陆地植物群落物种多样性演替研究进展

植物群落物种多样性在不同梯度上,其变化规律不一致.物种多样性与纬度呈反相关关系,与水分关系密切,表现出不同变化规律,与海拔主要表现为反相关关系和中间高度膨胀规律.土壤盐度、水分、肥力对物种多样性也有影响.在不同演替阶段物种多样性出现不同变化规律,群落结构最复杂的演替阶段,物种多样性最高.     

黄河中游湿地植物分类学多样性研究

在黄河中游湿地自禹门口至汾河入河口之间设置了13个样地进行植物调查,并将植物物种系统分类学中的分类学差异性指数应用到研究区域物种多样性的测度中。结果显示,样地内共记录植物75种,隶属于2门3纲18目23科61属;按所含物种数的多少统计,在门水平上主要分布在被子植物门(73种),在纲水平上主要分布在双子叶植物纲(57种),在科水平上主要集中在豆科(Leguminosae,11种)、菊科(Compositae,14种)和禾本科(Gramineae,11种),在属水平上主要集中在藜属(Chenopodium,3种)、胡枝子属(Lespedeza,3种)、蒿属(Artemisia,3种)和香蒲属(Typha,3种);一年或两年生植物最多,地上芽植物、地面芽植物和地下芽植物次之的生活型谱特征总体上反映了黄河中游湿地夏季高温多雨、冬季寒冷干旱的气候特征。用平均分类学差异指数(Δ~+)和分类学差异变异指数(Λ~+)对13个样地植物分类学多样性特征的分析表明,Δ~+和Λ~+的理论平均值分别为84.25和425.43;运用双变量分析法将Δ~+和Λ~+进行组合分析,发现汾河入河口样地(S12)的期望值较小,河津市汾河25号坝样地(S8)、闸西侧样地(S9)和万荣县西范控导工程西侧样地(S10)的期望值较大,说明样地S12的物种分类学多样性较大且物种分布较为均一,样地S8、S9、S10则与之相反。Pearson检验结果显示,平均分类学差异指数(Δ~+)、分类学差异变异指数(Λ~+)与Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数、Patrick指数间均无稳定的相关关系(P0.05)。     

Integrating the universal metabolism into a phylogenetic analysis

The darwinian concept of "descent with modification" applies to metabolic pathways: pathways sharing similarities must have inherited them from an exclusive, hypothetical ancestral pathway. Comparative anatomy of biochemical pathways is performed using five criteria of homology. Primary homologies of "type I" were defined as several pathways sharing the same enzyme with high specificity for its substrate. Primary homologies of "type II" were defined as the sharing of similar enzymatic functions, cofactors, functional family, or recurrence of a set of reactions. Standard cladistic analysis is used to infer the evolutionary history of metabolic development and the relative ordering of biochemical reactions through time, from a single matrix integrating the whole basic universal metabolism. The cladogram shows that the earliest pathways to emerge are metabolism of amino acids of groups I and II (Asp, Asn, Glu, and Gln). The earliest enzymatic functions are mostly linked to amino acid catabolism: deamination, transamination, and decarboxylation. For some amino acids, catabolism and biosynthesis occur at the same time (Asp, Glu, Lys, and Met). Catabolism precedes anabolism for Asn, Gln, Arg, Trp, His, Tyr, and Phe, and anabolism precedes catabolism for Pro, Ala, Leu, Val, Ile, Cys, Gly, Ser, and Thr. The urea cycle evolves from arginine synthesis. Metabolism of fatty acids and sugars develops after the full development of metabolism of amino acids of groups I and II, and they are associated with the anabolism of amino acids of groups III and IV. Syntheses of aromatic amino acids are branched within sugar metabolism. The Krebs cycle occurs relatively late after the setting of metabolism of amino acids of groups I and II. One portion of the Krebs cycle has a catabolic origin, whereas the other portion has an anabolic origin in pathways of amino acids of groups III and IV. It is not possible to order glycolysis and gluconeogenesis with regard to the Krebs cycle, as they all belong to "period 6." Pentose-phosphate and Calvin cycles are later (periods 7 and 8, respectively). Cladistic analysis of the structure of biochemical pathways makes hypotheses in biochemical evolution explicit and parsimonious.     

水稻细菌性条斑病发生对水稻根际土壤微生物群落碳代谢多样性的影响

为了解水稻在水稻条斑病发生的不同病理期水稻根际土壤微生物的群落结构和功能多样性,以对水稻条斑病抗性不同的两个水稻品种CG2和IR24为对象,利用Biolog-ECO对两个品种条斑病未发生的分蘖期和条斑病发生的孕穗期水稻根际土壤进行碳代谢多样性分析,表明两个水稻品种健康期的总碳源利用强度高于发病期,对各碳源的利用均明显高于孕穗期。抗性品种CG2健康期根际土壤的微生物群落比发病期根际土壤的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntos指数分别提高7.184%、54.568%和45.792%;感病品种IR24健康期根际土壤的微生物群落结构比发病期根际土壤的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntos指数分别提高4.646%、33.279%和41.134%。通过主成分分析和聚类分析表明,两个水稻材料的不同生理期根际土壤微生物的碳源利用发生了改变,氨基酸类、糖类和酸类碳源是区分水稻不同病理期的敏感碳源。水稻大面积条斑病发生的孕穗期相对于条斑病尚未发生的分蘖期,根际土壤微生物的碳源利用有所改变,微生物群落结构多样性和功能多样性降低。     

云南穗花杉的遗传多样性研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对云南穗花杉(Amentotaxus yunnanensis)4个居群和台湾穗花杉似(Amentotaxus for9rmosana)1个居群共104个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。9个随机引物共扩增出清晰谱带143条。云南穗花杉在物种水平上遗传多样性较高(多态位点百分率P为79．0％,基因多样性指数He为0．2718),但云南穗花杉和台湾穗花杉居群内遗传多样性均较低(P为18．0％、6．9％;He为0．0688、0．0198)。云南穗花杉居群间遗传分化强烈(AMOVA,GST和Shannon多样性指数分别为0．7611,0．7503和0．7526)。据推测,第四纪冰川引起的瓶颈效应,小规模居群引起的遗传漂变及幼苗成活率低等因素都加剧了居群间的遗传分化。建议对所研究的云南穗花杉全部居群予以保护,特别是对云南西畴和贵州兴义市七舍两个具有相对较高遗传多样性的居群应该优先建立就地保护点,以达到最大限度保存云南穗花杉遗传多样性的目的。     

厌氧氨氧化细菌及其群落内细菌互作关系研究进展

厌氧氨氧化细菌具有的厌氧氨氧化反应是在厌氧条件下将氨氮和亚硝氮或一氧化氮转化为硝氮、生成氮气的过程,因其能够高效低能地处理低碳氮比废水而广受关注.目前,厌氧氨氧化细菌仍未实现纯培养,借助宏组学手段研究厌氧氨氧化细菌及其群落内细菌之间的互作关系是近年来的研究趋势.本文介绍了厌氧氨氧化细菌的种类和特性,综述了厌氧氨氧化细菌...     

论克隆植物的遗传多样性

概述了克隆植物的类型与特点 ,对克隆植物的遗传多样性及其遗传结构的一些特点进行了综述 ,并讨论了克隆植物遗传变异的来源。总体而言 ,克隆植物拥有比早期推测大得多的遗传变异 ,虽然克隆种与其近缘有性繁殖种相比 ,遗传多样性较低 ,但广泛的遗传单态性却很罕见。克隆植物种群的遗传结构有所改变 ,广布基因型很少 ,大多数基因型仅分布于某一种群之内 ,种群间基因型多态性存在广泛的变异。不同克隆植物之间遗传多样性相差很大 ,遗传结构也有巨大差异。说明除生殖模式外 ,其他的一些因素 ,如地理分布范围、生境特点 ,散布方式和种群历史等都对克隆植物遗传多样性有重要影响。     

固有淋巴细胞在脂质代谢中的研究进展

由于世界范围内营养条件和生活方式的变化,肥胖及其相关的代谢性疾病已成为当前威胁人类健康的重要因素之一.在能量摄取和消耗以及体内脂肪储存、分解和脂肪组织重塑的研究中,人们逐渐认识到脂质过量及异位堆积将导致代谢组织处于慢性炎症状态,这开启了肥胖相关组织炎症研究的新方向.固有淋巴细胞(innate lymphoid cell...     

甘油代谢对杜氏盐藻盐耐受性的调节

杜氏盐藻是迄今发现的世界上最耐盐的单细胞真核生物,能在0.05 mol/L至饱和NaCl浓度下正常生长,因此其耐盐机制倍受人们关注。研究发现,杜氏盐藻盐耐受性与甘油代谢密切相关。为此,我们综述其耐盐机制、甘油代谢调控、甘油代谢与盐耐受性关联性、甘油代谢重要酶的分子生物学研究等进展,希望对深入研究植物耐盐机制、培育耐盐作物新品种及开发甘油等高附加值次生代谢产物等研究提供有益帮助。     

Plant P450s as versatile drivers for evolution of species-specific chemical diversity

The irreversible nature of reactions catalysed by P450s makes these enzymes landmarks in the evolution of plant metabolic pathways. Founding members of P450 families are often associated with general (i.e. primary) metabolic pathways, restricted to single copy or very few representatives, indicative of purifying selection. Recruitment of those and subsequent blooms into multi-member gene families generates genetic raw material for functional diversification, which is an inherent characteristic of specialized (i.e. secondary) metabolism. However, a growing number of highly specialized P450s from not only the CYP71 clan indicate substantial contribution of convergent and divergent evolution to the observed general and specialized metabolite diversity. We will discuss examples of how the genetic and functional diversification of plant P450s drives chemical diversity in light of plant evolution. Even though it is difficult to predict the function or substrate of a P450 based on sequence similarity, grouping with a family or subfamily in phylogenetic trees can indicate association with metabolism of particular classes of compounds. Examples will be given that focus on multi-member gene families of P450s involved in the metabolic routes of four classes of specialized metabolites: cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates, mono- to triterpenoids and phenylpropanoids.     

The neutral theory in the genomic era

A number of tests have been developed to detect positive selection at the molecular level. These tests are based on DNA polymorphism within and divergence between species. Applications of these tests have revealed a large collection of genes that have evolved under positive selection and some general insights into adaptive evolution. Recently, these tests have been applied on a genomic scale and have provided estimates of the frequency of adaptive substitutions and a critical test of the neutral theory.     

Genome-wide variation in the human and fruitfly: a comparison

Average levels of nucleotide diversity are ten-fold lower in humans than in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster. Despite this difference, apparently as a result of a lower population size, patterns of genomic diversity are strikingly similar in being correlated with local rates of recombination, and influenced by similar interactions between positive natural selection and recombination. Both species also show lower levels of variation on average in non-African compared to African populations, reflecting a similar evolutionary history and perhaps both natural selection and founder effects in new environments.     

海南植物区系的多样性

记载海南维管束植物的多样性,表明蕨类植物区系已有古生代和中生代的孑遗,又有白垩纪以来的现代蕨类,它们都存在着许多特有种;裸子植物则以泛热带成分及华夏成分为主;有花植物包括全球植物区系8个植物区的成分,而以热带成分全球性分布成分最多。最后,文章分析了海南植物区系多样性的地史背景及自然条件的因素。     

植物果聚糖的代谢途径及其在植物抗逆中的功能研究进展

植物果聚糖是一类重要的碳水化合物和渗透调节物质,可以提高植物的抗逆性。目前对植物果聚糖代谢酶基因的研究较多,主要包括相关基因的克隆、表达和利用基因工程技术将果聚糖相关代谢基因转入植物中。该文主要介绍了果聚糖的分布、种类、代谢途径及相关基因的克隆和表达,重点阐述了果聚糖在植物抗逆中的作用及其分子生物学研究进展。     

海南植物区系的多样性

记载海南维管束植物的多样性,表明蕨类植物区系已有古生代和中生代的孑遗,又有白垩纪以来的现代蕨类,它们都存在着许多特有种;裸子植物则以泛热带成分及华夏成分为主;有花植物包括全球植物区系8个植物区的成分,而以热带成分及全球性分布成分最多。最后,文章分析了海南植物区系多样性的地史背景及自然条件的因素。     

Plasmid Effects on Escherichia coli Metabolism

ABSTRACT:?

The idea that plasmids replicate within hosts at the expense of cell metabolic energy and preformed cellular blocks depicts plasmids as a kind of molecular parasites that, even when they may eventually provide plasmid-carrying strains with growth advantages over plasmid-free strains, doom hosts to bear an unavoidable metabolic burden. Due to the consistency with experimental data, this idea was rapidly adopted and used as a basis of different hypotheses to explain plasmid-host interactions. In this article we critically discuss current ideas about plasmid effects on host metabolism, and present evidence suggesting that the complex interaction between plasmids and hosts is related to the alteration of the cellular regulatory status.     

植物群落物种多样性研究综述

物种多样性是生物多样性在物种水平上的表现形式 ,包括两方面的含义 ,一是指一定区域内物种的总和 ,主要从分类学、系统学和生物地理学角度对一个区域内物种的状况进行研究 ,也称区域物种多样性 ;二是指生态学方面物种分布的均匀程度 ,常常是从群落组织水平上进行研究 ,也称为生态多样性或群落多样性[1] 。本文所涉及物种多样性即为群落组织水平上的物种多样性。植物群落物种多样性的研究是其它多样性 (遗传多样性、生态系统多样性等 )的基础 ,有大量的研究成果相继报道 ,也有一些综述对植物群落物种多样性某一领域的研究进行总结。Ｍａｇｕ…     

中国山地植物多样性的垂直变化格局

在生物多样性的研究中,山地植物群落的物种多样性随海拔梯度的变化是一个重要课题,但至今并未达成普遍共识。本研究以表示物种丰富度的Patrick指数（S）和表示物种多样性的Shannon-Wicner指数（H）为主要测度指标,归纳总结了我国山地植物多样性的垂直格局,并就影响这些格局形成的因素进行了初步的探讨。     

Reconstruction of Pathways Associated with Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Mitochondria

We have used a bioinformatics approach for the identification and reconstruction of metabolic pathways associated with amino acid metabolism in human mitochon- dria. Human mitochondrial proteins determined by experimental and computa- tional methods have been superposed on the reference pathways from the KEGG database to identify mitochondrial pathways. Enzymes at the entry and exit points for each reconstructed pathway were identified, and mitochondrial solute carrier proteins were determined where applicable. Intermediate enzymes in the mito- chondrial pathways were identified based on the annotations available from public databases, evidence in current literature, or our MITOPRED program, which pre- dicts the mitochondrial localization of proteins. Through integration of the data derived from experimental, bibliographical, and computational sources, we recon- structed the amino acid metabolic pathways in human mitochondria, which could help better understand the mitochondrial metabolism and its role in human health.