载体,与通常使用的逆转录病毒载体和腺病毒载体比较,它有感染非分裂期细胞及容纳大片段外源性目的基因等优点.本文应用基因重组的方法,构建了1种新型的慢病毒载体,并将转录因子HBP1基因插入到这一载体上,成为pITA-HBP1.检测其在人的肿瘤细胞和正常细胞中的转染效率,发现转染效率明显增加,Western印迹证实外源基因得到高效表达.这一结果,对今后实验室提高基因的转染效率、表达水平,以及研究基因的表达调控,都提供了重要的技术方案.     

慢病毒载体pITA-HBP1的构建及感染效率的测定

慢病毒载体是目前基因治疗中研究较多的载体, 与通常使用的逆转录病毒载体和腺病毒载体比较, 它有感染非分裂期细胞及容纳大片段外源性目的基因等优点.本文应用基因重组的方法,构建了1种新型的慢病毒载体,并将转录因子HBP1基因插入到这一载体上,成为pITA-HBP1.检测其在人的肿瘤细胞和正常细胞中的转染效率,发现转染效率明显增加,Western 印迹证实外源基因得到高效表达.这一结果,对今后实验室提高基因的转染效率、表达水平,以及研究基因的表达调控,都提供了重要的技术方案.     

基于逆转录病毒载体的外源基因表达系统的评价和应用

逆转录病毒表达系统是基因治疗研究和RNA干扰技术广泛采用的外源基因表达系统。文中以增强型绿色荧光蛋白 (EGFP) 基因的表达水平和稳定性为指标,比较逆转录病毒表达载体pQCXIN和pcDNA3.1(+) 表达质粒介导的外源基因在HEK293细胞和CHO-K1细胞的表达效率。病毒感染HEK293细胞和CHO-K1细胞的相对荧光强度 (Relative fluorescence intensity,RFI) 均约为对应的质粒转染细胞的2倍。多轮反复感染逆转录病毒表达载体能有效提高HEK293细胞表达EGFP的效率。HEK293细胞经4轮病毒感染后的RFI值较1次病毒感染HEK293细胞的RFI值约提高2倍。此外,逆转录病毒表达载体介导的外源基因表达的稳定性优于质粒转染的外源基因表达。采用携带人重组活性蛋白C (Recombinant human activated protein C,rhAPC) 基因的pQCXIN和HEK293细胞进一步验证了逆转录病毒载体介导的外源基因表达效率,构建了rhAPC表达水平为10~15 mg/(106 cells·d) 的HEK293细胞系。研究结果表明,逆转录病毒表达系统是有应用价值的介导外源基因在哺乳动物细胞高效表达的技术途径。     

利用Gateway技术构建慢病毒载体及其在鸡囊胚细胞中的表达

目的:建立慢病毒载体介导的外源基因在动物中表达的模式。方法:通过PCR扩增出带EGFP基因和特异性结合位点的DNA序列,并应用Gateway技术构建了带EGFP基因的pLenti6/v5-DEST慢病毒载体。利用磷酸钙介导慢病毒4质粒系统在包装细胞中转染,收集并浓缩产生的病毒颗粒,通过感染293FT细胞测定慢病毒滴度。结果:通过PCR扩增后测序分析,表明慢病毒载体构建正确。病毒滴度测定结果为2×107TU/mL。并用慢病毒对鸡囊胚细胞进行感染,获得了较强的表达效果。结论:慢病毒载体系统所产生的病毒颗粒对动物细胞具有较强的感染能力,为慢病毒载体在转基因家禽研究中的应用奠定了基础。     

慢病毒介导Nanog基因在小鼠ES细胞的表达

试验尝试构建小鼠Nanog基因慢病毒表达载体,培养表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞。结果显示通过RT-PCR扩增出918bp的小鼠Nanog基因,测序正确的小鼠Nanog基因通过慢病毒介导在小鼠ES细胞表达后,表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞生长状态同普通ES细胞无明显差异,在无LIF的ES细胞培养液培养条件下,表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞保持正常的ES细胞集落,碱性磷酸酶、Oct4和SSEA-1免疫细胞化学检测为阳性,相同情况下未表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞集落退化消失。试验证实了通过慢病毒载体介导培养了表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞。试验尝试构建小鼠Nanog基因慢病毒表达载体,培养表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞。根据小鼠Nanog基因m RNA序列设计Nanog基因引物,引物两端带有Nhe I和Xho I酶切位点。Trizol试剂处理小鼠ES细胞,通过RT-PCR扩增出小鼠Nanog基因,小鼠Nanog基因用Nhe I和Xho I酶切后连入pcDNA3.1载体中,PCR检测阳性的细菌克隆进行测序,测序正确的Nanog基因片段连接入PLL-IRES-Neo慢病毒表达载体中,包装含有Nanog基因的慢病毒感染小鼠ES细胞,在SNL细胞饲养层上G418筛选2周后,添加普通ES细胞培养液在普通小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上培养。结果显示通过RT-PCR扩增出918 bp的小鼠Nanog基因,测序正确的小鼠Nanog基因通过慢病毒介导在小鼠ES细胞表达后,表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞生长状态同普通ES细胞无明显差异,在无LIF的ES细胞培养液培养条件下,表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞保持正常的ES细胞集落,碱性磷酸酶、Oct4和SSEA-1免疫细胞化学检测为阳性,相同情况下未表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞集落退化消失。试验证实了通过慢病毒载体介导培养了表达外源Nanog基因的小鼠ES细胞。     

骨髓基质细胞的分离、鉴定以及TH基因的转染与表达

目的是探索骨髓基质细胞的分离培养、鉴定及其接受并表达TH基因的能力。实验中通过密度梯度离心法成功地从成年SD大鼠骨髓中分离获得了骨髓基质干细胞 ,并用流式细胞仪对其进行鉴定 ,纯度可达 75 %。进一步采用复制缺陷型腺相关病毒载体介导的基因转染方法 ,将之改造成为携带lacZ与TH基因的工程细胞 ,经X gal染色和TH免疫组化检测 ,转染效率为 (74 .6± 19.4 ) %。实验结果表明骨髓基质细胞易于接受并表达外源基因 ,有望作为运载细胞应用于帕金森病的基因治疗。     

慢病毒载体介导的RNA干扰

RNA干扰(RNAinterference)是指由双链RNA分子抑制同源基因的表达。慢病毒载体(lentivirusvector)则是高效的基因转导工具,能将外源序列稳定导入分裂相和非分裂相细胞。将慢病毒载体和RNA干扰结合,能在哺乳动物各类细胞中,特异性抑制同源基因的表达;也是基因功能研究和基因治疗的有力手段。     

猪肾细胞脂质磁转染系统的构建与表征

磁性纳米基因载体是一种非病毒基因载体,经过功能性基团修饰后能够连接阳离子转染剂构建细胞转染系统。本文将磁转染技术结合常用的脂质体转染,形成了一种新型动物体细胞转染方法,即称脂质磁转染(Liposomal magnetofection,LMF)。这将为体细胞克隆培育转基因动物提供稳定遗传的细胞系。为构建脂质磁性纳米基因载体复合物系统,本研究利用一种磁性纳米基因载体通过分子自组装与脂质阳离子转染剂结合,用于携带外源基因转染动物体细胞。通过原子力显微镜(AFM)观测、ζ电位-粒度等分析表征手段,研究磁性纳米基因载体的形貌、粒径分布、负载及浓缩DNA的方式。结果表明,通过猪肾(PK)细胞的LMF实验,与脂质体(Lipofectamine2000)介导的转染比较,具有较高的转染率,更重要的是克服了脂质体转染瞬时表达的缺陷。MTT细胞毒性试验结果也显示该方法具有较低的细胞毒性。因此LMF是一种切实可行的高效低毒性的细胞转染方法。     

eNOS基因在JAR细胞中的表达

本研究应用脂质体介导转染技术将人内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)基因转入绒癌细胞系JAR细胞 ,获得转染阳性细胞。用RT PCR和Westernblot技术从基因及蛋白水平对表达产物进行鉴定 ,结果显示 :有较高水平的mRNA转录和特异目的蛋白表达 ;通过免疫细胞化学方法证实 ,转染eNOS基因的阳性JAR细胞与对照组相比 ,有外源eNOS蛋白高表达 ;但是一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性及其催化产物NO并没有直接升高 ;使用A2 3187处理则能增加NOS的活性 ,说明在转染的JAR细胞中 ,NOS没有被直接激活     

Inhibition of multidrug resistance by SV40 pseudovirion delivery of an antigene peptide nucleic acid (PNA) in cultured cells

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is known to bind with extraordinarily high affinity and sequence-specificity to complementary nucleic acid sequences and can be used to suppress gene expression. However, effective delivery into cells is a major obstacle to the development of PNA for gene therapy applications. Here, we present a novel method for the in vitro delivery of antigene PNA to cells. By using a nucleocapsid protein derived from Simian virus 40, we have been able to package PNA into pseudovirions, facilitating the delivery of the packaged PNA into cells. We demonstrate that this system can be used effectively to suppress gene expression associated with multidrug resistance in cancer cells, as shown by RT-PCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and cell viability under chemotherapy. The combination of PNA with the SV40-based delivery system is a method for suppressing a gene of interest that could be broadly applied to numerous targets.     

无机纳米粒子作为基因载体的研究进展

转染是将具生物功能的核酸转移、运送到细胞内,并使其在细胞内维持生物功能的过程。作为现代生物化学和分子生物学中的一种主要技术手段,转染对于基因治疗有重要的意义。无机纳米粒子作为基因载体受到人们日益广泛的关注,其具有易于制备,可进行多样化的表面修饰等多种优势。本文将概述无机纳米粒子作为基因载体的现状及其对基因表达的影响。     

A novel potent strategy for gene delivery using a single peptide vector as a carrier.

We have shown previously that a peptide, MPG, derived from the hydrophobic fusion peptide of HIV-1 gp41 and the hydrophilic nuclear localisation sequence of SV40 large T antigen, can be used as a powerful tool for the delivery of oligonucleotides into cultured cells. Now we extend the potential of MPG to the delivery of nucleic acids into cultured cells. In vitro, MPG interacts strongly with nucleic acids, most likely forming a peptide cage around them, which stabilises and protects them from degradation in cell culture media. MPG is non-cytotoxic, insensitive to serum and efficiently delivers plasmids into several different cell lines in only 1 h. Moreover, MPG enables complete expression of the gene products encoded by the plasmids it delivers into cultured cells. Finally, we have investigated the potential of MPG as an efficient delivery agent for gene therapy, by attempting to deliver antisense nucleic acids targeting an essential cell cycle gene. MPG efficiently delivered a plasmid expressing the full-length antisense cDNA of human cdc25C, which consequently successfully reduced cdc25C expression levels and promoted a block to cell cycle progression. Based on our results, we conclude that MPG is a potent delivery agent for the generalised delivery of nucleic acids as well as of oligonucleotides into cultured cells and believe that its contribution to the development of new gene therapy strategies could be of prime interest.     

Nonviral gene transfer to skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle in living animals

The study of muscle physiology has undergone many changes over the past 25 years and has moved from purely physiological studies to those intimately intertwined with molecular and cell biological questions. To ask these questions, it is necessary to be able to transfer genetic reagents to cells both in culture and, ultimately, in living animals. Over the past 10 years, a number of different chemical and physical approaches have been developed to transfect living skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle systems with varying success and efficiency. This review provides a survey of these methods and describes some more recent developments in the field of in vivo gene transfer to these various muscle types. Both gene delivery for overexpression of desired gene products and delivery of nucleic acids for downregulation of specific genes and their products are discussed to aid the physiologist, cell biologist, and molecular biologist in their studies on whole animal biology. electroporation; liposomes; plasmids; transfection; gene expression     

Microparticle bombardment as a tool in plant science and agricultural biotechnology

Microparticle bombardment technology has evolved as a method for delivering exogenous nucleic acids into plant cells and is a commonly employed technique in plant science. Desired genetic material is precipitated onto micron-sized metal particles and placed within one of a variety of devices designed to accelerate these "microcarriers" to velocities required to penetrate the plant cell wall. In this manner, transgenes can be delivered into the cell's genome or plastome. Since the late 1980s microparticle bombardment has become a powerful tool for the study of gene expression and production of stably transformed tissues and whole transgenic plants for experimental purposes and agricultural applications. This paper reviews development and application of the technology, including the protocols and mechanical systems employed as delivery systems, and the types of plant cells and culture systems employed to generate effective "targets" for receiving the incoming genetic material. Current understanding of how the exogenous DNA becomes integrated into the plant's native genetic background are assessed as are methods for improving the efficiency of this process. Pros and cons of particle bombardment technologies compared to alternative direct gene transfer methods and Agrobacterium based transformation systems are discussed.     

Ionic liquids: prospects for nucleic acid handling and delivery

Operations with nucleic acids are among the main means of studying the mechanisms of gene function and developing novel methods of molecular medicine and gene therapy. These endeavours usually imply the necessity of nucleic acid storage and delivery into eukaryotic cells. In spite of diversity of the existing dedicated techniques, all of them have their limitations. Thus, a recent notion of using ionic liquids in manipulations of nucleic acids has been attracting significant attention lately. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, in particular, their micro-structuring impact and tunability, ionic liquids are currently applied as solvents and stabilizing media in chemical synthesis, electrochemistry, biotechnology, and other areas. Here, we review the current knowledge on interactions between nucleic acids and ionic liquids and discuss potential advantages of applying the latter in delivery of the former into eukaryotic cells.     

Delivery of shRNA using gold nanoparticle-DNA oligonucleotide conjugates as a universal carrier

The efficient delivery of nucleic acids into mammalian cells is a central aspect of research involving cell biology and medical applications, including the clinical treatment of genetic disorders. We report an efficient small hairpin RNA (shRNA) delivery system that utilizes a single species of gold nanoparticle-DNA oligonucleotide conjugate (AuNP-DNA oligo) as a universal carrier. In vitro synthesized shRNA that is specific to the p53 gene was efficiently delivered into HEK293 and HeLa human cell lines using an AuNP-DNA oligo. The delivery resulted in an 80-90% knockdown of p53 expression. The same AuNP-DNA oligo was also efficient for the delivery of another shRNA, which is specific to the Mcl-1 gene, as well as the repression of MCL-1 expression. The knockdown efficiency of shRNA that was delivered using an AuNP-DNA oligo was comparable with that of a liposome-based shRNA delivery method. Our results offer an alternate delivery system for shRNA that can be used on any gene of interest.     

Dendritic cell delivery of plasmid DNA

Positive human clinical data using biolistic-mediated gene transfer (i.e., gene gun) to administer a nucleic acid-based Hepatitis B vaccine has validated genetic immunization as an effective clinical vaccine modality. Although the precise mechanism of action has yet to be determined, preclinical studies using jet injection have indicated that direct targeting of resident antigen presenting cells (Langerhan's cells) in the skin as the primary immunological driving force for the potent and long-lived immune response. Moreover, positive results with topical delivery of genetic vaccines and ex vivo loading of dendritic cells with antigen has strengthened the movement toward directly targeting antigen presenting cells as a means to amplify, control, and mediate the immunological consequences of prophylactic and/or therapeutic genetic vaccines. Despite these encouraging results with the gene gun, it is unclear whether this technology will translate into commercially available vaccines due to potential product development barriers such as cost and convenience. It is clear that safety concerns in using genetic approaches to treat and prevent disease have highlighted the need for strict product requirements for genetic vaccines. A plausible strategy to meet these requirements is to combine controlled plasmid delivery systems with tissue-specific gene expression systems.     

siRNA delivery technologies for mammalian systems

Inhibition of gene expression using the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is rapidly becoming the method of choice for studying gene function in mammalian cells. However, successful knockdown of the target gene requires efficient delivery of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Several technologies have been developed that enable effective delivery of siRNAs to both cells in culture and whole animals. These technologies will allow the use of RNAi to study gene function in mammalian model systems in which classical methods are often limited and costly.     

Synthetic vectors for gene delivery: An overview of their evolution depending on routes of administration.

Nucleic acid delivery constitutes an emerging therapeutic strategy to cure various human pathologies. This therapy consists of introducing genetic material into the whole body or isolated cells to correct a cellular abnormality or disfunction. As with any drug, the main objective of nucleic acid delivery is to establish optimal balance between efficacy and tolerance. The methods of administration and the vectors used are selected depending on whether the goal of treatment is the production of an active protein; the replacement of a missing or inactive gene; or the combat of acquired diseases, such as cancer or AIDS. In that sense, synthetic vectors represent a valuable solution because they are well characterized, their structure can be fine tuned, and their potential toxicity can be reduced, since toxicity depends on the composition of the formulations. Here we review various synthetic vectors for gene delivery and address the question of their biodistribution as a function of the route of administration. We highlight the modifications to vectors structure and formulations necessary to overcome the major hurdles limiting the effectiveness of nucleic acid therapies.