生长素介导环境信号调控植物的生长发育

植物是一类营固着生活的自养型生物, 如何更好地适应周围环境对植物的生存至关重要。生长素是调控植物生长发育的重要激素之一。近年来的研究发现, 生长素不仅能够响应内在的发育信号, 而且能够介导各种环境信号, 参与植物生长发育和生长反应的调控。该文主要从光信号、温度信号、重力信号、营养元素和金属离子信号等方面重点阐述生长素如何介导上述各种不同的环境信号, 从而调控植物的生长发育。     

生长素极性运输研究进展

高等植物的生长发育受激素的广泛调控,其中生长素的作用尤为独特,因为生长素在植物组织内的浓度梯度是由其极性运输维持的,而正是激素在植物组织的相对含量决定了该组织的发育命运。高等植物体内存在可运输的化学信使的概念首先由Ｄａｒｗｉｎ父子提出。通过对金丝鸟木亡草（Ｐｈａｌａｒｉｓｃａ ｎａｒｉｅｎｓｉｓ）幼苗的向光性的研究,他们认为植物的向光性受到一种可运输的物质的调控［1］。后来发现这一物质是生长素,在自然界中主要存在的形式是ＩＡＡ。到本世纪 30年代,禾谷类植物中的生长素的极性运输得到证实,后来发现所有…     

生长素极性运输研究进展

Recent advances in dissecting polar auxin transport, i.e., the physiological characteristics and regulation of polar auxin transport, the chemiosmotic hypothesis for polar auxin transport, and the role of polar auxin transport in plant growth and development were reviewed. The authors here focus on the progress of new supports-isolation and function analysis of the genes encoding putative auxin carriers, for the old model of polar auxin transport.     

A WOX/Auxin Biosynthesis Module Controls Growth to Shape Leaf Form

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生长素通过MAPK介导的超长链脂肪酸合成调控侧根发育

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号级联通路是真核生物中高度保守的重要信号系统,通过激酶逐级磷酸化传递并放大上游信号,进而调控细胞反应。MAPK信号通路不仅介导植物响应环境变化,而且在调节植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。近期,山东大学丁兆军课题组研究发现,植物重要激素生长素能够通过激活MPK14调控下游ERF13的磷酸...     

油菜素内酯生物合成与功能的研究进展

植物激素油菜素内酯广泛调节植物的生长发育及对外界环境因子变化的反应,在作物上的应用也已引起人们的广泛兴趣。通过遗传学等手段对相关突变体及功能基因的研究为其生物合成与功能研究提供了基础。本文总结了油菜素内酯在植物各组织内的分布、生物合成、相关合成突变体及其编码基因的性质、生理功能以及与其它激素间的相互作用等。     

生长素在微生物调控根发育过程中的作用

很多微生物通过分泌生长素和生长素前体与植物建立了有益的关系并改变植物根系的形态结构,此外,微生物分泌的其他代谢产物也能改变植物生长素信号通路。因此,生长素和生长素信号通路在微生物调控植物根系发育的过程中起着至关重要的作用。该文从生长素合成、生长素信号和生长素极性运输3个方面总结了生长素在微生物调控植物根系发育过程中的作用,主要包括微生物增加了植物内源生长素的含量、增强了生长素的信号和调控PIN蛋白的表达水平,进而如何调控植物生理和分子水平来适应微生物对其根系的改变,为进一步开展该方面的研究奠定了基础。     

An Integrative Analysis of the Effects of Auxin on Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Auxin and jasmonic acid （JA） are two plant phytohormones that both participate in the regulation of many developmental processes. Jasmonic acid also plays important roles in plant stress response reactions. Although extensive investigations have been undertaken to study the biological functions of auxin and JA, little attention has been paid to the cross-talk between their regulated pathways. In the few available reports examining the effects of auxin on the expression of JA or JA-responsive genes, both synergetic and antagonistic results have been found. To further investigate the relationship between auxin and JA, we adopted an integrative method that combines microarray expression data with pathway information to study the behavior of the JA biosynthesis pathway under auxin treatment. Our results showed an overall downregulation of genes involved in JA biosynthesis, providing the first report of a relationship between auxin and the JA synthesis pathway in Arabidopsis seedlings.     

A Role for Auxin in Flower Development

Auxin has long been implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development including flower development. However, the exact roles of auxin in flower development have not been well defined until the recent identification of auxin biosynthesis mutants. Auxin is necessary for the inltiation of floral primordia, and the disruption of auxin biosynthesis, polar auxin transport or auxin signaling leads to the failure of flower formation. Auxin also plays an essential role in specifying the number and Identity of floral organs. Further analysis of the relationship between the auxin pathways and the known flower development genes will provide critical information regarding mechanisms of organogenesis and pattern formation in plants.     

多胺在植物生长发育过程中的生理作用

多胺在植物生长发育过程中具有广泛的生理作用,如参与植物衰老进程的调控、体细胞胚发生、花芽分化、花和果 实的发育及参与各种生理胁迫反应等。本文重点综述了多胺在植物生长发育过程中生理学功能方面的研究进展,并对有关 问题进行了讨论和展望。     

异三聚体G蛋白调控植物生长发育功能研究进展北大核心CSCD

异三聚体GTP结合蛋白(G蛋白)是介导真核生物生长发育及逆境响应的关键信号传导组分。动物和植物异三聚体G蛋白由α、β、γ三个亚基组成。近来研究表明,尽管G蛋白核心组分和基本的生化性质在动物和植物中保守,但植物G蛋白表现出新的调控模式。由于G蛋白参与调控植物种子产量、器官大小、生物和非生物胁迫、氮素利用效率等一系列重要的农艺性状,因此对于G蛋白的研究已经成为植物学领域的研究热点。该文对近年来国内外有关植物异三聚体G蛋白的基本组成及结构、动植物G蛋白的作用模式以及G蛋白在植物生长发育过程中的调控作用和植物在逆境胁迫(干旱、温度和盐)响应中的功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,为今后开展植物G蛋白的相关研究提供参考以及为利用G蛋白改良农作物提供理论基础。     

7-Rhamnosylated Flavonols Modulate Homeostasis of the Plant Hormone Auxin and Affect Plant Development

Flavonols are a group of secondary metabolites that affect diverse cellular processes. They are considered putative negative regulators of the transport of the phytohormone auxin, by which they influence auxin distribution and concomitantly take part in the control of plant organ development. Flavonols are accumulating in a large number of glycosidic forms. Whether these have distinct functions and diverse cellular targets is not well understood. The rol1-2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is characterized by a modified flavonol glycosylation profile that is inducing changes in auxin transport and growth defects in shoot tissues. To determine whether specific flavonol glycosides are responsible for these phenotypes, a suppressor screen was performed on the rol1-2 mutant, resulting in the identification of an allelic series of UGT89C1, a gene encoding a flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase. A detailed analysis revealed that interfering with flavonol rhamnosylation increases the concentration of auxin precursors and auxin metabolites, whereas auxin transport is not affected. This finding provides an additional level of complexity to the possible ways by which flavonols influence auxin distribution and suggests that flavonol glycosides play an important role in regulating plant development.     

Local auxin production: a small contribution to a big field

Auxin is a plant growth regulator involved in diverse fundamental developmental responses. Much is now known about auxin transport, via influx and efflux carriers, and about auxin perception and its role in gene regulation. Many developmental processes are dependent on peaks of auxin concentration and, to date, attention has been directed at the role of polar auxin transport in generating and maintaining auxin gradients. However, surprisingly little attention has focussed on the role and significance of auxin biosynthesis, which should be expected to contribute to active auxin pools. Recent reports on the function of the YUCCA flavin monooxygenases and a tryptophan aminotransferase in Arabidopsis have caused us to look again at the importance of local biosynthesis in developmental processes. Many alternative and redundant pathways of auxin synthesis exist in many plants and it is emerging that they may function in response to environmental cues.     

生长素合成途径的研究进展

生长素是一类含有一个不饱和芳香族环和一个乙酸侧链的内源激素, 参与植物生长发育的许多过程。植物和一些侵染植物的病原微生物都可以通过改变生长素的合成来调节植株的生长。吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)是天然植物生长素的主要活性成分。近年来, 随着IAA生物合成过程中一些关键调控基因的克隆和功能分析, 人们对IAA的生物合成途径有了更加深入的认识。IAA的生物合成有依赖色氨酸和非依赖色氨酸两条途径。依据IAA合成的中间产物不同, 依赖色氨酸的生物合成过程通常又划分成4条支路: 吲哚乙醛肟途径、吲哚丙酮酸途径、色胺途径和吲哚乙酰胺途径。该文综述了近几年在IAA生物合成方面取得的新进展。     

生长素调控植物株型形成的研究进展

高等植物通过调节顶端分生组织和侧生分生组织的活性建立地上株型系统,分生组织的活性受环境信号、发育阶段和遗传因素的综合调控,植物激素参与这些信号的整合。顶端优势是植物分枝调控的核心问题,而生长素对顶端优势的形成和维持发挥关键作用。本文综述了近几年与植物地上部分株型形成相关的生长素合成代谢、极性运输及信号转导领域的研究进展,并提出了展望。     

N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯调控植物生长发育的研究进展

植物与细菌之间存在着复杂的相互作用关系。N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）是革兰氏阴性细菌进行胞间通讯的信号分子,也是介导植物与细菌互作的重要信号分子,在调控植物生长发育方面起着重要作用。本文对近年来的相关研究进展作一综述,这将有助于全面了解植物与细菌间的信息交流机制,并对实际农业生产具有指导意义。     

生长素的运输及其在信号转导及植物发育中的作用

生长素作为一种重要的植物激素,参与调节植物生长发育的诸多过程,如器官发生、形态建成、向性反应、顶端优势及组织分化等,其作用机理长期以来备受人们关注。生长素的极性运输能使生长素积累在植物体某些特定部位,从而形成生长素浓度梯度,生长素对植物生长发育的调节主要依赖于这一特性。系统阐述生长素的运输特点、运输机理和相关生长素极性运输载体的研究进展;并对生长素信号转导途径中的重要组分及其机理进行了总结;同时较系统地对生长素参与植物体各器官发育过程及调节情况进行综述。     

生长素对拟南芥叶片发育调控的研究进展

叶片（包括子叶）是茎端分生组织产生的第一类侧生器官,在植物发育中具有重要地位。早期叶片发育包括三个主要过程：叶原基的起始,叶片腹背性的建立和叶片的延展。大量证据表明叶片发育受到体内遗传机制和体外环境因子的双重调节。植物激素,尤其是生长素在协调体内外调节机制中起着不可或缺的作用。生长素的稳态调控、极性运输和信号转导影响叶片发育的全过程。本文着重介绍生长素在叶片生长发育和形态建成中的调控作用,试图了解复杂叶片发育调控网络。     

TAA1-Regulated Local Auxin Biosynthesis in the Root-Apex Transition Zone Mediates the Aluminum-Induced Inhibition of Root Growth in Arabidopsis

The transition zone (TZ) of the root apex is the perception site of Al toxicity. Here, we show that exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana roots to Al induces a localized enhancement of auxin signaling in the root-apex TZ that is dependent on TAA1, which encodes a Trp aminotransferase and regulates auxin biosynthesis. TAA1 is specifically upregulated in the root-apex TZ in response to Al treatment, thus mediating local auxin biosynthesis and inhibition of root growth. The TAA1-regulated local auxin biosynthesis in the root-apex TZ in response to Al stress is dependent on ethylene, as revealed by manipulating ethylene homeostasis via the precursor of ethylene biosynthesis 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, the inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis aminoethoxyvinylglycine, or mutant analysis. In response to Al stress, ethylene signaling locally upregulates TAA1 expression and thus auxin responses in the TZ and results in auxin-regulated root growth inhibition through a number of auxin response factors (ARFs). In particular, ARF10 and ARF16 are important in the regulation of cell wall modification–related genes. Our study suggests a mechanism underlying how environmental cues affect root growth plasticity through influencing local auxin biosynthesis and signaling.