光强对黄檗幼苗三种生物碱含量的影响

设置光强分别为全光照的100%(不遮荫)、75%、50%和25%的4种光照处理,比较了不同光强下1年生黄檗幼苗主要药用成分小檗碱、药根碱和掌叶防己碱含量的变化.结果表明,全光照有利于小檗碱、药根碱和掌叶防己碱在茎外皮和根中的合成和积累,总体上随光强减弱,3种生物碱含量降低.相对光强为75%时黄檗幼苗生物量最大,而75%相对光强下黄檗幼苗3种生物碱的单株产量(生物碱含量与生物量之积)最高.     

滤光膜对黄檗(Phellodendron amuranse)幼苗三种生物碱含量的影响

以滤光膜遮光处理1年生黄檗(Phellodendron amuranse)幼苗,测定了幼苗生物量及根、茎外皮中的小檗碱、药根碱和掌叶防己碱含量.红色、黄色、蓝色和绿色滤光膜对黄檗幼苗的根和茎生物量都有不同程度的抑制作用,其中黄膜的抑制作用最小,而蓝膜和绿膜的抑制作用最强.滤光膜处理也不同程度地抑制了小檗碱、药根碱和掌叶防己碱的合成和积累,红膜的抑制作用最小,蓝膜和绿膜的抑制作用最强.滤光膜处理后,3种生物碱的单株产量都低于对照,红膜处理小檗碱的产量显著高于黄膜处理,但红膜和黄膜处理下的药根碱和掌叶防己碱的产量差异不显著,蓝膜和绿膜处理的3种生物碱的产量都始终最低.滤光膜处理不利于黄檗幼苗的生长和上述3种生物碱的积累.     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4+-N和NO3--N的比例, 研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明, 硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长, 叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4+-N/NO3--N为25/75 时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下, 黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性则较高, 叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

水分胁迫对黄檗幼苗三种生物碱含量的影响

黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）是东北阔叶红松林的重要伴生树种,也是我国名贵中药关黄柏的药源植物,小檗碱（berberine）、药根碱（jatrorrhizine）、掌叶防己碱（palmatine）是研究者通常关注的主要黄檗生物碱。通过池栽法和渗灌控水方式设置了对照、轻度干旱、重度干旱和水涝（土壤水势分别控制在-40～-20KPa、-80～-60KPa、〈-80KPa和-20～0KPa）4种水分处理。比较了不同水分状况下黄檗幼苗小檗碱、药根碱及掌叶防己碱含量的变化。对于当年生的黄檗幼苗,总体上轻度干旱有利于上述3种生物碱的合成与积累,重度干旱处理下幼苗3种生物碱的含量与对照差异不大。而水涝处理则导致幼苗3种生物碱的含量显著降低。同时,干旱或水涝处理都导致黄檗幼苗生长受抑,幼苗的株高、茎径和生物量都显著低于对照幼苗,因此3种生物碱的单株产量仍是对照的黄檗幼苗最高。茎外皮是中药黄柏的药用部位,也是黄檗幼苗中3种生物碱含号最丰的部位。实验结果预示短期的轻度干旱处理可以提高茎外皮的小檗碱含量。这对以获取生物碱为目的的黄檗幼苗培育可能有参考价值。     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的比例,研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明,硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长,叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为25／75时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下,黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性则较高,叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

不同植被地区天然黄檗生物碱含量对季节的响应

黄檗(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)不仅为中国特有的濒危植物,还是我国著名中药材"关黄柏"的药源植物,由于其珍贵的药用价值而被过度开采。本研究采用HPLC检测不同植被地区天然黄檗种群中药根碱、掌叶防己碱和小檗碱等生物碱的含量,分析不同部位,不同季节对生物碱分布的影响。研究表明,药根碱在黄檗各部位的分布为:根皮茎皮多年生枝一年生枝叶片。掌叶防己碱含量分布为:茎皮多年生枝皮根皮一年生枝叶片。小檗碱在不同部位的分布规律表现为:根皮茎皮多年生枝一年生枝叶片。根皮和茎皮中的药根碱含量随着春、夏、秋季节的推移呈逐渐上升的趋势,表现为秋季夏季春季,而多年生枝皮、一年生枝、叶片中的药根碱则是秋季春季夏季。各部位的掌叶防己碱均随着季节推移而升高,表现为秋季夏季春季。根皮、茎皮和多年生枝皮中小檗碱含量随着季节变化表现为夏季秋季春季。一年生枝中小檗碱在夏季降低,而到了秋季再升高。     

氮素形态及配比对5个种源菘蓝的生物碱类成分和多糖的影响

以5份不同种源的菘蓝为材料,采用田间小区试验,设置不施氮(CK)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、NH4+-N/NO3--N=75/25、NH4+-N/NO3--N=50/50、NH4+-N/NO3--N=25/75和酰胺态氮等7个处理,分析比较了不同种源植株的靛蓝、靛玉红和总生物碱含量、(R,S)-告依春及多糖含量等指标的差异,为菘蓝栽培生产中氮素的高效利用提供理论参考。结果表明:氮素处理有利于提高山西运城菘蓝和陕西商洛菘蓝叶内靛蓝含量,以及安徽亳州菘蓝和陕西商洛菘蓝叶内的总生物碱含量;NH4+-N/NO3--N=50/50处理对山西运城菘蓝,以及酰胺态氮处理对山西运城菘蓝和陕西商洛菘蓝叶内生物碱类成分的积累均有促进作用;与对照相比,氮素处理亦能有效地提高甘肃张掖菘蓝和陕西商洛菘蓝根内的(R,S)-告依春及安徽亳州菘蓝根内的多糖含量;安徽阜阳菘蓝(R,S)-告依春含量在任一氮处理下均远远高于其他种质菘蓝。研究表明,不同种源菘蓝对氮素处理的响应存在较大的差异,建议生产中综合考虑菘蓝的来源和需肥规律,采用经济有效的施氮组合,以提高其活性成分含量。     

不同氮素形态比例对五味子幼苗生长特性的影响

以2年生五味子苗木为试验材料,在田间条件下,施以铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)不同比例,分析了叶片可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量、根系及茎叶中全氮含量、生物量等季节的动态变化规律,探讨了不同氮素形态比例对五味子苗木生长的影响。结果表明,五味子苗木在不同生长时期对不同氮素形态的吸收和利用存在明显差异,NH4+-N和NO3--N对五味子幼苗生长有显著的联合效应。在五味子生长前期,五味子主要以吸收和同化NH4+-N为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为75∶25时地上部生物量积累较多;而在五味子生长的中后期,五味子主要以NO3--N吸收和同化为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为25∶75时地上部生物量积累较多。     

不同氮素形态及水分胁迫对水稻苗期水分吸收、光合作用及生长的影响

采用室内营养液培养, 聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫处理、HgCl2抑制水通道蛋白活性的方法, 在3种供氮形态下(NH4+-N/ NO 3--N为100/0、50/50和0/100), 研究了水稻苗期水分吸收、光合及生长的状况。结果表明, 在非水分胁迫下, 水稻单位干重吸水量以单一供NO3--N处理最高, 加HgCl2抑制水通道蛋白活性后, 单一供NO3--N、NH4+-N和NH4+-N/ NO3--N为50/50处理的水稻水分吸收分别下降了9.6%、20.7%和16.0%; 但在水分胁迫下, 单一供NO3--N的处理水分吸收量显著降低, 低于其它2个处理, 加HgCl2抑制水通道蛋白活性后, 水分吸收量分别降低了1.0%、18.8%和23.5%。在2种水分条件(水分胁迫与非水分胁迫)下, 净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和细胞间隙CO2浓度等指标均以单一供NH4+-N处理最大,NH4+-N/ NO3--N为50/50处理次之, 单一供NO3--N处理最小。HgCl2处理结果表明, 不同形态氮素营养能够影响水稻幼苗根系水通道蛋白活性。在2种水分条件下, NH4+-N/ NO3--N为50/50处理的生物量(干重)均最大。本研究为水稻苗期合理施肥以壮苗提供了理论依据。     

季节和地理差异对天然黄檗小檗碱和药根碱含量的影响

用高效液相色谱法测定了黄檗根皮、茎皮、多年生枝皮、1年生枝和叶片中小檗碱和药根碱的含量,研究黄檗不同部位两种生物碱的季节和地理差异。结果表明:不同季节,天然黄檗各部位的小檗碱、药根碱含量均表现为:根皮茎皮多年生枝皮1年生枝叶片。小檗碱含量随着季节变化在各部位呈现夏季升高,到秋季下降的趋势。而药根碱在不同部位中的含量随着季节变化的规律不同。根皮、茎皮中的药根碱含量随着季节推移逐渐增多,在夏季升高不明显,而到秋季大量积累。多年生枝皮、1年生枝、叶片中的药根碱在3个季节表现则为先降后升。从纬度水平上看,不同地域间黄檗各部位的生物碱差异显著,在调查的40°—50°N范围内,黄檗两种生物碱的含量普遍在纬度低的地区较高,随着纬度增大先逐渐降低,到N44°左右达到最低值,到了高纬度地区略有回升。     

Low-molecular-weight ligands in plants: role in metal homeostasis and hyperaccumulation

Photosynthesis Research - Mineral nutrition is one of the key factors determining plant productivity. In plants, metal homeostasis is achieved through the functioning of a complex system governing...     

Testing the nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive nature of insect galls: does a non‐adapted herbivore perform better in galls?

Abstract.  1. The nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive nature of galls states that gall-inducing insects control the nutrient levels in galls to their own benefit. Although the nutrition hypothesis is widely accepted, there have been few empirical tests of this idea.
2. A novel method is presented for testing the nutrition hypothesis that links manipulation of gall nutrient levels by the gall inducer to herbivore performance. The effects of adaptation and nutritional advantage are separated by using a herbivore that is adapted to a host plant susceptible to galling but one which never enters the gall environment.
3.  Hellinsia glenni (Cashatt), a plume moth (Pterophoridae) and one of its host plants provide an excellent system for testing the nutrition hypothesis because H. glenni larvae feed internally on the relatively nutrient-poor stems of a goldenrod, Solidago gigantea , but do not venture into the nutrient-rich galls induced on that plant by a tephritid fly, Eurosta solidaginis . The nutrition hypothesis was tested by transplanting early-instar H. glenni larvae into galls and stems of S. gigantea to determine if the larvae transplanted to galls would perform better compared with those larvae transplanted to stems.
4. The results support the nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive nature of galls. Hellinsia glenni achieved greater final mass in the gall environment compared with the final mass larvae achieved in the stem environment. There was also evidence that the quality of gall tissue is controlled by the gall inducer, which has not been previously demonstrated for mature E. solidaginis galls.     

The model symbiotic association between Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong and Rhizobium meliloti strain 2011 leads to N-stressed plants when symbiotic N2 fixation is the main N source for plant growth

A better knowledge of the nitrogen nutrition of Medicago truncatula at the whole plant level and its modulation by environmental factors is a crucial step to reach a complete understanding of legume nitrogen nutrition. This study was based on the symbiotic system that is the most commonly used by the research community (M. truncatula cv. Jemalong A17 x Rhizobium meliloti strain 2011). Plant nitrogen nutrition was analysed in relation to carbon nutrition, under a range of nitrate concentrations in the nutrient solution and different light conditions. This study shows that this 'model symbiotic association' does not allow the plant to meet its nitrogen requirements, when dinitrogen fixation is the main nitrogen source for plant growth. A strong interaction between nitrogen and carbon nutrition was shown: when plant nitrogen requirements were not sustained, plant leaf area was much affected whereas photosynthesis per unit leaf area remained relatively stable. Both total nitrogen uptake and leaf area increased with increasing nitrate concentration in the nutrient solution; the magnitude of these responses varied according to the light conditions. Interestingly, the plant nitrogen nutrition level remained nearly unaffected by the light conditions. The observed nitrogen-limitation in this 'model symbiotic association' is an important finding for the research community. Based on practical recommendations regarding both the experimental conditions and the phenotypic traits to consider, a methodological framework was proposed to (i) help genomicists to assess plant nitrogen nutrition better, and (ii) assist in the detection of new genetic variants affected for nitrogen uptake in large-scale phenotyping studies.     

植物钾营养性状的遗传潜力v

钾是植物生长发育所必需的大量元素,是与氮、磷并列的植物营养的“三大要素”之一。不同植物种类或同种类植物的不同品种之间钾营养效率的差异非常显著,这为植物钾营养性状的遗传改良提供了科学依据     

Theoretical and practical approaches to the genetic specificity of mineral nutrition of plants

Summary Mineral nutrition of plants is one of the most important factors controlling biomass production. However, the efficiency of utilizing certain elements of mineral nutrition in biomass production is highly related to the genetic specificity of plants. The present paper deals with problems and former results regarding plant mineral nutrition presented from the genetic aspects. Particular attention has been devoted to the increased efficiency of using both the natural fertility of soils and mineral fertilizers by creating and utilizing suitable cultivars and hybrids, increased efficiency of using mineral nutrients under certain ecological conditions, plant-specific role of microorganisms in enriching soil with nitrogen and soluble forms of other elements, role of genetic specificity of mineral nutrition in plants in solving the problems of environmental pollution, principles of evaluating the genetic specificity of mineral nutrition in plants, genotype features influencing uptake of mineral nutrients, criteria for evaluating the genetic specificity of mineral nutrition of plants, and also to the methods for selecting genotypes for specific soil types, and mineral nutrition.     

Proteins as nitrogen source for plants: A short story about exudation of proteases by plant roots

Interest in the problem of plant nitrogen nutrition is increasing. Certain plants can use not only inorganic nitrogen but also intact amino acids and short peptides. According to our studies, the roots of several agricultural and wild-living plants are able to exude proteases and use them to create a pool of accessible N. This mini-review offers an overview of the problem of protease exudation by plant roots and its potential role in plant nitrogen nutrition.Key words: amino acids, organic nitrogen, nutrient uptake, plant nitrogen nutrition, protease exudation     

Study of interaction between plant nutrition (N,P,K and Ca) and verticillios wilt disease (Verticillium dahliae) in cucumber

Cucumber wilt disease caused by verticillium dahliae is one of the most important diseases of cucumber. Disease severity can to be decreased by plant nutrition management, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium levels. For this purpose, interaction between plant nutrition and cucumber verticillios disease in cucumber was studied. Different levels of N, P, K and Ca on one current cultivar of cucumber were investigated at the presence and absence of fungus, using a factorial analysis based on completely randomized design with three replications. Significant different were observed among the different levels of elements used in this study. Presence of N, P, K and Ca increased the percentage of alive plants in comparison with control (distilled water + fungus). The effects of different levels of N, P, K and Ca were also investigated on growth of V. dahliae in vitro at a complete randomized design with three replications. Variance analysis of growth area of the fungus showed significant difference among some levels of the elements. The highest area growth of fungus was occurred at 0.1 gr/l of KNO3 and was 47/26 Cm2. The factors investigated, clearly suggested the occurrence of a wide interaction between cucumber nutrition (N, P, K and Ca) and V.dahliae and showed the importance of plant nutrituin management for decrease of disease severity.     

The Effects of Mother Plant Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition on Hollow Heart and Bleaching of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seed

Pea plants were grown in a greenhouse under different conditionsof nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition. In one experiment thetwo treatments, consisting of 450 mg N, 255 mg P and 450 mgN, 422 mg P per plant, produced seeds with a high incidenceof hollow heart (40·1% and 45·3% respectively).In another experiment high nitrogen nutrition levels (800 and1050 mg N per plant) produced an increase in the number of plantswith bleached seeds. Bleached seeds or ones with hollow heartproduced high soak-water conductivity readings and germinatedpoorly in the field.     

Progress since the first international symposium: ‘Genetic aspects of plant mineral nutrition’, Beograd, 1982, and perspectives of future research

Summary The paper discusses the problems of genetic aspects of plant mineral nutrition in the light of the results presented at the First and Second Symposia on ‘Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition’ organized in Beograd in 1982 and Madison in 1985, respectively. On the basis of the results, future directions of research are discussed. The papers deal with the concentration and content of mineral nutrients in different genotypes, physiological and biochemical aspects of the genetic specificity of plant mineral nutrition, relations between plant genotypes and nitrogen fixing micro-organism strains, as well as with some related problems which have been investigated to a lesser extent. Particular attention is paid to papers and problems referring to genetic and breeding research work linked with genetic aspects of plant mineral nutrition as well as the possibilities of developing new cultivars requiring certain soil and mineral nutrition conditions for their cultivation.     

珍稀濒危植物迁地保护策略中植物营养问题的探讨

营养缺乏、过量或不平衡都会直接导致植物生长繁殖障碍甚至死亡,通过改良土壤或补充矿质元素来解决这些问题是植物营养学研究的主要内容。这一学科的研究范围已经从传统人工生态系统发展到自然生态系统中。但总的来说,这一学科还没有真正渗透到珍稀濒危物种的迁地保护领域中来。中国各植物园目前正在开展大规模的珍稀濒危植物迁地保护工作,但人们都只重视了物种的引入,却忽视了它们在迁地保护过程中业已存在和可预见的生长繁殖障碍,对迁地保护植物的研究很少涉及其生长繁殖所需的营养条件。针对这一现状,本文提出了目前应开展的几项工作:(1)明确优先开展植物营养学研究的物种范围;(2)物种原产地土壤与植物化学元素背景值的分析;(3)迁地保护物种营养状况动态监测与营养诊断。该研究思路的提出,无论是从植物营养学与植物保育学的学科交叉角度,还是从珍稀濒危物种迁地保护保育策略的理论探索与解决实际问题的角度,都具有十分重要的意义。