道路影响下野生动物廊道的选址——以大熊猫保护廊道为例

沿道路设置供野生动物迁徙、扩散和连接栖息地的廊道是应对道路干扰最有效的措施,科学选址则是野生动物廊道建设的前提,也是廊道研究的薄弱领域。以大熊猫廊道为例对野生动物廊道选址指标体系、方法和程序进行了探索,将栖息地特征、地形因素、植被可转化性、工程成本作为大熊猫廊道选址指标,基于Arcgis和栖息地格局、海拔、坡度、植被数据,为四川306省道椅子垭口段确定了两处大熊猫廊道位置,并用监测数据证明了所选位置具有较大的可行性和准确性。研究表明栖息地格局是廊道选址的重要基础,应侧重对地形因素的研究。研究为廊道选址方法和流程进行了示范,还对选址指标体系优化、提高选址的科学性进行了探讨,有助于推动野生动物廊道研究从理论探索走向实际应用。     

Combined space-variant maps for optical-flow-based navigation

A robot navigating in an unstructured environment needs to avoid obstacles in its way and determine free spaces through which it can safely pass. We present here a set of optical-flow-based behaviors that allow a robot moving on a ground plane to perform these tasks. The behaviors operate on a purposive representation of the environment called the “virtual corridor” which is computed as follows: the images captured by a forward-facing camera rigidly attached to the robot are first remapped using a space-variant transformation. Then, optical flow is computed from the remapped image stream. Finally, the virtual corridor is extracted from the optical flow by applying simple but robust statistics. The introduction of a space-variant image preprocessing stage is inspired by biological sensory processing, where the projection and remapping of a sensory input field onto higher-level cortical areas represents a central processing mechanism. Such transformations lead to a significant data reduction, making real-time execution possible. Additionally, they serve to “re-present” the sensory data in terms of ecologically relevant features, thereby simplifying the interpretation by subsequent processing stages. In accordance with these biological principles we have designed a space-variant image transformation, called the polar sector map, which is ideally suited to the navigational task. We have validated our design with simulations in synthetic environments and in experiments with real robots. Received: 1 July 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 20 March 2000     

Habitat corridors function as both drift fences and movement conduits for dispersing flies

Corridors connect otherwise isolated habitat patches and can direct movement of animals among such patches. In eight experimental landscapes, we tested two hypotheses of how corridors might affect dispersal behavior. The Traditional Corridor hypothesis posits that animals preferentially leave patches via corridors, following them into adjacent patches. The Drift Fence hypothesis posits that animals dispersing through matrix habitat are diverted into patches with corridors because they follow corridors when encountered. House flies (Musca domestica L.), a species that prefers the habitat of our patches and corridors, were released in a central patch (100×100 m) and recaptured in peripheral patches that were or were not connected by a corridor. Flies were captured more frequently in connected than unconnected patches, thereby supporting the Traditional Corridor hypothesis. The Drift Fence hypothesis was also supported, as flies were captured more frequently in unconnected patches with blind (dead end) corridors than in unconnected patches of equal area without blind corridors. A second experiment tested whether these results might be dependent on the type of patch-matrix boundary encountered by dispersing flies and whether edge-following behavior might be the mechanism underlying the observed corridor effect in the first experiment. We recorded dispersal patterns of flies released along forest edges with dense undergrowth in the forest (“closed” edges) and along edges with little forest understory (“open” edges). Flies were less likely to cross and more likely to follow closed edges than open edges, indicating that when patch and corridor edges are pronounced, edge-following behavior of flies may direct them along corridors into connected patches. Because edges in the first experiment were open, these results also suggest that corridor effects for flies in that experiment would have been even stronger if the edges around the source patches and corridors had been more closed. Taken together, our results suggest that corridors can affect dispersal of organisms in unappreciated ways (i.e., as drift fences) and that edge type can alter dispersal behavior.     

基于结构设计与管理的绿色廊道功能类型及其规划设计重点

绿色廊道在维持区域生物多样性、改善环境质量、满足人们休闲旅游需求和实现历史文化保护等多方面发挥着重要作用,其规划设计与管理受到广泛关注。但随着概念内涵与功能复杂性的增加,绿色廊道的功能定位与相应的结构设计成为其规划与管理的重点和难点。为解决这一问题,对绿色廊道功能类型体系和相应的结构设计进行了研究。依据绿色廊道功能类型复杂性分析,提出了基于结构设计与管理的绿色廊道功能类型体系,并将其分为生物通道、环保廊道、景观游憩廊道和历史文化廊道等4个基本功能类型和22个二级类型,以指导绿色廊道功能定位;在此基础上,针对不同功能类型绿色廊道的特点,对其相应的规划设计重点问题进行了深入分析,并提出了相应的规划设计建议,以期为多功能绿色廊道的可持续性规划设计与管理提供依据。     

Mapping landscape corridors

Corridors are important geographic features for biological conservation and biodiversity assessment. The identification and mapping of corridors is usually based on visual interpretations of movement patterns (functional corridors) or habitat maps (structural corridors). We present a method for automated corridor mapping with morphological image processing, and demonstrate the approach with a forest map derived from satellite imagery of northern Slovakia. We show how the approach can be used to differentiate between relatively narrow (‘line’) and wide (‘strip’) structural corridors by mapping corridors at multiple scales of observation, and indicate how to map functional corridors with maps of observed or simulated organism movement. An application to environmental reporting is demonstrated by assessing structural forest corridors in relation to forest types in northern Slovakia.     

Mating system and reproductive success in eastern Pacific harbour seals

Harbour seals sometimes breed along inland travel corridors where females become clustered in space and time and males establish underwater acoustic display territories similar to terrestrial arenas known as resource-based leks. Under these conditions, we predicted that higher levels of polygyny would be observed than has been previously reported for this species mating in open coast environments without travel corridors. Reproductive success (RS) of 70 males was measured using 20 microsatellite DNA loci and likelihood-based paternity analysis of 136 offspring collected over 3 years. Most males were assigned either zero or one paternity with 80% confidence. The greatest number of pups assigned to one male in a season was two. Variance in RS was higher for males than females (which are biologically limited to one offspring per year) indicating low to mild polygyny. In addition, distributions of relatedness values among pups within year classes did not differ significantly from a simulated distribution with R = 0, indicating that half-siblings were uncommon. Overall, polygyny levels were low relative to terrestrial pinniped mating systems and similar to observations from a harbour seal population along an open coast. Due to large confidence intervals associated with our results, we cannot rule out the hypothesis that a travel corridor might increase the degree of polygyny skew relative to that observed in open coast environments. Habitat appeared to influence male strategies as the most successful males in open coast environments patrolled offshore, while the most successful male in this study defended a territory along the travel corridor.     

Urban ecological corridors construction: A review

An ecological corridor, with both ecological and cultural functions, is a symbol of urban ecological or green civilization, and has therefore become one of the major topics in the fields of landscape ecology, urban ecology, and ecological planning. On the one hand, along with the prominent contradiction between regional ecological protection and economic development, as well as between the growing ecological demands of urban residents and the destruction of natural ecosystems, the construction of urban ecological corridors is very challenging. On the other hand, with contemporary urbanization and ecological civilization development, the standards and requirements for the construction of urban ecological corridors are set higher and higher. Constructing an urban ecological corridor is therefore particularly important, and must adopt a spatial approach that balances the relationship between ecological protection and economic development. In this study, the classification of urban ecological corridors was firstly conducted according to the structural or functional differences. Secondly, research progress on the construction of urban ecological corridors was systematically summarized and the main inadequacies were indicated. Following the analysis of the main methods employed in the construction of urban ecological corridors, existing methods were classified into three kinds, i.e. qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and spatial analysis. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the methods of subjective judgment, suitability and sensitivity analysis, network analysis, and minimum cost path analysis were compared. To provide theoretical support for the construction and management of urban ecological corridors, four key research directions were also pointed out, i.e. the identification of key nodes of urban ecological corridor, the determination of the width of urban ecological corridor, the measurement of integrated effect of urban ecological corridor, and the multi-scale integration of urban ecological corridor. The present study will aid in accelerating and improving the process of ecological corridors construction in China's new-type urbanization.     

基于形态学空间格局分析法的城市绿色基础设施网络格局优化——以合肥市为例

绿色基础设施格局对于城市环境的改善、经济社会的发展、城市形象的提升等有着重要的作用。以合肥市域为研究范围,基于形态学空间格局分析法(MSPA)提取UGI要素与生态源地,使用夜间灯光数据与坡度数据校正InVEST模型中生境质量模块生成的阻力面,进而结合电路理论运用Circuitscape软件与Linkage Mapper工具模拟构建UGI网络并识别生态走廊中的关键节点,最后基于斑块、廊道、障碍点的空间特征,提出合肥市城市绿色基础设施网络格局的优化策略。结果表明：(1)合肥市UGI网络由120个生态源地斑块、4442.4km~2的廊道、62处障碍点构成,生态斑块大部分面积较小且分散,生态斑块集中度南部优于北部。生态走廊在主城区以外环状蔓延分布,分别集中在市域东部、北部与南部,网络整体连接性较低。障碍点多数分布在生态源地边缘或生态走廊内,主要为建设用地与道路用地,低于平均阻力值的障碍点面积占障碍点总面积的71.1%,相对容易修复;(2)合肥市现有重要生态走廊集中分布于巢湖东北、巢湖西北、市域南部,各区域内的廊道连接自成体系,未形成整体的网络连接。依据廊道分析提出保护72条重要生态走廊,恢复1...     

Do forest-dwelling plant species disperse along landscape corridors?

Woody corridors in fragmented landscapes have been proposed as alternative habitats for forest plants, but the great variation in species-specific responses blurs the overall assessment. The aim of this study was to estimate the dispersal success of forest-dwelling plants from a stand into and along an attached woody corridor, and to explain the observed patterns from the point of view of species’ dispersal traits and corridor properties. We sampled 47 forest–corridor transects in the agricultural landscapes of southeastern Estonia. Regionally common forest-dwelling species (observed in at least 10 % of seed-source forests) were classified on the basis of their ecological response profile—forest-restricted species (F-type) and forest-dwelling generalists (G-type). Species richness and the proportion of F-type species decreased sharply from the seed-source forest core to the forest edge and to the first 10–15 m of the corridor, while G-type species richness remained constant throughout the transect. Corridor structure had a species-specific effect—F species were promoted by old (≥50 years) and wide (≥10 m) corridors, while G species were supported by young and narrow corridors with ditch-related soil disturbances. Moderate shade (canopy cover <75 %) was optimal for all forest-dwelling species. Large dispersule weight, and not seed weight, dispersal vector or Ellenberg’s indicator values, was the trait that differentiated F species from G species. We conclude that most woody corridors are only dispersal stepping-stone habitats for habitat generalist species, and not for specialists. Only century old corridors can relieve the dispersal limitation of forest-restricted species.     

基于生态敏感性和生态系统服务价值的昌黎县生态廊道构建

生态廊道的作用在于提供生物迁徙的路径、促进不同栖息地之间的物种交流.廊道的构建能够减轻因城市化速度加快导致景观破碎化带来的危害,对生物多样性的保护具有十分重要的意义.本文以昌黎县为研究区,以2015年土地利用现状为基础,采用生态敏感性评价和生态系统服务价值分析的综合结果确定生态源地,然后基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)和最小成本路径方法生成潜在廊道,根据重力模型对关键廊道进行识别,最终得到研究区包括4条重要廊道和2条一般廊道在内的生态廊道体系,旨在促进昌黎县生态廊道建设工程的科学实施和保护生物多样性.结果表明:研究区生态敏感性总体一般,生态系统服务价值总体较差,两者均呈现出四周高于中间的特点.生态源地主要分布在北部碣石山风景区、东部滨海国有林场和西部水源保护地这3个区域,与研究区生态环境建设与保护规划(2011-2030年)确定的自然保护区高度吻合.研究区生态廊道总长112.66 km,其中,重要廊道47.61 km,一般廊道65.05 km,廊道的最佳宽度范围为30～60 m,生态廊道与生态源地大致构成了一个环形闭合区域,能够有效促进生物物种的迁徙和物质能量的交流.     

西双版纳社区村民对亚洲象保护廊道建设的认知与态度

采用条件价值评估法(CVM),2007年11月至2008年3月,调查分析了地处西双版纳的2条亚洲象保护廊道内5个村寨196户村民对廊道建设的认知与态度.结果表明：研究区80.61%的村民愿意有条件地支持廊道建设;影响村民支持意愿的因素包括村民的文化程度、人均年收入以及村民就亚洲象保护、人象关系、廊道利用方式和受益群体的认知;该区村民对亚洲象的保护意识、廊道的利用方式和受益群体对村民支持意愿的影响较大,其影响系数分别为0.231、0.236和-0.304.拥有土地使用权的社区村民在生物保护廊道建设中扮演着重要角色,有效的廊道设计与规划必须深入了解社区村民对生物保护廊道的认知和态度,并获得他们的支持和参与.     

珠江三角洲地面风场的特征及其城市群风道的构建

利用珠三角20个观测站1964—1983年的风数据分析了珠三角城市群地面风场风向、风速分布与季节变化特征,并基于经验正交函数(EOF)进行了地面风场的空间分类。呈缺口盆地地形的珠三角风速较低,为3—2 m/s,整个区域风速南高北低;以伶仃洋为界,西岸高于东岸;西南部潭江谷地夏季多南风,冬季为北风,东岸东江谷底全年多东风,北江与西江河谷冬季盛行北风,夏季为东南风。综合风向与风速,结合地形,可将珠三角地面风场由南向北依次划分为较高风速区、中风速区和低风速区三类。根据空间尺度以及在区域中发挥的作用,珠三角城市群应构建多级风道,且风道还有常年与季节之别:伶仃洋(伶仃洋—虎门—狮子洋—广州水道)、西江(磨刀门—九江—三水)、潭江河谷应属于一级常年风道;北江(清远—三水)和东江(博罗—狮子洋)为一级季节风道。广州—三水段、黄埔—东莞段、中山—江门段以及伶仃洋段是影响整个珠三角大气环境质量风道的枢纽地段。城市群规划中对枢纽段超高建筑群进行风环境影响的评价,对枢纽段河道宽度、建筑物高度与密度的控制,将有助于提高珠三角城市群的空气质量,并防范下垫面粗糙度改变引起峡谷风的新风险。     

Dynamics of leaf litter accumulation and its effects on riparian vegetation: A review

The total production of plant litter and the proportion of leaf litter are higher in riparian corridors than in upland ecosystems throughout the world. Periodical water-level fluctuation is believed to be the major cause of these differences. During flood periods, much plant litter is redistributed locally and between regions, following erosion, transport, and deposition of litter. The importance of litter redistribution varies with factors such as flood regime, topography, and vegetation. Litter from the riparian corridor is usually a major constituent of the litter transported by the river. The decomposition of litter is faster in riparian corridors than in upland systems due to a higher rate of leaching and a higher decomposer activity. Relative warmth and soil fertility may also enhance litter decomposition in riparian corridors. In general, accumulated litter affects plants physically by burying them, chemically by adding nutrients and phytotoxins, and biologically by adding diaspores. The physical impact of a certain amount of litter may be weaker in riparian corridors than in uplands because the rapid decomposition reduces the time that litter is present. In other words, higher amounts of litter are needed to affect riparian vegetation than are needed to affect other types of vegetation. The nutrient content of riverborne litter is reduced by leaching, but dissolved nutrients from litter might still reach the riparian vegetation, e.g., by adsorbing to inorganic particles. Phytotoxins are probably unimportant in riparian systems. The input to the riparian corridor of plant diaspores, borne by litter packs in the river, may be large. Indirect biological effects of litter, including its diaspores, are the attracting of animals and microbes that may influence the plant community, and the creation of bare soil for plant colonization.     

干旱区绿洲廊道景观研究——以金塔绿洲为例

干旱区绿洲内主要廊道景观类型包括河流、水渠、田间防护林和公路等 .以金塔绿洲为例 ,介绍廊道景观在绿洲的形成与发展过程中传输物质和能量、阻隔荒漠景观扩展和入侵的基本生态功效 .利用GIS方法分析试验区内的廊道分布状况以及与各类景观之间的空间关系 .在近 10年景观格局的动态变化监测的基础上 ,分析廊道的驱动作用 .结果表明 ,用长度和宽度、周长和面积比、密度和非均匀度来表示廊道的各种特性 ;金塔绿洲廊道总长为 1838.5km ,密度为 2 .1km·km-2 ,以渠道和公路为主 ;水浇地、林地和城镇居民地廊道密度最大 ,受影响程度最高 ;绿洲内沟渠廊道质量的改进是影响水浇地等景观变化的重要驱动力之一 .     

Mammal use of riparian corridors in semi-arid Sonora,Mexico

Wildlife populations in semi-arid regions are increasingly challenged by human activities and dependent on the connectivity of riparian corridors for access to surface water. The Madrean Archipelago is a biodiversity hotspot along the arid United States–Mexico borderlands that support both Neotropical and Nearctic wildlife. Infrastructure development (e.g., the border wall and the expansion of Mexican Federal Highway 2) in this region inhibits wildlife movement along the transnational mountain archipelago by disconnecting habitat. To explore the relationship between habitat variables and mammal use of riparian corridors in northern Sonora, Mexico, we collected data from 19 motion-sensitive cameras between October 2018 and April 2019 and used single-season occupancy models and Royle-Nichols abundance estimation models to analyze our data. We recorded 21 species of mammals, including the first sighting of jaguar (Panthera onca) in this region in 25 years. River characteristics (distance from river, riparian corridor width, water availability), remoteness (distance from highway, productivity, elevation), and topographic variety (vertical elevation difference) influenced patterns of occupancy probability and estimated abundance of mammals >1 kg, but the strength and direction of these relationships varied by species. Additionally, intermittently wet desert washes were comparable in species richness to the perennial system. These results highlight the importance of examining physical and biological aspects of habitat. This is especially true when identifying corridors where mitigation structures should be placed to improve wildlife connectivity in biodiversity hotspots like the Madrean Archipelago and semi-arid ecosystems worldwide.     

城市通风廊道研究综述

通风廊道对于城市气候适应性提高以及人居环境品质改善具有重要意义,开展综述分析有利于对城市通风廊道研究进行系统梳理。既往综述研究过多强调通风廊道的理论框架、实践案例与规划编制,对通风廊道的构建方法及效应维度关注不足。总结了城市通风廊道的概念内涵、系统构成与研究进展,并指出其与城市风环境的关联,从微观与宏观尺度分别梳理了城市通风廊道的构建方法,归纳微观尺度方式为基于现状或模拟气流的观测,包括实地测量法、风洞实验法与计算机数值模拟法,宏观尺度方式为基于空间形态指标的通风路径测度,具体涵盖建筑形态指标选取、评价体系构建、空间路径生成3个步骤。研究也对城市通风廊道的效应维度、管控措施与规划实践进行概括,指出其效应维度主要聚焦于引风、降温、除霾,管控措施以指标预警方式为主,规划实践具有因地制宜的特征。未来研究应结合电路理论挖掘新的通风廊道构建方法与模型,从低碳与健康两个方面拓宽通风廊道效应维度,同时尝试利用多学科交叉的方式处理通风廊道研究尚存的矛盾争议。     

Predicting which species will benefit from corridors in fragmented landscapes from population growth models

Connecting isolated patches of habitat in fragmented landscapes with corridors is a popular conservation strategy. This strategy is also controversial in large part because of uncertainty about what characteristics of a species and its environment promote corridor use. In this article we address the question, For what types of species will populations benefit from corridors? We asked this question using a model of two logistically growing populations connected by migration in which both emigration and migration success were determined by the presence or absence of a corridor. We found that in the short run (e.g., during recovery from disaster), corridors are most effective for species with fast-growing populations that have low survivorship when dispersing through unsuitable (matrix) habitat. We also found that emigration rates and habitat-specific mortality rates are key determinants of the effects of corridors on population size. In the long term, corridors are most likely to benefit species with slow-growing populations that have low survivorship when dispersing through matrix habitat. Our results confirm the major conclusions from previous empirical studies of corridor benefits. However, most studies fail to consider the most appropriate questions to determine the potential benefits of habitat corridors. First, what is the time scale of the conservation goal? Corridors have positive effects on different suites of species in the short and long term. Second, is the major threat of local extinction due to sustained population decline or boom-bust cycles? Third, what is the migration rate through the matrix? Fourth, what fraction of migrants dispersing through the matrix successfully immigrate to another patch?     

Experiment meets biogeography: plants of river corridor distribution are not more stress tolerant but benefit less from more benign conditions elsewhere

Aims Factors limiting distributions of species are fundamental to ecology and evolution but have rarely been addressed experimentally for multiple species. The conspicuous linear distribution patterns of plant species confined to river corridors in the Central European lowlands constitute an especially long-standing distribution puzzle. We experimentally tested our novel hypothesis that the tolerance of species to river corridor conditions is independent of the degree of confinement to river corridor habitats, but that species not confined to river corridors are better able to take advantage of the more benign non-river corridor conditions.Methods We grew 42 herbaceous species differing in their confinement to river corridors in a common garden experiment on loamy soil typical for river corridor areas and sandy soil typical for non-river corridor areas, and with and without a flooding period. For a subset of species, we grew plants of both river corridor and non-river corridor origin to test for adaptation to river corridor conditions.Important findings Species more confined to river corridor areas benefited less from the more benign non-flooded and non-river corridor soil conditions than species of wider distributional range did. For subsets of 7 and 12 widespread species, the response to flooding and soil origin, respectively, did not differ between plants from river corridor sites and plants from other sites, suggesting that the habitat tolerance of widespread species is due to phenotypic plasticity rather than to local adaptation. Overall, we found clear support for our novel hypothesis that species not confined to river corridors are more able to take advantage of the more benign non-river corridor conditions. Our study provides a general hypothesis on differences between species confined to stressful habitats and widespread species out for test in further multispecies comparative experiments.     

厦门湾中华白海豚潜在生态廊道识别及人类活动干扰评估

生态廊道具有维持或恢复生态连通性的功能,对于连接生物栖息地、保护物种多样性具有重要意义。现有的生态廊道研究主要集中于陆地,而海洋生态系统具有水体广泛连通、缺乏直观的景观斑块等特点,导致海洋生态廊道的研究成为长期以来的科学难题。以栖息地位于厦门湾的国家一级保护动物中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)为对象,尝试基于物种分布模型和最小成本路径分析法建立海洋生态廊道的识别方法。研究采用物种分布模型识别厦门湾内中华白海豚的适宜生境分布区和节点,并利用模型产出的生境适宜性结果生成海洋中的阻力表面,模拟计算节点与节点间在阻力表面上的最小成本路径,从而生成物种扩散网络。研究结果显示,厦门湾中华白海豚的分布主要受到航道距离、到岸线距离和叶绿素浓度三项因素的影响,主要适宜生境位于西海域至九龙江口和大嶝海域。潜在的核心生态廊道面积93.19km²,次级生态廊道面积170.41km²,九龙江口-鼓浪屿南侧-黄厝-大小嶝岛沿线可能是厦门湾中华白海豚的主要迁移路线。在此基础上,从用海空间重叠和桥梁影响两方面开展了人类活动对廊道的干扰评估。评估结果显示旅游活动和...     

小相岭山系大熊猫廊道规划

廊道能有效地增加栖息地斑块间的大熊猫种群交流,降低种群灭绝的风险。小相岭山系是现存大熊猫种群数量最少的山系之一。通过MAXENT(Maximum Entropy)分析,发现小相岭山系存在7个相对隔离的栖息地斑块,栖息地破碎化严重。为了增加小相岭山系大熊猫种群交流,利用最小代价路径原理和电流理论,从保护管理角度出发,在该区域划定了9条连接大熊猫栖息地斑块的廊道。其中紫马-麻麻地廊道连接该区域面积最大、大熊猫痕迹点最多的两个栖息地斑块,生态意义重大,建议优先建设该廊道。此外,研究划定的多个廊道彼此邻近,甚至存在一定程度的重叠。将这些极其邻近或者重叠的廊道合并,并提出"廊道群"的概念。廊道群是两个或两个以上极其相邻的廊道构成的网状结构,廊道群作为景观上的网状结构,能同时连接多个栖息地斑块,更有效地增加多个栖息地斑块间的种群交流。由于农田的挤压,部分廊道难以达到大熊猫廊道的最低宽度需求(2230 m),制约了其生态效应的发挥,建议在以后的保护工作中探索农田区域的栖息地恢复方式。