Estimation of breast burn size

It is the authors' opinion that the size of chest burns on large-breasted women can be significantly underestimated, especially if the methods of calculation rely on burn charts, such as the Lund and Browder burns chart. This latter chart is based on data derived from only three women and eight men. The surface area of the torsos of 60 volunteers (20 men, 20 small-breasted women, and 20 large-breasted women) was measured using two well-established techniques. The torso surface area was divided into two parts: the anterior trunk and the posterior trunk (i.e., torso surface area = posterior trunk + anterior trunk). The anterior trunk was subdivided and the area above the costal margins defined as the pectoral region. These areas were measured separately for each individual. The volunteers' total body surface area was calculated using normograms, based on their weight and height. The area of each torso section was recorded as a percentage of the total body surface area and torso surface area. Whereas the torso surface area/total body surface area ratio did not vary significantly between the groups, the proportion of anterior to posterior trunk size did depend on the sex and on breast size. There was a direct correlation between the woman's bra cup size and the ratio of anterior-to-posterior trunk surface area. A simple chart was therefore derived that estimates the relative size of a woman's torso surface area once her bra cup size is known. Such a chart can be used to improve accuracy in adult female chest burn estimation, when used in conjunction with a burns chart. Breast burns in larger breasted women are underestimated when calculated using current burn charts. We recommend that a correction be made when estimating chest burns in women to account for the increased surface area of the breasts. A chart, such as the one we have developed, could be used in conjunction with a burn chart (e.g., Lund and Browder) to make this correction.     

Dependence of media cross-sectional area on circumference of aortic rings from normal and hypertensive rats

The purpose of this study is to determine if cross-sectional area and media thickness depend on circumference in excised vessels. Measurements were obtained from rat aortic rings chemically fixed after excision. Rings were fixed without distention or after mounting on circular rods of different diameters. Media cross-sectional area increased with circumference but thickness decreased. Thickness and area were significantly greater in the SHR than the WKY rat at all circumferences. Results of a theoretical analysis predict that cross-sectional area and thickness will depend on circumference in excised rings. Best-fit curves of the experimental data to the theoretical relationships show that neither thickness nor cross-sectional area of the aorta is consistently better correlated with circumference in SHRs and WKY rats. The following conclusions are made: (i) Media cross-sectional area and thickness depend on circumference in excised-aortic rings, and (ii) for a specific method of preparation, thickness and cross-sectional area are equally accurate when comparing aortic rings from normal and hypertensive rats. If an experimental determination of the relationship between circumference and cross-sectional area (or thickness) cannot be done, we suggest that a reasonable alternative is to compare these measurements at the same circumference.     

Morphometric examination of the gills of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill) and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Observations on the gill morphology of individual gill arches of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri suggest that the first two arches account for the highest proportion of gill filament number, secondary lamellae number, lamellae area, and gill surface area. Interspecific comparisons suggest walleye contain a larger number of gill filaments, with a lower secondary lamellae count, but a larger gill surface area than a trout of the same weight. This is partially attributed to the larger surface area of each lamella in a walleye than in a trout.
A detailed examination suggests the surface area of a lamella is dependent on its position on the gill filament, and the position of the gill filament on the gill arch.     

大型露天煤矿区土地扰动的时空变化

选择平朔矿区安太堡露天煤矿为研究区域,采用主成分分析方法对1990年和2005年两期Landsat-TM遥感影像进行分析,探讨了研究区15年间的土地利用变化.结果表明:由于露天矿区土地扰动下土地类型、面积分布及其景观格局的不同,其遥感影像的光谱空间特征也不相同,但前2个主成分构成的空间特征结构十分明显,第1主成分主要表示采煤运煤区、边坡区以及剥离堆垫区的特征信息,第2主成分主要表示植被高覆盖区及植被低覆盖区的特征信息.将研究区的土地利用类型按照剥离区、采挖区、复垦区和原地貌四大类型进行分类,15年间,采挖区基本保持原有面积;原地貌面积减少了15.263km2;复垦区面积增加了8.513km2;剥离区面积不断扩大,从1990年的5.522km2增加到2005年的11.889km2.     

Influences of Different Land Use Spatial Control Schemes on Farmland Conversion and Urban Development

Land use planning is always officially implemented as an effective tool to control urban development and protect farmland. However, its impact on land use change remains untested in China. Using a case study of Hang-Jia-Hu region, the main objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of different land use spatial control schemes on farmland conversion and urban development. Comparisons of farmland conversion and urban development patterns between the urban planning area and the non-urban planning area were characterized by using remote sensing, geographical information systems, and landscape metrics. Results indicated that farmland conversion in the non-urban planning area was more intensive than that in the urban planning area, and that farmland patterns was more fragmented in the non-urban planning area. Built-up land patterns in the non-urban planning area showed a trend of aggregation, while those in the urban planning area had a dual trend of fragmentation and aggregation. Existing built-up areas had less influence on built-up land sprawl in the non-urban planning area than that in the urban planning area. Built-up land sprawl in the form of continuous development in the urban planning area led to farmland conversion; and in the non-urban planning area, built-up land sprawl in the form of leapfrogging development resulted in farmland areal declines and fragmentation. We argued that it is a basic requirement to integrate land use plans in urban and non-urban planning areas for land use planning and management.     

The effect of human population size on the breeding bird diversity of urban regions

Most studies of the effects of urbanization on avian diversity are carried out in a single urban area. However, urban areas vary in characteristics, such as human population size and biophysical context, that likely influence within-urban area ecological structure and functioning. In this paper, we describe the first direct test of the effect of urban area human population size on bird diversity. We applied simultaneous autoregressive modeling and multi-model inference to North American Breeding Bird Survey and US Census data from 48 urban areas in the conterminous United States to determine the effect of urban area human population size on total breeding bird species richness and abundance in surrounding urban regions, controlling for variation in elevation, air temperature, precipitation, urban area age, human population density, and original habitat type. We hypothesized that increasing urban area human population size is a driver of increasing regional habitat loss and fragmentation and disturbance and therefore would have a negative effect on breeding bird species richness and abundance in regions. We found strong evidence for a negative effect of urban area human population size on species richness and show that urban area human population size is positively correlated with impervious surface cover and air pollutant emissions in urban regions, lending provisional support to our hypothesis. Our results imply that we prioritize urban regions surrounding urban areas with large human population sizes for conservation activities that will benefit birds, such as preserving green spaces. In future, greater emphasis should be placed on the acquisition of high-quality ecological data in multiple urban areas in order to increase our understanding of the structure and functioning of complex urban systems, a frontier in urban ecology.     

南京市区景观破碎化过程中的斑块规模结构动态

基于南京市1988、1998和2003年3期TM影像,将农田、林地、居民聚居地及在建用地按斑块面积分为16个级别,研究了景观破碎化过程中,不同级别斑块数量的变化情况。结果表明,农田面积持续萎缩,破碎度上升,中小型斑块数量以较稳定速度增长;林地总面积略有波动,大中型斑块数量较为稳定,而中小型斑块受城市化进程影响,数量高度不稳定;居民聚集地在1988~1998年以在原有基础上扩张为主,在1998~2003年出现了大量新斑块,且两个时段的各级别斑块数量增长率呈极显著负相关;在建用地数量迅速增长,土地利用更加规模化。以上表明,斑块类型和大小对斑块的稳定性及变化趋势均有影响。     

祁连山国家公园青海片区山水林田湖草的时空分异

祁连山国家公园被确定为我国国家公园体制试点之后,对其生态环境保护、管制、修复提出了更高、更精准的要求。基于1980—2018年遥感影像数据,构建山水林田湖草空间信息格局图谱,分析祁连山国家公园青海片区一般控制区和核心保护区山水林田湖草的时空分异特征。结果表明: 研究期间,草地是公园主体景观,面积为8174.93 km²,其中,核心保护区草地面积是一般控制区的1.2倍;裸岩石质地是未利用土地的主要类型,分别占核心保护区和一般控制区未利用土地面积的86.7%和79.4%;一般控制区的林地面积大于核心保护区;核心保护区的水域面积是一般控制区的4.9倍,核心保护区90.4%的水域面积为永久性冰川雪地;旱地主要集中在一般控制区。1980—2018年间,水域面积呈降低趋势,减少186.75 km²,其中,永久性冰川雪地下降最明显,一般控制区和核心保护区分别下降12.05和175.88 km²;林地、草地整体呈增加趋势,核心保护区高、中、低覆盖度草地的变化趋势均大于一般控制区,1990—2000年变化最明显,1980—2018年一般控制区高、中覆盖度草地和核心保护区高、低覆盖度草地存在退化现象;裸岩石质地呈上升趋势,而永久性冰川雪地呈下降趋势。永久性冰川雪地和裸岩石质地是公园内变化最明显的地类,核心保护区冰川退缩速度比一般控制区退缩速度明显,其转为裸岩石质地主要发生在1980—1990和2000—2010年。     

人为干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局——变动趋势与敏感性反应

2002～2004年,在阿拉善荒漠区的典型地区,选择了4种不同干扰条件的样地,分别为开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区,在两种尺度上研究啮齿动物群落的变动趋势及其种群的敏感性反应,在每种干扰条件的地段设计了标志流放区,面积为0.95hm2,采用标志重捕法,每月连捕4d,同时在4种不同干扰条件的地区选择了4条线路取样,每条线路面积约10 km2,采用铗日法调查,分别在4、7、10月份取样.用不同干扰条件下每个群落组成种的捕获量构成变量矩阵,应用PCA（主成分分析）方法分析群落中种群对不同干扰条件的敏感性反应.结果表明,3个年度中在两个观察尺度上,啮齿动物群落的格局在4种不同的干扰条件下表现出不同特征,各个群落的组成种类和主要种类的数量均有较大差异,特别是在开垦区和过牧区两种干扰条件下啮齿动物群落的组成种类及主要种类的数量均有较大的改变.同时PCA分析结果表明,在3个年度的两种观察尺度上,啮齿动物群落中的主要种群在4种不同干扰条件下的敏感性反应具有明显的差别.在开垦区黑线仓鼠的敏感性反应最强,在禁牧区的反应也较明显;在轮牧区各鼠种的敏感性反应差别不明显,而在过牧区三趾跳鼠和小毛足鼠的反应最强.     

The natural history of the growth of the hand: I. Hand area as a percentage of body surface area

The use of a patient's own hand as a tool to estimate the area of burn injury is well documented. The area of the palmar surface of one hand has been estimated to be 1 percent of the body surface area. The area of the palmar surface of the hand was measured to test the accuracy of this estimate and then compared with the body surface area as calculated by formulas in common use. This study also sought to determine the natural history of the growth of the hand to permit development of a readily available, bedside means of estimating hand area and body surface area. Bilateral hand tracings were obtained from 800 volunteers ranging in age from 2 to 89 years. The area of each tracing was determined using an integrating planimeter. The height and weight of each individual were measured, and his/her body surface area was calculated. The palmar hand's percentage of body surface area was determined by calculating the quotient for hand area divided by body surface area. Additionally, the width of the hand was measured from the ulnar aspect at the palmar digital crease of the small finger to the point where the thumb rested against the base of the index finger. The length of the hand was measured from the middle of the interstylon to the tip of the middle finger. These two figures were multiplied together to obtain a product which approximated the area of the hand. Based on the most commonly used DuBois formula for calculating body surface area, the area of palmar surface of the hand corresponds to 0.78 +/- 0.08 percent of the body surface area in adults. The percentage varies somewhat with age and reaches a maximum of 0.87 +/- 0.06 percent in young children. Multiplying the length of the hand by its width overestimates the area of the hand as determined by planimetry by only 2 percent. A patient's own hand may be used as a complementary, readily available template for estimation of burn area or other areas of disease or injury. In adults, the area of tracing of the outline of the hand is 0.78 percent of the body surface area, whereas in children, this number tends to be slightly higher. In the emergency room or on the wards, a simple product of length multiplied by width of the hand will closely approximate the area as determined by planimetry. This method allows a more accurate determination of the area of the palmar surface of the hand than the 1 percent estimate, which may lead to an overestimation of the size of a burn wound in adults.     

A neglected facet of island biogeography: The role of internal spatial dynamics in area effects

The classical theory of island biogeography has as its basic variable the presence or absence of species on entire islands, and as its basic processes colonization and extinction rates on entire islands as functions of island area, distance, and so forth. Yet for many organisms with limited dispersal abilities, it may be more reasonable to consider larger islands as comprised of an ensemble of local populations coupled by within-island dispersal. Conceptual arguments and a simple patch occupancy model are used to examine the potential relevance of such internal spatial dynamics in explaining area effects, expressed via the probability that a species is present per unit area as a function of total island area. The model suggests that strong area effects depend on a rather fine balance between local colonization and extinction rates. A fruitful direction of future research should be the application of patch dynamic theory to classic island biogeographic questions and systems.     

江西赣江源区域两栖动物的群落组成和物种多样性特征

赣江发源于武夷山脉南段西麓的高山岭间,该区域独特的地理环境和气候特征蕴育了丰富的生物多样性。然而关于该区域两栖动物群落组成和物种多样性调查非常匮乏,不利于赣江源头两栖动物物种多样性的保护。于2016年4—9月期间在江西赣江源区域采用样线法调查了两栖动物的资源状况、群落组成及物种多样性特征,比较了它们在山地森林区、丘陵森林与农田区和盆地农田区3类栖息地之间的差异性。结果表明:赣江源区域分布有8科23种两栖动物,新增记录3个物种,包括尖舌浮蛙、寒露林蛙和九龙棘蛙,泽陆蛙和饰纹姬蛙为优势种。赣江源区域的两栖动物群落组成和物种多样性存在显著的季节间差异和栖息地间差异;两栖动物季节性繁殖是造成前者差异的主要因素,而土地利用类型、栖息地特征、空间距离、生活习性的物种特性等因素成就了后者差异的出现。因此,春、夏季一般有比秋季见到更高的两栖动物物种丰富度和多样性;山地森林区的两栖动物物种丰富度和多样性最高,盆地农田区次之,丘陵森林与农田区的最低。山地森林区应成为赣江源区域两栖动物多样性保护的优先区域。国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物虎纹蛙,在3类栖息地中均有分布,且在盆地农田区和山地森林区能见到更多个体,但农...     

The effect of cooling rate and of dimethyl sulfoxide concentration on low temperature preservation of neonatal rat heart cells

The effect of five cooling rates, 1, 5, 10, 30, and 50 °C/min, and of four DMSO concentrations, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%, on the survival of neonatal rat heart cells after freezing and thawing were studied. Growth area, contracting area and contraction frequency were used as viability parameters. Growth area and contracting area were measured in a number of fields in statistically adjusted locations of the culture dish on the second and on the fifth day of culturing.Without freezing, DMSO concentrations higher than 5% caused a considerable decrease of the growth area and of the contracting area. After freezing and thawing, biphasic survival curves were found with a narrow optimum at 2.5, 5, and 10% DMSO and a broad optimum at 7.5% DMSO. The survival based on the growth area and the survival based on the contracting area were about the same on the second day of culturing but differed on the fifth day. On the second day of culturing the highest survival was 73%, at a cooling rate of 5 °C/min and with 5% DMSO. On the fifth day of culturing the highest survival based on the growth area was 100%, at a cooling rate of 10 °C/min with 7.5% DMSO; the contracting area was the same as on the second day. The cooling rate of 5 °C/min was optimal at all DMSO concentrations tested. There was no correlation between the contracting area and the spontaneous contraction frequency after freezing and thawing when both were expressed as percentages of the control. The contraction frequency after freezing and thawing was independent of the cooling rate and was maximally 50% of the control value.     

基于生境指数的天山中部云杉林潜在分布区预测

基于天山中部云杉生长分布的生境条件,综合考虑水、热、地形因素,利用3S技术和空间建模技术构建云杉分布生境指数模型,通过选取生境指数阈值,预测了天山云杉林潜在分布区.结果表明: 模型模拟的潜在分布区与现有云杉林分布区生境条件差异不显著,而与云杉林不可分布区生境差异显著;基于构建的生境指数模型,界定出研究区有7.01×10³ hm²的林地下限带、林间空地及阴坡半阴坡区域为云杉潜在分布区,占研究区总面积的6.4%,是未来林地的发展空间.     

马尾松-栎类天然混交林群落最小面积确定及方法比较

用种面积曲线和群落系数面积曲线的方法对宜昌梅子垭地区一种主要植物群落类型的最小面积进行了研究。结果表明,对所研究的植被类型,样地布置为 １０ｍ ×１０ｍ 及２０ｍ ×２０ｍ 可满足不同研究精度的要求。群落系统面积曲线和种面积曲线一样,比较直观。虽然取样调查时工作量稍大,但运用群落系数面积曲线的方法可更多地包含种类组成及群落结构随面积而变化的信息,所确定的最小面积也能够真实地反映整个群落种类组成及结构的特征。     

Extrastriate feedback to primary visual cortex in primates: a quantitative analysis of connectivity.

Knowledge-based or top-down influences on primary visual cortex (area V1) are believed to originate from information conveyed by extrastriate feedback axon connections. Understanding how this information is communicated to area V1 neurons relies in part on elucidating the quantitative as well as the qualitative nature of extrastriate pathway connectivity. A quantitative analysis of the connectivity based on anatomical data regarding the feedback pathway from extrastriate area V2 to area V1 in macaque monkey suggests (i) a total of around ten million or more area V2 axons project to area V1; (ii) the mean number of synaptic inputs from area V2 per upper-layer pyramidal cell in area V1 is less than 6% of all excitatory inputs; and (iii) the mean degree of convergence of area V2 afferents may be high, perhaps more than 100 afferent axons per cell. These results are consistent with empirical observations of the density of radial myelinated axons present in the upper layers in macaque area V1 and the proportion of excitatory extrastriate feedback synaptic inputs onto upper-layer neurons in rat visual cortex. Thus, in primate area V1, extrastriate feedback synapses onto upper-layer cells may, like geniculocortical afferent synapses onto layer IVC neurons, form only a small percentage of the total excitatory synaptic input.     

长白山红松针阔叶混交林林冠层叶面积指数模拟分析

根据长白山原始红松针阔叶混交林光合有效辐射的连续3年自动观测结果,结合便携式叶面积仪的季节观测,建立了以林冠上下光合有效辐射估算森林冠层叶面积指数的半经验公式.结果表明,该方法可以很好地反映叶面积的季节动态. 通过3年叶面积指数的季节动态比较发现,该森林冠层叶面积的起始生长日期随气温稳定通过0 ℃的日期延迟而延迟,整个生长季的叶面积动态可划分成上升期、相对稳定期和下降期,每个阶段都与大于0 ℃的积温存在较好的相关关系,分别用Logistic曲线和线性方程表达. 并对叶面积的观测和估算方法中存在的问题进行了讨论.     

Structure and formation of ankylosis in Xenopus laevis

The structure of ankylotic teeth in Xenopus laevis was studied by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy as well as by microradiography in decalcified and undecalcified specimens. The mature teeth of Xenopus laevis are calcified from the crown to the base, fused to the jaw bone, and have no uncalcified area, such as a fibrous ring separating the tooth into the crown and pedicle. Microradiography shows that the mature tooth and jaw bone appear as an X-ray opaque area, except for the basal region of the dentine. This region is composed of an X-ray translucent area and an X-ray opaque thin layer on the lingual side of the translucent area. The mature tooth is composed of two differently calcified areas: (1) a highly calcified area, which makes up almost all of the tooth and contains a thin layer of the basal dentine on the lingual side, and (2) a lowly calcified basal dentine, which is fused to the jaw bone. Therefore, the lowly calcified area does not completely separate the dentine and jaw bone. Repeating banding patterns among the collagen fibrils differ among the dentine-forming area and the matrices of dentine and jaw bone. During the formation of ankylosis of the tooth germ, collagen bundles in the dentine-forming area accumulate directly on the surface of the jaw bone. Consequently, the mature teeth of Xenopus laevis fuse to the jaw bone directly without the mediation of the other structures.     

Responses to defoliation of species-rich and monospecific tropical plant communities

Summary Floristically rich and monospecific tropical plant communities both responded to partial defoliation with increases in rates of production of new leaf area. Even after 50% of the leaf area had been removed three times, the leaf area increments were still higher in defoliated plots than in controls. Mean leaf area increment after defoliation, on a leaf area per unit ground area basis, was 905 cm² m^-2 d^-1 in diverse successional vegetation and 536 cm² m^-2 d^-1 in a cassava monoculture. Although defoliation stimulated leaf area development, on a per unit ground area basis, in both the cassava monoculture and the successional vegetation, the effect was more pronounced in the successional vegetation. On a per unit leaf area basis, leaf area increments following defoliation in both the diverse successional vegetation and the monoculture were approximately five times those of controls. The diverse plant community continued to respond vigorously after repeated defoliation, while the amount of stimulation of leaf are development in the monoculture declined. Because of their ability to respond even after repeated defoliation, diverse communities may in the long term be more homeostatic with respect to leaf area than are monocultures. The enhanced responsiveness of the species-rich community was due to changes in plant species abundance and very rapid leaf area development by some species.     

小尺度森林生态功能分区研究——以台湾惠荪林场为例

基于景观生态学中结构与功能相互依存的理念 ,选定小尺度森林为研究对象 ,根据生态系统内部结构特性 ,确立森林生态功能的空间定位 ,以提高森林生态系统的功能与价值。研究首先基于森林生态系统具有生物生产、环境服务及文化支持等基本功能 ,提出上述功能应通过森林生产、教学实习、科学研究、休闲游憩和生态保护等功能区加以体现。后依据研究区环境特征进行影响因子分析 ,结合景观生态与生态规划相关理论 ,构建森林生态功能分区方案。在案例实践中 ,选择台湾惠荪林场进行研究 ,配合研究区现况 ,期望通过功能区与结构的空间调整 ,达到服务功能的优化。