Effect of Bt maize on the plant-aphid–parasitoid tritrophic relationships

The effect of Bt maize on aphid parasitism and the aphid–parasitoid complex was measured in field conditions on three transgenic varieties, two derived from Event MON810 and one from Bt176, and their near-isogenics in a two-year study. No differences in aphid abundance were found between Bt maize varieties and their near-isogenics. Differences within Bt and within near-isogenic varieties were found, but only in one year. Differences in aphid abundance were probably better accounted for the variety background and year conditions than by the transgenesis or Event. Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Lipolexis gracilis Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) and Aphelinus sp. (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) were the prevalent parasitoids. Bt maize did not alter the aphid–parasitoid associations and had no effect on the aphid parasitism and hyperparasitism rates. The results suggest that Bt maize has no negative impact on second, third and fourth levels of the trophic relationships studied.     

Parasitism rates and parasitoid complexes of the wheat midges, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitodiplosis mosellana</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Contarinia tritici</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haplodiplosis marginata</Emphasis>

Three species of cecidomyiid midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), whose larvae overwinter in the soil, can cause significant yield losses on wheat in Europe: the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), the yellow wheat blossom midge, Contarinia tritici (Kirby), and the saddle gall midge, Haplodiplosis marginata (von Roser). The biological control of wheat midges by their parasitoids can contribute to reduce the midge populations. Soil samples were collected in several fields in Belgium in 2012–2014 in order to characterize the parasitism rates and parasitoid complexes in overwintering larvae. The parasitism rates varied greatly between the sampled fields: 3–100, 0–100 and 2% for S. mosellana, H. marginata and C. tritici, respectively. The parasitism rate was not related to the larval density of wheat midge. The three wheat midges have totally distinct parasitoid complexes in Belgium. Eight species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae and Platygastridae) were found as parasitoid of S. mosellana: Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby), Amblypasis tritici (Walker), Euxestonotus error (Fitch), Euxestonutus sp. Fouts, Leptacis sp. Foerster, Platygaster gracilipes (Huggert), Platygaster nisus Walker, and Platygaster tuberosula (Kieffer). According to their abundance, M. penetrans, E. error and P. tuberosula appeared as the main parasitoids of S. mosellana in Belgium. For the two other wheat midges, only one species of the family Platygastridae was found for each midge: Platygaster equestris (Spittler) for H. marginata and Synopeas myles (Walker) for C. tritici.     

In search of secondary plants to enhance the efficiency of cabbage seed weevil management

The infestation rate and parasitoid communities of Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were assessed on seven spring sown brassicaceous plant species to find potential secondary plants that might help increase the parasitism rates of this serious oilseed pest. Over the three-year study, the average infestation rate of pods by C. obstrictus remained below 10 % for each plant species. Despite the low pest abundance, C. obstrictus was parasitized by hymenopteran parasitoids on all plant species, except on Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa ((Mill.) Thell.). Parasitism rates were remarkably high: between 33.7 and 70.8 % on average and peaked at 94.7 % on Raphanus sativus (L.) var. oleiformis (Pers.). Not only was the parasitism rate high on R. sativus, but it also had a different parasitoid species composition consisting mainly of egg parasitoids (Mymaridae), while on the other plant species larval parasitoids (Pteromalidae) dominated. These findings are important for planning new sustainable pest management approaches.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diachasmimorpha longicaudata</Emphasis> releases on the native parasitoid guild attacking <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anastrepha</Emphasis> spp. larvae in disturbed zones of Chiapas,Mexico

We evaluated the effect of augmentative releases of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), on the native parasitoid guild of Anastrepha spp. over a two year period in zones adjacent to mango commercial orchards in Chiapas, Mexico. We chose two 15 ha working zones, 15 km apart, harbouring fruit fly hosts of varying densities without chemical control. In 2013, parasitoids were released in zone “A” while zone “B” served as control. In 2014 zones were exchanged. As expected, releases of D. longicaudata significantly increased total parasitism, from around 0.5–5% to over 22%, but annual parasitism by native parasitoids was only significantly affected in zone “A”. The numbers of native parasitoids were higher in zone “A” in both years, and diversity (H′) was not affected by D. longicaudata releases in both zones. Our results suggest that releases of D. longicaudata affect the relative abundance but not the species richness of native parasitoids.     

Effects of marigold on the behavior,survival and nutrient reserves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius Platensis</Emphasis>

Marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.) suppress nematodes and are attractive companion plants, but their role in biological control is unknown. We evaluated how exposure to marigold blooms impacts the aphid parasitoid, Aphidius platensis Brethes. Female wasps previously exposed to marigold spent more time walking and parasitizing Myzus percisae Sulzer or Schizaphis graminum Rodani aphids, and subsequently had higher parasitism rates. Meanwhile, completely starved wasps spent more time stationary and marginally more time grooming. Time spent probing, emergence rate, and sex ratio were not affected. Wasp survival was best on honey, followed by marigold, and lowest on non-blooming marigolds. Nutrient reserves of wasps given honey, aphid-infested marigold, or marigold alone were compared to newly-emerged unfed wasps. Their resulting lipid, glycogen and sugar levels were similar, suggesting that these foods helped wasps maintain reserves similar to emergence levels. These results suggest that marigold may improve biological control of aphids by A. platensis.     

Age-Specific Functional Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius matricariae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Praon volucre</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myzus persicae</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is one of the most important aphid pests on pepper. Aphidius matricariae Haliday and Praon volucre (Haliday) are known as biological control agents for aphids in vegetable crops. In this research, age-specific functional responses of these two parasitoids were evaluated on different densities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 green peach aphids. Type of functional response varied from type II to type III for different ages of A. matricariae, but type of functional response was not affected by female age for P. volucre. The functional response of P. volucre was determined as type II in the whole parasitoid lifetime. The searching efficiency (a), b, and handling time (T _h ) were estimated using the Rogers equations. The highest searching efficiency (a) and lowest handling time were observed during the first half of lifetime of A. matricariae and P. volucre. Aphidius matricariae and P. volucre caused reasonable mortality of the green peach aphid by parasitism of 52.17 and 47.05 host aphids, respectively, in 24 h. Therefore, they are suggested as suitable candidates for control of M. persicae in pepper greenhouses.     

Spatio-temporal variation of strawberry aphid populations and their parasitoids

Aphids are common herbivores in the strawberry crop that can reduce plant vigor and fruit quality and also transmit viruses. Aphid species prefer diverse plant organs, which represent particular habitats of different quality for aphids and for the development of natural enemies’ populations. Different habitat units (young leaves, mature leaves, buds, flowers) of strawberry were sampled fortnightly during all seasons. We identified seven aphid species, namely Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Aphis gossypii, and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, the most abundant. During the autumn, C. fragaefolli and M. euphorbiae were scarce and A. gossypii was denser on mature leaves, while during summer M. euphorbiae was absent. During the winter, C. fragaefolii predominated on buds and young leaves, A. gossypii on flowers, and both species on mature leaves. During the spring, C. fragaefolii was even more abundant on buds, A. gossypii predominated on mature leaves, and the three species were equally abundant on flowers and young leaves. Parasitoids emerged from A. gossypii, M. euphorbiae and Myzus persicae, but not from C. fragaefolii. Three Aphidius and two Aphelinus species were recovered. All primary parasitoid species emerged from A. gossypii, and secondary parasitoids emerged only from this aphid. Aphis gossypii parasitism on mature leaves was markedly higher in winter and summer than in autumn and spring. Parasitism of A. gossypii was independent of its density, and the number of parasitized aphids was never higher than six. Our results contribute to define the most appropriate sample unit to estimate aphid density of different species and provide information about seasonal natural parasitism.     

Dynamic host-feeding and oviposition behavior of an aphid parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphelinus asychis</Emphasis>

In order to maximize the lifetime reproductive success of parasitoids, they should be induced to dynamically accept individual hosts that have different suitability for oviposition. Parasitoids tend to exhibit higher host-selective behavior when their egg load is limited, and are less selective if they are facing time constraints. Here, we evaluated the effects of parasitoid age on egg load, fecundity and host instar preference of a honey-fed aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Host selective experiment was conducted to measure host-preference of honey-fed A. asychis females at different ages, using the second and fourth instars of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae as their hosts. The results showed that the choice of host-instar for oviposition was significantly influenced by the parasitoid age. Honey-fed parasitoids in the age groups of 1, 5, 10 and 20 days tended to parasitize predominantly second-instar aphids, whereas 15-days old parasitoids showed no significant preference of host instars. On the other hand, host-feeding preference was not affected by parasitoid age. Parasitoid females of all ages preferred younger aphids to older aphids. This result could help evaluate the effectiveness of A. asychis for biological control of M. persicae when they encountered mixed-instar aphids in the field. In addition, the results might be helpful in assessing the host killing effects of other host-feeding parasitoids.     

Are aphid parasitoids from mild winter climates losing their winter diapause?

Temperature is both a selective pressure and a modulator of the diapause expression in insects from temperate regions. Thus, with climate warming, an alteration of the response to seasonal changes is expected, either through genetic adaptations to novel climatic conditions or phenotypic plasticity. Since the 1980s in western France, the winter guild of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in cereal fields has been made up of two species: Aphidius rhopalosiphi and Aphidius matricariae. The recent activity of two other species, Aphidius avenae and Aphidius ervi, during the winter months suggests that a modification of aphid parasitoid overwintering strategies has taken place within the guild. In this study, we first performed a field survey in the winter of 2014/15 to assess levels of parasitoid diapause incidence in agrosystems. Then, we compared the capacity of the four parasitoid species to enter winter diapause under nine different photoperiods and temperature conditions in the laboratory. As predicted, historically winter-active species (A. rhopalosiphi and A. matricariae) never entered diapause, whereas the species more recently active during winter (A. avenae and A. ervi) did enter diapause but at a low proportion (maximum of 13.4 and 11.2%, respectively). These results suggest rapid shifts over the last three decades in the overwintering strategies of aphid parasitoids in Western France, probably due to climate warming. This implies that diapause can be replaced by active adult overwintering, with potential consequences for species interactions, insect community composition, ecosystem functioning, and natural pest control.     

Density dependence and environmental factors affect population stability of an agricultural pest and its specialist parasitoid

Host–parasitoid dynamics are intrinsically unstable unless the risk of parasitism is sufficiently heterogeneous among hosts. Spatial aggregation of parasitoids can contribute to this heterogeneity, stabilising host–parasitoid population dynamics and thereby reducing pest outbreaks. We examined the spatial distribution of mango gall fly (Procontarinia matteiana, Kiefer and Cecconi), a non-native pest of South African mango orchards, which is controlled by a single parasitoid (Chrysonotomyia pulcherrima, Kerrich). We assessed whether spatial aggregation of parasitoids is associated with proximity to natural vegetation and/or to host density-dependent and host density-independent factors at three spatial scales. We found evidence for higher parasitism rates near natural vegetation at the field scale, and inverse host-density dependent and density-independent parasitoid aggregation at both the leaf scale and field scale. Therefore, we conclude that natural vegetation plays a role in promoting stabilising aggregation of parasitoids, possibly through provision of non-host resources (nectar, pollen), in this system.     

Effects of Botanical Insecticides on Hymenopteran Parasitoids: a Meta-analysis Approach

Botanical insecticides (BIs) are considered a valuable alternative for plant protection in sustainable agriculture. The use of both BIs and parasitoids are presumed to be mutually compatible pest management practices. However, there is controversy on this subject, as various studies have reported lethal and sublethal effects of BIs on hymenopteran parasitoids. To shed new light on this controversy, a meta-analytic approach of the effects of BIs on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence under laboratory conditions was performed. We show that BIs increased mortality, decreased parasitism, and decreased parasitoid emergence. Botanical insecticides derived from Nicotiana tabacum and Caceolaria andina were particulary lethal. Most of the parasitoid groups showed susceptibility to BIs, but the families Scelionidae and Ichneumonidae were not significantly affected. The negative effects of BIs were seen regardless of the type of exposure (topical, ingestion, or residual). In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that under laboratory conditions, exposure of hymenopteran parasitoids to BIs had significant negative effects on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence.     

Egg Parasitoid Complex of the Corn Leafhopper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dalbulus maidis</Emphasis> (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in Argentina

The corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong), is the most important leafhopper pest of maize, Zea mays, in the Americas. A survey of the diversity of its egg parasitoids was carried out in northwestern Argentina. During summer from 2004 to 2007, the samples were collected, using sentinel eggs of D. maidis on corn leaves, exposed in 48 cornfields. Sixteen species belonging to four families of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) were identified. Among the parasitoid groups, Trichogrammatidae was the most represented family with eight species, followed by Mymaridae with six species. The mymarid Anagrus incarnatus Haliday and the trichogrammatid Pseudoligosita longifrangiata (Viggiani) were the most abundant and frequent parasitoids. The mean percentage of parasitism of D. maidis eggs was 16.4% and varied greatly among the sites, ranging from 0 to 56.7%; generally, it was higher in Yungas and lower in Monte province sites. The species richness was higher in the localities within the Yungas, with 13 parasitoid species, of which two species were dominant, comprising 83.6% of the collected individuals. Monte was the province that showed the highest diversity index (H´ = 1.62). In addition, we present information on the distribution, known host associations of each parasitoid species and an identification key to all species of egg parasitoids of D. maidis in Argentina.     

Multitrophic web of insects associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Piptadenia gonoacantha</Emphasis> (Mart.) Macbr. (Fabaceae) and their relationship with resource traits

We describe for the first time the food web of insects associated with fruits and seed of Piptadenia gonoacantha (Fabaceae), and analyze their relationships with resource traits, such as biomass and fruit area. A total of 440 fruits of P. Gonoacantha were sampled in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found twenty-one species of insects distributed in three trophic levels. The most widely sampled species was Acanthoscelides clitellarius (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), the main consumer species of seeds. It was also verified the presence of Lepidoptera larvae consuming both seeds and the internal fruit tissue. Other species of herbivorous insects were found in low numbers. The food web was subdivided into one sub-web of 10 parasitoid species and one hyperparasitoid species associated to A. clitellarius and another one sub-web of four parasitoid species associated with Lepidoptera. For the parasitism rates, we obtained the following: 19.11% for the total food web, 17.93% for the A. clitellarius parasitism, and 36% for the Lepidoptera parasitism. The resource traits had influence on the oviposition behavior of A. clitellarius, where fruits with larger area showed more eggs of this species. Fruits with higher biomass showed greater abundance and richness of insects as well as more interactions. Seeds with higher biomass were more often used by herbivorous insects. The larval forms of Lepidoptera caused the greatest damage in seed biomass among herbivores. Seeds with parasitoids did not show a significant difference in biomass when compared to predated seeds.     

Predators and parasitoids of the harlequin ladybird, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Harmonia axyridis</Emphasis>, in its native range and invaded areas

The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has rapidly spread in several continents over the past 30 years and is considered an invasive alien species. The success of H. axyridis as an invader is often attributed to weak control by natural enemies. In this paper, we provide an overview of current knowledge on predators and parasitoids of H. axyridis. The common feature of predators and parasitoids is that they directly kill exploited organisms. Currently available data show that H. axyridis, displaying a variety of chemical, mechanical, and microbiological anti-predator defenses, is usually avoided by predators. However, some birds and invertebrates can eat this ladybird without harmful consequences. The primary defenses of H. axyridis against parasitoids include immune response and physiological and nutritional unsuitability for parasitoid development. These defenses are probably relatively efficient against most ladybird parasitoids, but not against flies of the genus Phalacrotophora. The latter are idiobiont parasitoids and hence can evade the host’s immune response. Indeed, rates of parasitism of H. axyridis by Phalacrotophora in the Palaearctic region (both in the native range in Asia and in Europe) are relatively high. While strong evidence for enemy release on the invasive populations of H. axyridis is lacking, several cases of parasitoid acquisition have been recorded in Europe, North America, and South America. We conclude that enemy release cannot be excluded as a possible mechanism contributing to the spread and increase of H. axyridis in the early stages of invasion, but adaptation of parasitoids may lead to novel associations which might offset previous effects of enemy release. However, further work is required to elucidate the population-level effects of such interactions.     

Use of plants by Myzus persicae in agroecosystems: Potential applications in conservation biological control

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is a highly polyphagous aphid species that attacks several economically important crop plants. Here, trophic webs involving M. persicae, its host plants and its parasitoids were described and quantified in wheat, oat and alfalfa agroecosystems from central Argentina, with special emphasis on the sub-habitats where interactions occur: crops and adjacent field margins. Three fields cultivated with each crop species and their margins were sampled during three years; aphid abundance and mummification percentage were compared among crop plants and the diverse natural vegetation in the borders. Interactions were described using a quantitative food web approach, and abundance and mummification percentage e data were analysed using a generalized linear model. Four plant species present in the borders (Capsella bursa-pastori, Rapistrum sp., Melilotus sp. and Trifolium repens) hosted M. persicae and its parasitoids. The alfalfa agroecosystem produced a significantly higher number of aphids than oat and wheat; however, in all cases, crops and borders sustained similar aphid abundance. A total of six Aphidiinae species attacked M. persicae, with no significant differences in the richness of parasitoid species between the borders and the crops, but with significant differences in parasitoid abundance, being higher in the crops. Mummification percentage were higher in crops than in the borders, with Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Aphidius colemani and A. ervi being the most abundant species. Almost 70% of M. persicae individuals were collected from fields borders, which highlights the importance of including these sites in studies of trophic interactions in crop fields.     

Effect of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on grain aphid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitobion avenae</Emphasis> and its parasitic wasp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius ervi</Emphasis> through food chain contamination

We investigated the influence of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its parasitic wasp Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using in vitro laboratory experiments. In this tritrophic interaction, deoxynivalenol caused lethal (declined survival) and sublethal (prolonged nymphal development and reduced reproduction) effects on S. avenae aphids and consequentially led to a decreased production of parasitoid offspring resulting from parasitized deoxynivalenol-contaminated aphids. This paper highlights that the presence of mycotoxins should be considered in environmental risk assessment tests because they may alter the efficiency of biological control agents such as parasitoids through food chain contamination.     

Relationship between oviposition,virulence gene expression and parasitism success in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cotesia typhae</Emphasis> nov. sp. parasitoid strains

Studying mechanisms that drive host adaptation in parasitoids is crucial for the efficient use of parasitoids in biocontrol programs. Cotesia typhae nov. sp. (Fernández-Triana) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a newly described parasitoid of the Mediterranean corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Braconidae are known for their domesticated bracovirus, which is injected with eggs in the host larva to overcome its resistance. In this context, we compared reproductive success traits of four Kenyan strains of C. typhae on a French and a Kenyan populations of its host. Differences were found between the four strains and the two most contrasted ones were studied more thoroughly on the French host population. Parasitoid offspring size was correlated with parasitism success and the expression of bracovirus virulence genes (CrV1 and Cystatin) in the host larva after parasitism. Hybrids between these two parasitoid strains showed phenotype and gene expression profiles similar to the most successful parental strain, suggesting the involvement of dominant alleles in the reproductive traits. Ovary dissections revealed that the most successful strain injected more eggs in a single host larva than the less successful one, despite an equal initial ovocyte number in ovaries. It can be expected that the amount of viral particles increase with the number of eggs injected. The ability to bypass the resistance of the allopatric host may in consequence be related to the oviposition behaviour (eggs allocation). The influence of the number of injected eggs on parasitism success and on virulence gene expression was evaluated by oviposition interruption experiments.     

Genetic control of different types of the aphid resistance in cereal crops

Inheritance of the two main types of the plant resistance to insects was investigated in the sorghum-greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) and wheat-bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphon padi L.) interaction systems. The data obtained support the hypothesis that antixenosis (avoiding of the plant by the insect, given a choice) and antibiosis (adverse effect of the plant on the insect feeding on it) are pleiotropic manifestations of the same genes. This is confirmed by the following facts. (1) Identical patterns of segregation for antixenosis and antibiosis in different cases of sorghum resistance to the greenbug: monogenic control (gene Sgr4), digenic control (Sgr1, Sgr2 and Sgr7, Sgr8), and complementary action of the genes (Sgr9 and Sgr10). (2) Correlated changes in the levels of antibiosis and antixenosis during long-term reproduction of a greenbug clone on the resistant sorghum variety k-1206 (resistance controlled by one gene). (3) Simultaneous expression of antixenosis and antibiosis in F₃ wheat hybrid families to the bird cherry-oat aphid.     

Effects of insecticide application on parasitism rates of pollen beetle larvae (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassicogethes aeneus</Emphasis> (Fabricius)) by tersilochine parasitoids

Larval parasitoids can substantially reduce the population density of the pollen beetle [Brassicogethes aeneus (Fabricius), syn. Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius)]. The most abundant tersilochine parasitoids of pollen beetle are Tersilochus heterocerus, Phradis interstitialis and P. morionellus. The main activity of these parasitoids was observed in the period shortly before flowering to full flowering of oilseed rape. Insecticide applications during this period may have negative effects on parasitoids. In the present study, the effects of the insecticides Biscaya (a.i. thiacloprid), Mavrik (a.i. tau-fluvalinate) and Karate Zeon (a.i. lambda-cyhalothrin) applied during the bud or flowering stage of winter oilseed rape on parasitization of pollen beetle larvae by T. heterocerus were studied in 12 field trials at different locations in Germany in 2013–2015. The effects on parasitism by Phradis spp. were assessed in 2015. Parasitism of pollen beetle larvae by T. heterocerus was found in all field trials in all experimental years, but in most trials not before full flowering. Maximum percentage of parasitized larvae at different locations ranged between 3.4 and 16.8% in 2013, 8.3 and 22.4% in 2014 and from 11.1 to 29.1% in 2015. Levels of parasitism were not significantly different between the untreated control and insecticide treatments within each location. In contrast to T. heterocerus, Phradis spp. was not detected at all locations and not before flowering declining. In field trials at Lucklum and Puch, the maximum level of parasitism by Phradis spp. was 9.4 and 18.3%, respectively. No significant effect of insecticide application on parasitism by Phradis spp. was observed between the treatments. The results of this study showed that the insecticides used in the field trials did not affect parasitization of pollen beetle larvae by T. heterocerus and Phradis spp., regardless whether applied at the bud stage, at the beginning of flowering or full flowering.     

The Influence of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera,Eulophidae) on Survival of the Lime Leafminer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllonorycter issikii</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera,Gracillariidae) in Udmurtia

The species structure of parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) of the invasive lime leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata, 1963) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) was reexamined ten years after the latest survey. The work was carried out in 2015 in three previously selected test plots within the city of Izhevsk. Extremely high survival rates (61.7 to 89%) of the leafminer were observed while the parasitoid complex had a negligible impact on its mortality (0.6 to 1.6%). A slight structural transformation of the parasitoid complex was noted, namely a decrease in the number of dominants and a change of the dominant species. In addition, the species structure of the parasitoids collected in 22 populated localities in Udmurtia was studied in 2016. Five new parasitoids of the lime leafminer were found: Pnigalio pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), Sympiesis acalle Walker, 1848, Chrysocharis amanus Walker, 1839, Ch. pentheus Walker, 1839, and Ch. polyzo Walker, 1839. Two species of parasitoids of Ph. issikii were recognized as new to Udmurtia: Pnigalio agraules (Walker, 1839) and Pediobius saulius (Walker, 1839).