丛枝菌根真菌和生物质炭对连作西瓜土壤肥力的影响

【背景】作为土壤改良剂生物质炭能够改善土壤条件,促进丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌侵染和植物生长发育。【目的】探究接种AM真菌配合施加生物质炭对连作土壤肥力和西瓜生长的效应。【方法】盆栽‘圆佳’西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)嫁接苗[砧木为‘全能铁甲’南瓜(Cucurbita maxima×C. moschata)],栽培基质为西瓜连作土壤,试验设接种或不接种AM真菌变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)并施加0%、1%、2%和4%的生物质炭,共8个处理,测定土壤理化特性、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量和植株生长量。【结果】接种AM真菌并施加生物质炭,可显著促进土壤大颗粒团聚体的形成和有机质的矿化,稳定土壤pH,增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低真菌数量,提高土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性,活化土壤矿质养分,最终促进西瓜植株的生长发育。其中,以接种变形球囊霉并施加2%?4%生物质炭组合的效应最大。两者互作在一定程度上提高了连作土壤的pH、饱和含水量及孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,有利于土壤大颗粒团聚体的形成,提高了土壤酶活性,改善了根围土壤微生物组成。【结论】 AM真菌接种配合施加2%?4%的生物质炭可以显著改善连作土壤的肥力状况。     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria

The soil environment is interesting and complicated. There are so many interactions taking place in the soil, which determine the properties of soil as a medium for the growth and activities of plants and soil microorganisms. The soil fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), are in mutual and beneficial symbiosis with most of the terrestrial plants. AM fungi are continuously interactive with a wide range of soil microorganisms including nonbacterial soil microorganisms, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhiza helper bacteria and deleterious bacteria. Their interactions can have important implications in agriculture. There are some interesting interactions between the AM fungi and soil bacteria including the binding of soil bacteria to the fungal spore, the injection of molecules by bacteria into the fungal spore, the production of volatiles by bacteria and the degradation of fungal cellular wall. Such mechanisms can affect the expression of genes in AM fungi and hence their performance and ecosystem productivity. Hence, consideration of such interactive behavior is of significance. In this review, some of the most important findings regarding the interactions between AM fungi and soil bacteria with some new insights for future research are presented.     

Elymus sibiricus populations drive the community of root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a monoculture agroecosystem

正Dear Editor,Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belonging to phylum Glomeromycota,form symbiotic associations with roots of over 80%of land plant species in terrestrial ecosystems (van der Heijden et al.,2015).A growing body of evidence shows that symbiotic AMF are important for plant growth and health (van der Heijden et al.,2015).A plant root is commonly associated with a complex AMF community in terrestrial ecosystems (Pivato et al.,2007;Davison et al.,2015;     

丛枝菌根真菌对中性紫色土土壤团聚体特征的影响

利用分根装置研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌对中性紫色土土壤团聚体数量、大小和稳定性的影响,分析了土壤团聚体数量、分布和分形维数,并运用通径分析对不同影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:接种G. intraradices和G. mosseae的菌根室土壤有机质和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量有增加的趋势;湿筛条件下菌根室土壤的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著高于根室土壤,而且降低了土壤分形维数,显示了丛枝菌根真菌提升土壤结构特征的作用。通径分析的结果表明,在影响MWD的众多因子中,菌丝密度对MWD有最大的直接作用。两种菌种对土壤结构均有不同程度的改良作用,反映了丛枝菌根真菌功能的多样性。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and soil water characteristics of vertisols

The influence of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) on soil water characteristics of fast and slowly wetted vertisol samples was studied. Vertisols characteristically have a low stability to wetting, and the disruption of their larger pores when they swell leads to reduced water infiltration and thereby to runoff. The degree of aggregate breakdown determines the ability of the soil to drain. A vertisol was used in this pot experiment with four treatments: T₁: Pasteurized soil, T₃: Pasteurized soil, with plants, T₄: Inoculated, pasteurized soil, with plants, T₅: Unpasteurized soil, with plants. A treatment using inoculated, pasteurized soil (T₂) was included in a related study (Bearden and Petersen, 2000) comparing aggregate stability, and the present study follows the same numbering to aid in comparison of experiments. After fast, disruptive wetting, the soil inoculated with AM fungi (T₄) was found to have a lower soil water content than did the soils from the other treatments at matric potentials lower than –3.92 kPa. This indicates greater drainage from pores smaller than 75 m for the soil inoculated with AM fungi, and the greater drainage appears to be directly related to a characteristic pore range between 67 and 75 m. The soil without plants (T₁), when wetted fast, had a lower soil water content at matric potentials higher than –3.92 kPa than soils from the other treatments, which indicates less pore volume due to pores larger than 75 m in the treatment without plants. The pore indexes, calculated as the ratio between the slope of the fast and the slope of the slowly-wetted water characteristics, generally had the highest values for the soil inoculated with AM fungi (T₄) from matric potential 0.00 to –0.29 kPa. In this matric potential range, the pore indexes were less than one. The unpasteurized soil with naturally present AM fungi (T₅) generally had the highest pore indexes from matric potential –0.49 to –3.92 kPa, and the pore indexes in this matric potential range were above one. These results indicate the smallest loss of very large pores in the soil inoculated with AM fungi (T₄) and the largest gain of smaller sized pores in the unpasteurized soil (T₅). This suggests that the resistance to breakdown of the largest pores is related to the presence of roots, and that the gain of groups of smaller pores is related to the presence of hyphae.     

Influence of inoculum density of two vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and temperature/light intensity on Trifolium repens

The influence of three inoculum densities of Glomus caledonius and G. epigaeus and two temperature/light intensity conditions was investigated on Trifolium repens. The significance of inoculation was compared to the significance of naturally occurring vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and to application of soluble phosphate fertilizer. Increasing density of inoculum and the highest temperature/light intensity condition tested increased VAM infection, whereas only small differences were found between efficiency of the two introduced VAM fungi. The presence of naturally occurring VAM fungi proved as efficient in establishing infection as the most successful inoculations. Some interactions among the investigated parameters were found for several recordings. The increase in VAM infection was followed by an increase in number of nodules; in uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, and copper; and in growth of roots and shoots. The calculated inflow of phosphate, zinc, and copper into roots was not associated with inoculum density, VAM species or temperature/light conditions. Compared to an uninoculated control without application of phosphate, inoculation with the highest spore density increased (after 18 weeks growth) the dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius , and 121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively. It was also found that VAM increased weight per nodule 52% when roots with no or sparse VAM infection were compared to roots with low to maximal VAM infection and 98% when roots with low VAM infection were excluded. Application of phosphate fertilizer enhanced nodulation and growth of non–mycorrhizal plants to a level similar to that of the most heavily VAM infected plants.     

Interactive effects of root endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on an experimental plant community

Plant-soil microbial interactions have moved into focus as an important mechanism for understanding plant coexistence and composition of communities. Both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) as well as other root endophytic fungi co-occur in plant roots, and therefore have the potential to influence relative abundances of plant species in local assemblages. However, no study has experimentally examined how these key root endosymbiont groups might interact and affect plant community composition. Here, using an assemblage of five plant species in mesocosms in a fully factorial experiment, we added an assemblage of AM fungi and/or a mixture of root endophytic fungal isolates, all obtained from the same grassland field site. The results demonstrate that the AM fungi and root endophytes interact to affect plant community composition by changing relative species abundance, and consequently aboveground productivity. Our study highlights the need to explicitly consider interactions of root-inhabiting fungal groups in studies of plant assemblages.     

丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环中的作用

作为植物需求量最大的营养元素,氮素是陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子。丛枝菌根真菌能与地球上80%以上的陆生植物形成菌根共生体,帮助宿主植物吸收土壤中的P、N等矿质养分。目前,丛枝菌根真菌与氮素循环相关研究侧重于真菌对氮素的吸收形态以及共生体中氮的传输代谢机制,却忽略了丛枝菌根真菌在固氮过程、矿化与吸收过程、硝化过程、反硝化过程以及氮素淋洗过程等土壤氮素循环过程中所起到的潜在作用,并且越来越多的证据也表明丛枝菌根真菌是影响土壤氮素循环过程的重要因子。总结了丛枝菌根真菌可利用的氮素形态及真菌的氮代谢转运相关基因的研究现状;重点分析了丛枝菌根真菌在调控土壤氮素循环过程中的潜在作用以及在生态系统中的重要生态学意义,同时提出了丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环过程中一些需要深入研究的问题。     

AM真菌对采煤沉陷区黄花菜生长及根际土壤养分的影响

于陕北黄土沟壑采煤沉陷区内布设试验小区,对黄花菜(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni)接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)—摩西管柄囊霉菌,通过测定黄花菜光合性能、植株生长、抗逆性、土壤养分含量、根际微生物数量等,揭示AM真菌对黄花菜生长和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,黄花菜种植3—5个月后,接种AM真菌显著提高了黄花菜株高、冠幅及其根系菌根侵染率、菌丝密度。与不接种对照区相比,接种AM真菌后黄花菜叶片的光合速率、可溶性糖含量和过氧化氢酶活性分别提高了51%、12%、79%。接种AM真菌处理区黄花菜根际土壤的电导率、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量等均显著高于对照区,细菌数量和磷酸酶活性的菌根贡献率分别达77%和24%。表明采煤沉陷区扰动土壤接种AM真菌具有增强土壤微生物活性、改善土壤肥力和提高黄花菜植株抗逆性的作用,对促进陕北黄土沟壑采煤沉陷区经济作物生长和提高土壤质量具有重要现实生态意义。     

龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响

在天然林地和温室盆栽条件下,比较研究了龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM)真菌孢子密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度和侵染状况等方面的影响.结果表明,用坡垒作盆栽寄主加富培养后,菌根侵染率、泡囊、丛枝和侵入点都低于原采样植物,以原坡垒土壤中栽植苗木的侵染率为最高,可达20.3%;而以望天树根围土壤栽植的苗木为最低,仅为10.6%;坡垒还不同程度地改变了原采样植物根围土壤中AM真菌孢子的密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度等.在4种土壤中,栽植坡垒苗木后,AM真菌的孢子密度都有不同程度的增长.采用与原采样相同种类的植物作为AM真菌加富培养的寄主更有利于促进AM真菌的生长发育、保持AM的多样性.     

Biolistic transformation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Gene transfer systems have proved effective for the transformation of a range of organisms for both fundamental and applied studies. Biolistic transformation is a powerful method for the gene transfer into various organisms and tissues that have proved recalcitrant to more conventional means. For fungi, the biolistic approach is particularly effective where protoplasts are difficult to obtain and/or the organisms are difficult to culture. This is particularly applicable to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, being as they are obligate symbionts that can only be propagated in association with intact plants or root explants. Furthermore, these fungi are aseptate and protoplasts cannot be released. Recent advancements in gene transformation systems have enabled the use of biolistic technology to introduce foreign DNA linked to molecular markers into these fungi. In this review we discuss the development of transformation strategies for AM fungi by biolistics and highlight the areas of this technology which require further development for the stable transformation of these elusive organisms.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth

The effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, organic fertilizer (F) applications, and soil sterilization on maize growth were evaluated in a pot experiment. The experiment was in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4 × 2) with six replicates for each treatment. There were two soil treatments (sterilized soil, SS and unsterilized soil, US), four organic fertilizer treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg^?1 soil), and two AM fungi treatments (inoculation with Glomus mosseae, +AM and uninoculated control, ?AM). Inoculated plants generally had greater AM colonization, plant height, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake than uninoculated controls, and these parameters were significantly increased as the organic fertilizer application increased up to 0.5 g kg^?1 but decreased or had no significant effect compared to the uninoculated plants at the highest fertilizer rate (2.0 g kg^?1). Plant growth, P uptake and AM colonization of root system were significantly higher in sterilized soil compared to the unsterilized control. Our results indicated that the inoculation of AM fungi in field soil with optimal organic fertilizer application greatly improved maize growth and nutrient uptake, and the effect was greater under sterilized soil condition.     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and aggregate stability of a vertisol

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on aggregate stability of a semi-arid Indian vertisol was studied in a pot experiment in which Sorghum bicolor (L.) was grown as test plant for 10 weeks. Pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi was studied with pasteurized and unpasteurized soils as references. A part of the soil in each pot was placed in nylon mesh bags to separate effects of roots and hyphae. The sorghum plants were planted outside the mesh bags which permitted AM hyphae to enter while excluding roots. Aggregate stability of the soil was determined by wet-sieving and turbidimetric measurements. Development of the AM fungi was quantified as colonized root length and external hyphal length. Soil exposed to growth of roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed aggregates with larger geometric mean diameter (GMD) in pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi than in pasteurized uninoculated soil. There was no significant difference in GMD of the inoculated, pasteurized soil and the unpasteurized soil. No significant effects of inoculation or plant growth were found in pasteurized soil exposed to hyphal growth only (inside the mesh bags). However, the unpasteurized soil had significantly higher GMD than the pasteurized soil, irrespective of plants and inoculum. Turbidimetric measurements of soil exposed to roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed the highest aggregate stability for the inoculated pasteurized soil. These results demonstrate that AM fungi contribute to the stabilization of soil aggregates in a vertisol, and that the effect is significant after only one growing season. The effect was associated with both AM hyphae and the stimulation of root growth by AM fungi. The contribution from plant roots and AM hyphae to aggregate stability of different size fractions is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth ☆

The effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, organic fertilizer (F) applications, and soil sterilization on maize growth were evaluated in a pot experiment. The experiment was in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4 × 2) with six replicates for each treatment. There were two soil treatments (sterilized soil, SS and unsterilized soil, US), four organic fertilizer treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg^-1 soil), and two AM fungi treatments (inoculation with Glomus mosseae, +AM and uninoculated control, －AM). Inoculated plants generally had greater AM colonization, plant height, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake than uninoculated controls, and these parameters were significantly increased as the organic fertilizer application increased up to 0.5 g kg^-1 but decreased or had no significant effect compared to the uninoculated plants at the highest fertilizer rate (2.0 g kg^-1). Plant growth, P uptake and AM colonization of root system were significantly higher in sterilized soil compared to the unsterilized control. Our results indicated that the inoculation of AM fungi in field soil with optimal organic fertilizer application greatly improved maize growth and nutrient uptake, and the effect was greater under sterilized soil condition.     

土施糖类对丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和产孢的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)不能进行光合作用,需要宿主植物提供碳水化合物供其完成整个生命周期,添加外源物质调控AMF和宿主植物的关系被认为是一种可行的措施。通过盆栽实验种植番茄,探索土施不同糖类对摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae的侵染率、产孢能力和功能(宿主植物生长和养分)的影响。结果表明,添加葡萄糖和蔗糖可提高接种了摩西球囊霉的番茄的地上部生物量以及磷、钾吸收量,但对地上部氮吸收量影响不显著;添加麦芽糖和淀粉对地上部生物量及氮磷钾养分吸收量的影响均不显著。添加糖类处理,土壤碱解氮均有下降趋势;土壤速效磷、速效钾随着地上部磷和钾吸收量增加有下降趋势。糖类添加对土壤有机质没有影响。添加不同糖类均提高了AMF的侵染率,其中添加蔗糖处理的侵染率较单独施用摩西球囊霉菌处理增加了114%。单独施用摩西球囊霉菌剂处理土壤孢子数为10个/g,添加葡萄糖和淀粉处理的孢子数均为8个/g,添加蔗糖和麦芽糖处理的孢子数均为11个/g,添加糖类均对AMF产孢无显著影响。     

丛枝菌根化翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微环境

以我国二级濒危保护植物翅果油(Elaeagnus mollis)为供试植物, 通过温室盆栽试验, 研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微生态环境的影响。试验设计分4个组: 摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)单独接种组(GM)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicata)单独接种组(AD)、混合接种组(GM + AD)、不接种的对照组(CK)。测定了菌根侵染率、生物量、根际微生物数量、土壤pH值、土壤酶活性及其对N、P营养的影响等指标。结果显示: 菌根真菌对3个接种组均有侵染, 其中, GM + AD的侵染率最大(90.5%), 生态学效应最好; 与对照组相比, 接种组的生物量均明显提高(p < 0.05), 其中GM + AD组生物量显著增加, 是CK组的2.2倍; AM菌根对根部微生物种群数量产生一定的影响, 主要是使根面上的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量显著增加(p < 0.05); AM菌根使根际pH值降低, 与菌根侵染率呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.05); 接种组根际土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性增加, 根际土壤的磷酸酶、蛋白酶的活性增加量与菌根侵染率呈极显著相关关系(p < 0.01); 接种组的根际土壤中, 可直接被植物吸收利用的N、P元素出现富集现象, 与菌根侵染率呈显著相关关系(p < 0.05)。研究表明: 丛枝菌根的形成改善了翅果油树幼苗的微生态环境, 提高了根际土壤肥力。     

Genetic processes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomeromycota) colonize roots of the majority of land plants and facilitate their mineral nutrient uptake. Consequently, AM fungi play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems and are becoming a component of sustainable land management practices. The absence of sexual reproductive structures in modern Glomeromycota combined with their long evolutionary history suggest that these fungi may represent an ancient asexual lineage of great potential interest to evolutionary biology. However, many aspects of basic AM fungal biology, including genome structure, within-individual genetic variation, and reproductive mode are poorly understood. These knowledge gaps hinder research on the mechanisms of AM fungal interactions with individual plants and plant communities, and utilization of AM fungi in agricultural practices. I present here the current state of research on the reproduction in AM fungi and indicate what new findings can be expected in the future.     

喀斯特植被演替过程土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)多样性

喀斯特生态系统维持了丰富的微生物多样性,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)结构和组成会随喀斯特植被演替而改变。以贵州贵阳花溪、毕节织金和关岭花江典型喀斯特区域按时空替代法采集了乔木林、灌木林和草本群落样地土壤,采用Illumina HiSeq分子测序技术,通过OTU聚类分析、物种注释及数据库比对,探索了喀斯特不同演替阶段土壤AMF物种多样性。结果表明:(1)喀斯特生境土壤获得球囊菌门Glomeromycota OTU为275个,分属于4目8科13属19种,属水平上AMF丰度表明根内根孢囊霉属Rhizophagus为优势属,花江拥有最高AMF丰富度,缩隔球囊霉Septoglomus constrictum、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、Claroideoglomus sp. MIB8381和稀有内养囊霉Entrophospora infrequens均分布于各样地的不同植被演替阶段,为常见种。(2)AM真菌多样性Shannon指数与Simpson指数在不同演替阶段表现为花溪:乔木≈灌木草本(P0.05)、花江:灌木≈草本乔木(P0.05)、织金:乔木灌木草本,但差异不显著,Chao1和Abundance-based coverag estimator(ACE)指数表现为花江灌木≈草地乔木(P0.05)。(3)Spearman相关性分析表明土壤全磷与AMF ACE指数显著负相关,且与Chao1指数极显著负相关;速效磷与Shannon和Simpson指数显著负相关。(4)典范对应分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis,CCA)表明土壤全氮、速效氮、有机质、全磷和速效钾与AMF群落分布有显著相关性。结果表明喀斯特植被演替过程中土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性随着演替进行或升高或降低,无一致变化规律,并与土壤理化性质关系密切,其中以磷的影响最大。